Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude ubizwa ngokufanele njengesinye sezilwane ezihlasela kakhulu ikati. Kuyivelakancane kuwo wonke ama-subspecies. Igama lihunyushwe lisuselwa esiLatin ngokuthi "ibhubesi elinamabala". Kanye nezihlobo zayo eziseduze kakhulu - amahlosi, amabhubesi, ama-jaguar, ingwe ingeyehlobo lwe-panther.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude
Abantu basendulo babekholelwa ukuthi ingwe izalwa yibhubesi ne-panther, ngokuba yi-hybrid yabo. Lokhu kubonakala egameni layo. Elinye igama - "ingwe" livela olimini lwabantu baseHatti basendulo. Isihloko esithi "Impumalanga Ekude" sisho indawo yesilwane.
Ukukhulunywa okokuqala kwengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude kwavela ngo-1637 esivumelwaneni esasiphakathi kweKorea neChina. Yathi iKorea kwakufanele inikeze amaShayina izikhumba eziyikhulu kuya kweziyi-142 zalezi zilwane ezinhle minyaka yonke. Usosayensi waseJalimane uSchlegel wakhulisa ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude yaba uhlobo oluhlukile ngo-1857.
Ividiyo: Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude
Ucwaningo ezingeni lezakhi zofuzo lukhombisa ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwabamele uhlobo lwe "panther" busondele kakhulu. Ukhokho oqondile wengwe udabuka e-Asia, futhi kungekudala ngemuva kwalokho wathuthela e-Afrika wayozinza ezindaweni zayo. Izinsalela zengwe ezineminyaka engu-2-3.5 million ubudala.
Ngokwesisekelo semininingwane yofuzo, kwatholakala ukuthi ukhokho wengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude (i-Amur) yizinhlobo ezingaphansi zaseChina. Ingwe yesimanje, ngokusho kocwaningo, yavela cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-400-800 edlule, futhi ngemuva kuka-170-300 ayizinkulungwane yasakazekela e-Asia.
Okwamanje, kunabantu abangaba ngu-30 balezi zinhlobo endle, futhi bonke bahlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFar East yaseRussia, ngasenyakatho kancane kwe-45th parallel, yize ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ibanga lalimboze izifunda zaseKorea Peninsula, China, Ussuriysk nase-Amur ...
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isilwane sengwe saseMpumalanga Ekude
Izingwe zithathwa njengelinye lamakati amahle kunawo wonke emhlabeni, kanti ama-subspecies aseMpumalanga Ekude athathwa njengalawo angcono kakhulu. Ochwepheshe bavame ukukuqhathanisa nengwe yeqhwa.
Lezi zilwane ezizacile zinezici ezilandelayo:
- Ubude bomzimba - kusuka ku-107 kuya ku-138 cm;
- Ubude bomsila - kusuka ku-81 kuya ku-91 cm;
- Isisindo sabesifazane - kufika ku-50 kg .;
- Isisindo samadoda sifinyelela kuma-70 kg.
Ehlobo, ubude bejazi bufushane futhi imvamisa abudluli amasentimitha ayi-2,5. Ebusika, buba bukhudlwana, buqhakaze kakhulu futhi bukhule buze bube ngamasentimitha ama-5 kuya kwayi-6. Ehlobo, uboya buya bukhanya.
Kusakazeke emzimbeni wonke kunamabala amnyama amaningi noma amasongo e-rosette. Ezinhlangothini, zifinyelela ku-5x5 cm.Ingaphambili lesifonyo alakhiwa amafashini. Kunezimpawu ezimnyama eduze kwe-vibrissae nasemakhoneni omlomo. Isiphongo, izihlathi nentamo zimbozwe ngamabala amancane. Izindlebe ezingemuva zimnyama.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Umsebenzi oyinhloko wombala ukufihla. Ngenxa yakhe, izitha zemvelo zezilwane azikwazi ukunquma ngokunembile ubukhulu bazo, ukubonakala kwemingcele kuyakhohlisa futhi izingwe ziqapheleke kakhulu ngemuva kwesizinda semvelo.
Lo mbala ubizwa ngokuthi yi-patronizing. Ngokufana neminwe yabantu, izingwe nazo zihlukile, okuvumela abantu ukuthi babonakale. Ikhanda liyindilinga futhi lincane. Ingxenye engaphambili inwetshiwe kancane. Izindlebe ezihlukaniswe kabanzi ziyindilinga.
Amehlo mancane ngomfundi oyindilinga. I-Vibrissae ingaba mnyama, imhlophe noma ixubeke futhi ifinyelele ku-11 cm ubude. 30 amazinyo amade futhi abukhali. Ulimi lunamaqhuqhuva ambozwe nge-epithelium eqinile, evumela ukuthi inyama ikhukhulwe ithambo nezinsiza ekugezeni.
Ihlala kuphi ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude?
Isithombe: Ingwe yase-Far Eastern Amur
Lawa makati asendle ajwayela kahle kunoma iyiphi indawo, ngakho-ke angaphila kunoma iyiphi indawo yemvelo. Ngasikhathi sinye, bagwema izindawo nezindawo ezivame ukuvakashelwa abantu.
Izindlela zokukhetha indawo yokuhlala:
- ukwakheka kwamadwala ngezinsika, amawa nezikhukhula;
- emithambekeni emnene futhi emaweni ngomsedari nama-oki amahlathi;
- inani lezinyamazane ezedlula abantu abayi-10 ngamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-10;
- ubukhona bezinye ungulates.
Inketho engcono kakhulu yokukhetha indawo yokuhlala iphakathi nokuphela kokugeleza kwamanzi okuya e-Amur Bay nasendaweni yoMfula iRazdolnaya. Le ndawo inwebeka ngamakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3, ukuphakama ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle kungamamitha ayi-700.
Ukuchichima kwama-ungulates kule ndawo kuyisimo esihle sokuhlakazwa kwezilwane ezikule ndawo, kanye nendawo engalingani, ikhava elincane leqhwa ebusika namahlathi aqinile lapho kukhula khona umnyama omnyama nomsedari waseKorea.
Ngekhulu lama-20, izingwe zazihlala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeRussia, ePeninsula yaseKorea nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina. Ngenxa yokuhlasela kwabantu indawo yabo yokuhlala, eyokugcina yahlukaniswa yaba izindawo ezihlukene ezi-3, okwafaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwabantu abahlukanisiwe abathathu. Manje izingwe zihlala endaweni enezintaba nezinamahlathi phakathi kweRussia, China ne-DPRK enobude obungamakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10.
Idla ini ingwe?
Isithombe: Incwadi ebomvu yengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude
Amahora wokuzingela asebenza kakhulu kusekuhwalweni nasesigamu sokuqala sobusuku. Esimweni sezulu esinamafu ebusika, lokhu kungenzeka emini. Zihlala zizingela zodwa. Ukuqaphela ekuqamekeleni isisulu, basondela kuso ngamamitha ayi-5-10 futhi ngokugxuma okusheshayo kudlula isisulu, babambelele emqaleni.
Uma inyamazane ibinkulu ikakhulukazi, izingwe zihlala eduze isonto lonke, zivikela kwezinye izidumbu. Uma umuntu esondela esidunjini, amakati asendle ngeke ahlasele futhi akhombise ubudlova, kepha azomane abuyele kuzisulu zawo lapho abantu behamba.
Izingwe azidli ngokudla futhi zizodla noma yini ezingayibamba. Futhi akunandaba ukuthi isisulu singakanani.
Kungaba:
- izingulube ezincane zasendle;
- izinyamazane ze-roe;
- izinyamazane ze-musk;
- inyamazane yeSika;
- hares;
- izimbila;
- ama-pheasants;
- izinambuzane;
- izinyamazane ezibomvu;
- izinyoni.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Lolu hlobo lwezingwe luyazithanda kakhulu izinja ezidlayo. Ngakho-ke, emnyango wezindawo ezivikelwe zepaki likazwelonke, kuzoba nesexwayiso: "izinja azivunyelwe".
Ngokwesilinganiso, izingwe zidinga isilwane esisodwa sezinselo ezindala izinsuku ezimbalwa. Bangakwazi ukwelula ukudla kuze kube amasonto amabili. Ngokushoda kwabantu abangasetshenziswanga, isikhawu phakathi kokubanjwa kwabo singafika ezinsukwini ezingama-25, amanye amakati angadla ezilwaneni ezincane.
Ukuhlanza isisu soboya (ikakhulu esabo, esigwinyiwe ngesikhathi sokuwashwa), izilwane ezidlayo zidla utshani nezitshalo zokusanhlamvu. Indle yazo iqukethe kuze kufinyelele ku-7.6% wezinsalela zezitshalo ezingahlanza umgudu wamathumbu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude
Njengoba zinesizungu ngokwemvelo, izingwe zaseMpumalanga Ekude zihlala ezindaweni ezihlukene, indawo efinyelela kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-238-315 kwabesilisa, inani eliphakeme elirekhodiwe liyi-509, kanti kwabesifazane livame ukuphindwa kahlanu - amakhilomitha-skwele angama-108-127.
Abashiyi indawo ekhethiwe yendawo abahlala kuyo iminyaka eminingi. Kokubili ehlobo nasebusika, basebenzisa imikhondo efanayo nezindawo zokukhosela izingane zabo. Indawo encane kunazo zonke ihlala ngowesifazane osanda kuzalwa. Akungaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-10. Ngemuva konyaka, insimu inyuka iye kumakhilomitha-skwele angama-40, bese kuba ngu-120.
Iziza zabantu abahlukene zingabelana ngemingcele efanayo; izingwe zingabelana ngomzila ofanayo wezintaba. Ingxenye emaphakathi yensimu kuphela evikelwe ngentshiseko, kepha hhayi ama-cordon ayo. Amaduna amancane angazingela ngaphandle kokujeziswa endaweni engaphandle aze aqale ukuyimaka.
Ukuhlangana okuningi kukhawulelwe ekubhekaneni nokusongela nokubhonga. Kepha izimo zingenzeka lapho owesilisa obuthakathaka efela empini. Izindawo zabesifazane nazo azihambelani. Izindawo zabesilisa zingagudluzana nabesifazane abadala abayi-2-3.
Izingwe zaseMpumalanga Ekude azimaki ikakhulukazi izintambo zezindawo zazo, kodwa izingxenye zazo ezimaphakathi, ziklwebha amagxolo ezihlahla, zixegise inhlabathi neqhwa, zimake izindawo ngomchamo, indle, nokushiya imikhondo. Ezimweni eziningi, lawa amamaki ahlanganisiwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-subspecies engwe eseMpumalanga Ekude anokuthula kunakho konke okunjalo. Kuwo wonke umlando wokuba khona kwabo, alikho icala elilodwa lokuhlaselwa komuntu elirekhodiwe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ingane yengwe ekuMpumalanga Ekude
Izingwe ze-Amur zifinyelela ekulungele ukuzalaniswa ngeminyaka engu-2.5-3. Kwabesifazane, lokhu kwenzeka phambilini. Isikhathi sokukhwelana ngokuvamile siqala engxenyeni yesibili yobusika. Ukukhulelwa kwabesifazane kwenzeka kanye njalo eminyakeni emithathu futhi kuhlala izinsuku ezingama-95-105. Udoti ungaqukatha kusuka kumawundlu ayi-1 kuye kwayi-5, imvamisa i-2-3.
Njengamakati ajwayelekile, isikhathi sokukhwelana sihambisana nokumemeza okwesabekayo, yize izingwe zivame ukuthula futhi kuyaqabukela zikhulume. Intshisekelo enkulu iphawulwa kwabesifazane, amazinyane abo asezingeni lokuthomba, lapho sekuyisikhathi sokuzimela. Umhhume womntwana uvame ukubekwa emifantwini noma emigedeni.
Amakati azalwa enesisindo esingu-400-500 amagremu, nezinwele ezinamabala aminyene. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-9, amehlo abo ayavuleka. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ziqala ukukhasa, futhi ngemuva kwenyanga zigijima kahle. Ngezinyanga ezi-2, bayaphuma emgodini bahlole indawo nonina. Lapho zinezinyanga eziyisithupha, izingane zingase zingasakwazi ukulandela unina, kodwa zihambe ziqonde kuye.
Kusukela emasontweni ayisithupha kuya kwayisithupha, amawundlu aqala ukudla inyama, kepha umama usaqhubeka nokuwondla ngobisi. Cishe ezinyangeni eziyi-8, amakati amancane akwazi ukuzingela ngokuzimela. Lapho inezinyanga eziyi-12-14, amaphuphu ayahlukana, kepha izingwe zingahlala eqenjini isikhathi eside, noma ngabe sekuzelwe enye inzalo elandelayo.
Izitha zemvelo zezingwe zaseMpumalanga Ekude
Isithombe: Ingwe ye-Animal Far Eastern
Ezinye izilwane azibeki ingozi ethile ezingwe futhi aziba ukuncintisana kokudla. Izingwe zingazesaba izinja, njengabazingeli, nezimpisi, ngoba ziyizilwane ezifunda isikole. Kepha, njengoba inani lalabo nabanye kulezi zindawo lincane kakhulu, azikho izikhubekiso phakathi kwalezi zilwane futhi azithinti noma iyiphi indlela.
Kunombono odumile wokuthi amahlosi angaba yizitha zezingwe, kodwa akulungile. Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude nehlosi lama-Amur kungenzeka zihlalisane ngokuthula zodwa. Uma ihlosi lizama ukuhlasela izihlobo zalo, lingaphephela kalula esihlahleni.
Ukuncintisana kokuzingelwa kulezi zilwane nakho akunakwenzeka, ngoba zombili zizingela izinyamazane ze-sika, futhi isibalo sazo kulezo zindawo siphezulu kakhulu futhi sanda minyaka yonke. I-lynx evamile nayo ayilona usongo ezingwe.
Akukho mncintiswano wokudla phakathi kwezingwe nebhele laseHimalaya, futhi ubudlelwano babo abunabutha. Ukushayisana kungavela kuphela ngenxa yokuseshwa kwezindawo zokukhosela zabesifazane ngenzalo. Ochwepheshe abakasunguli ukuthi ngubani oza kuqala ekukhetheni umhume.
Amagwababa, izinkozi ezinempandla, izinkozi zegolide, namanqe amnyama angadla inyamazane yamakati asendle avela kubadlebi. Izinsalela ezincane zingaya kuma-tits, jays, magpies. Kepha, ngandlela thile, ababalwa phakathi kwabancintisana nokudla kwezingwe. Izimpungushe, izinja ze-raccoon zingayidla ingwe uma zazi ukuthi ngeke isabuyela esidlekeni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ingwe yase-Far Eastern Amur
Kuwo wonke umlando wokubuka ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude, kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo zayo ezingaphansi azikaze zibe ziningi. Imininingwane evela eminyakeni edlule ngenani labantu ichaza ingwe njengesilwane esivamile, kodwa hhayi eziningi zeMpumalanga Ekude. Ngo-1870 kwakukhona ukubalulwa kokuvela kwamakati e-Ussuriysk Territory, kodwa kwakukhona ngisho nokumbalwa kakhulu kunamahlosi ase-Amur.
Izizathu eziyinhloko zokwehla kwenombolo yilezi:
- Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho;
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi, imililo evamile;
- Ukuncishiswa kokuphakelwa kokudla ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwama-ungulates;
- Iziphambano ezihlobene kakhulu, njengomphumela - ukuncipha nobumpofu bezinto zofuzo.
Ngo-1971-1973, ePrimorsky Territory, kwakukhona abantu abangaba ngu-45, kanti zingwe ezingama-25-30 kuphela ezazihlala unomphela, ezinye zazingabafokazi abavela ku-DPRK. Ngo-1976, kwakusele cishe izilwane ezingama-30-36, kanti eziyi-15 zazo ziyizakhamuzi ezihlala unomphela. Ngokuya ngemiphumela yokubalwa kwezimali ngawo-1980, kwacaca ukuthi izingwe azisahlali entshonalanga yePrimorye.
Izifundo ezalandela zibonise izinombolo ezizinzile: abantu abangu-30-36. Kodwa-ke, ngoFebhuwari 1997, inani labantu lehla laba izingwe zaseMpumalanga ezingama-29-31. Kuwo wonke ama-2000, lesi sibalo sahlala sizinzile, yize izinga laliphansi ngokungagwegwesi. Ukuhlaziywa kofuzo kukhombe abesilisa abayi-18 nabesifazane abayi-19.
Ngenxa yokuvikelwa okuqinile kwezilwane ezizingelayo, inani labantu landa. I-photomonitoring ka-2017 ikhombise imiphumela emihle: izingwe ezingama-89 zabantu abadala ama-Amur namawundlu angama-21 kwabalwa endaweni evikelekile. Kepha, ngokusho kochwepheshe, kudingeka okungenani abantu abayi-120 ukwakha ukuzinza kwabantu.
Ukuvikelwa kwengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude
Isithombe: Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude evela eRed Book
Ngekhulu lama-20, lezi zinhlobo zazisohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List, IUCN Red List, Russian Red List, kanye ne-CITES Isithasiselo I. Ama-subspecies abhekisele ezilwaneni ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngezinga elilinganiselwe kakhulu. Kusukela ngo-1956, ukuzingela amakati asendle kwavinjelwa ngokuqinile endaweni yaseRussia.
ICriminal Code of the Russian Federation ithi ngokubulala ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude, umuntu ozingela ngokungemthetho uzojeziswa ejele kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu, uma bekungekhona ukuzivikela. Uma ukubulala kwenzeka njengengxenye yeqembu elihleliwe, ababambiqhaza babhekana neminyaka engu-7 ejele futhi bakhokha umonakalo ngemali efinyelela kuma-ruble ayizigidi ezimbili.
Kusukela ngo-1916, kube khona indawo yokulondolozwa yemvelo "iKedrovaya Pad", etholakala endaweni yezingwe zase-Amur. Indawo yayo ingamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-18. Kusukela ngo-2008, i-Leopardovy reserve ibisebenza. Inwebeka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-169.
In the Primorsky Territory, kukhona Izwe Leopard National Park. Indawo yayo - amakhilomitha-skwele angama-262, ihlanganisa cishe i-60% yendawo yonke yokuhlala yezingwe zaseMpumalanga Ekude. Indawo ephelele yazo zonke izindawo ezivikelekile ingamakhilomitha-skwele angama-360. Lesi sibalo sidlula indawo yaseMoscow isikhathi esisodwa nengxenye.
Ngo-2016, kwavulwa umhubhe womgwaqo ukuze kulondolozwe inani lezingwe zase-Amur. Ingxenye yomgwaqo omkhulu manje usungena kuyo futhi imizila yendabuko yokuhamba kwezilwane ezihlaselayo seyiphephe kakhulu. Amakhamera we-infrared okuzenzakalelayo angama-400 endaweni yezinqolobane akhe inethiwekhi enkulu yokuqapha eRussian Federation.
Yize ibhubesi lithathwa njengenkosi yezilwane, ngobuhle bephethini, ukuvumelana komthethosisekelo, amandla, ukushesha nokuganga, asikho isilwane esingaqhathaniswa nengwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude, ehlanganisa zonke izinzuzo zabamele umndeni wesilwane. Muhle futhi unomusa, uguquguqukayo futhi unesibindi, Ingwe yaseMpumalanga Ekude ivela emvelweni njengesilwane esifanelekayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03/30/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-11: 27
