Ingwenya yeNayile Ingabe esinye sezilwane ezihuquzelayo eziyingozi kakhulu. Ngenxa yenani lakhe elingenakubalwa lezisulu ezingabantu. Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo besethusa izidalwa eziphilayo ezisizungezile amakhulu eminyaka. Akumangazi, ngoba lolu hlobo lukhulu kakhulu phakathi kwezinye ezimbili ezihlala e-Afrika. Ngosayizi, ingeyesibili kuphela emuva kwengwenya ehlanganisiwe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ingwenya yeNayile
Lezi zinsizakalo zingummeleli ovame kakhulu wohlobo lwazo. Ukukhulunywa kwalezi zilwane kuvela emlandweni waseGibhithe lasendulo, kepha kunemibono yokuthi izingwenya zazihlala eMhlabeni ngisho nasezinsukwini zama-dinosaurs. Leli gama akufanele lilahlekise, ngoba alihlali eMfuleni iNayile kuphela, kodwa futhi likhona nakwamanye amadamu e-Afrika namazwe angomakhelwane.
Ividiyo: Ingwenya yeNayile
Izinhlobo ze-Crocodylus niloticus zingezinhlobo zezingwenya eziyiqiniso zomndeni wengwenya. Kunezinhlobo ezingekho emthethweni eziningana ezingekho emthethweni, okuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kukhombise umehluko, ngenxa yokuthi abantu bangaba nokungafani kofuzo. Azinaso isimo esivame ukubonwa futhi zingahlulelwa kuphela ngomehluko wosayizi, ongadalwa yindawo yokuhlala:
- OwaseNingizimu Afrika;
- ENtshonalanga Afrika;
- EMpumalanga Afrika;
- UmTopiya;
- I-Afrika eseMaphakathi;
- IsiMalagasy;
- WaseKenya.
Abantu abaningi babulawa ngamazinyo ale nsika kunabo bonke abanye izilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ama-cannibal aseNayile abulala abantu abangamakhulu amaningana minyaka yonke. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuvimbeli abomdabu baseMadagascar ukuthi babheke isilwane esinwabuzelayo njengesingcwele, basikhonze futhi bahlele amaholide enkolo bebahlonipha, banikele ngezilwane ezifuywayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zezingwenya zeNayile
Ubude bomzimba womuntu ngamunye kanye nomsila bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-5-6. Kepha osayizi bangahluka ngenxa yendawo yokuhlala. Ngobude bamamitha angu-4-5, isisindo sezilwane ezihuquzelayo sifinyelela kuma-700-800 kilograms. Uma umzimba ungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6, khona-ke ubukhulu bungashintsha phakathi kwethani.
Isakhiwo somzimba sakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi ukuzingela emanzini kusebenza ngempumelelo yezingwenya. Umsila onamandla futhi omkhulu usiza ukunyakaza ngokushesha futhi ucindezele phansi ngendlela yokuthi ugxume emabangeni amade kakhulu kunobude bengwenya uqobo.
Umzimba we-reptile uyisicaba, emilenzeni emifushane yangemuva kunezingqimba ezibanzi, ngemuva kukhona izikhali ze-scaly. Ikhanda linwetshiwe, engxenyeni engenhla yalo kunamehlo aluhlaza, amakhala kanye nezindlebe, okungahlala ngaphezulu ngenkathi umzimba wonke ucwile. Kukhona ijwabu leso lesithathu emehlweni okulihlanza.
Isikhumba sabantu abasha sihlaza, sinamabala amnyama ezinhlangothini nasemuva, siphuzi esiswini nasentanyeni. Ngokukhula, umbala uba mnyama - kusuka kokuluhlaza kuye kwesinaphi. Kukhona nama-receptors esikhunjeni acosha ukunyakaza okuncane kwamanzi. Ingwenya izwa futhi ibone iphunga kangcono kakhulu kunendlela elibona ngayo.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zingahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kube isigamu sehora. Lokhu kungenxa yekhono lenhliziyo lokuvimba ukuphuma kwegazi emaphashini. Esikhundleni salokho, kuya ebuchosheni nakwezinye izitho ezibalulekile zokuphila. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zibhukuda ngejubane elingamakhilomitha angama-30-35 ngehora, futhi zihamba emhlabeni zingasheshisi ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-14 ngehora.
Ngenxa yokukhula kwesikhumba emqaleni, okuvimba amanzi ukuthi angene emaphashini, izingwenya zaseNayile zingavula imilomo yazo ngaphansi kwamanzi. I-metabolism yabo ihamba kancane kangangokuba izilwane ezihuquzelayo azikwazi ukudla izinsuku ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili. Kepha, ikakhulukazi lapho belambile, bangadla kuze kufike kuhhafu wesisindo sabo.
Ihlala kuphi ingwenya yeNayile?
Isithombe: Ingwenya yeNayile emanzini
ICrocodylus niloticus ihlala emanzini ase-Afrika, esiqhingini saseMadagascar, lapho yajwayela khona ukuphila emihumeni, eComoros naseSeychelles. Indawo yokuhlala ifinyelela e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara, eMauritius, ePrincipe, eMorocco, eCape Verde, eSocotra Island, eZanzibar.
Izinsalela ezitholakele zenza kube nokwenzeka ukwahlulela ukuthi ezinsukwini zakudala lolu hlobo lwalusatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezingasenyakatho ngaphezulu: eLebanon, ePalestine, eSyria, e-Algeria, eLibya, eJordani, eComoros, futhi hhayi esikhathini esedlule wanyamalala ngokuphelele emingceleni yakwa-Israyeli. EPalestine, inani elincane lihlala endaweni eyodwa - uMfula wengwenya.
Indawo yokuhlala incishiselwa emanzini angenasawoti noma imifula enosawoti omncane, amachibi, amadamu, amaxhaphozi, atholakala emahlathini omhlume. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zikhetha amadamu azolile anogu olunesihlabathi. Kuyenzeka ukuthi uhlangane nomuntu kude namanzi kuphela uma isirhubuluzi sifuna indawo yokuhlala entsha ngenxa yokoma kwangaphambilini.
Ezimweni ezingazodwa, izingwenya zaseNayile zahlangana amakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka ogwini olwandle oluvulekile. Yize kungejwayelekile kulezi zinhlobo, ukuhamba emanzini anosawoti kwavumela izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ukuthi zihlale futhi zizalane kubantu abancane kwezinye iziqhingi.
Idlani ingwenya yeNayile?
Isithombe: Ingwenya yeNayile Red Book
Lezi zilwane ezinwabuzelayo zinokudla okuhlukahlukene. Abantu abasha ikakhulukazi badla izinambuzane, ama-crustaceans, amaxoxo, nama-molluscs. Izingwenya ezindala zidinga ukudla kaningi kakhulu. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezikhulayo ziguquka kancane kancane ziye ezinhlanzini ezincane nakwezinye izakhamuzi zemizimba yamanzi - ama-otter, ama-mongooses, amagundane omhlanga.
Ku-70% wokudla kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo kuqukethe izinhlanzi, amaphesenti asele akhiwe yizilwane eziza ukuzophuza.
Kungaba:
- amadube;
- inyathi;
- izindlulamithi;
- obhejane;
- i-wildebeest;
- hares;
- izinyoni;
- i-feline;
- inkawu;
- ezinye izingwenya.
Bashayela izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ngokunyakaza okunamandla kwemisila, benze ukudlidlizela, bese bekubamba kalula emanzini angajulile. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zingahambisana nomugqa wamanje futhi ziqhume ngokulindela ukubhukuda kwe-mullet kanye ne-mullet enemigqa edlule. Abantu abadala bazingela iNayile perch, tilapia, catfish ngisho noshaka abancane.
Futhi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zingathatha ukudla ezingonyameni, izingwe. Abantu abakhulu kakhulu bahlasela izinyathi, izimvubu, amadube, izindlulamithi, izindlovu, izimpisi ezinsundu namazinyane obhejane. Izingwenya zimunca ukudla ngawo wonke amathuba. Abesifazane abagada amaqanda abo kuphela abadla kancane.
Bahudulela inyamazane ngaphansi kwamanzi bese belinda ukuthi iminze. Lapho isisulu sishiya ukukhombisa izimpawu zokuphila, izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyasiklebhula. Uma ukudla kutholwe ndawonye, ​​bahlanganisa imizamo yokwabelana ngakho. Izingwenya zingasunduza inyamazane yazo ngaphansi kwamatshe noma izinkuni ukuze zikwenze kube lula ukuyidwengula.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ingwenya enkulu yeNayile
Iningi lezingwenya lichitha usuku elangeni ukuze lenyuse izinga lokushisa komzimba. Ukugwema ukushisa, bagcina imilomo yabo ivulekile. Amacala ayaziwa lapho abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bevale umlomo ezihuquzelayo bezibamba bazishiya elangeni. Kusukela kulokhu, izilwane zafa.
Uma ingwenya yeNayile ivale umlomo wayo kungazelelwe, lokhu kuba yisibonakaliso ezihlotsheni zayo ukuthi kunengozi eseduze. Ngokwemvelo, lolu hlobo lunolaka kakhulu futhi alubekezeleli abantu ongabazi ensimini yalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, nabantu ngabanye bohlobo lwabo, bangazwana ngokuthula, baphumule futhi bazingele ndawonye.
Esimweni sezulu esinamafu nemvula, zichitha cishe sonke isikhathi sazo emanzini. Ezindaweni ezinezimo zezulu eziguquguqukayo, isomiso noma ukubanda okungazelelwe okubandayo, izingwenya zingamba izinhlabathi esihlabathini bese zilala kulo lonke ihlobo. Ukuze kusungulwe i-thermoregulation, abantu abakhulu kakhulu bayaphuma bayozithamela elangeni.
Ngenxa yombala wazo wokuzifihla, ama-receptors amakhulu kanye namandla emvelo, angabazingeli abahle kakhulu. Ukuhlasela okubukhali nokungazelelwe akuniki isisulu isikhathi sokululama, futhi imihlathi enamandla ayinashiyi ithuba lokusinda. Ziya emhlabathini zingazingeli ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-50. Lapho zilinda izilwane ezindleleni zehlathi.
Ngezinye izinyoni, izingwenya zaseNayile zinobudlelwano obuzuzisayo. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zivula imilomo yazo lapho izihlwathi zigadlile noma, ngokwesibonelo, abagijimi baseGibhithe bakha izingcezu zokudla ezinamathele emazinyweni abo. Abesifazane bezingwenya nezimvubu bahlala ngokuthula, beshiya inzalo yabo phezu komunye nomunye ukuvikelwa ezifweni noma ezimpisini.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ingwenya Yezingane
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi zineminyaka eyishumi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ubude babo bufinyelela kumamitha angu-2-2.5. Ngenkathi yokukhwelana, abesilisa bashaya imilomo yabo emanzini bese bebhonga kakhulu, beheha abesifazane. Labo, nabo, bakhetha abesilisa abakhulu.
Ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, ukuqala kwalesi sikhathi kwenzeka ehlobo, eningizimu kunguNovemba-Disemba. Ubudlelwano bendabuko busakhiwa phakathi kwabesilisa. Wonke umuntu uzama ukukhombisa ukuphakama kwakhe kunomphikisi. Abesilisa bayabhonga, bakhipha umoya ngomsindo, bashaye amagwebu ngemilomo yabo. Abesifazane ngalesi sikhathi bashaya imisila yabo ngenjabulo emanzini.
Owesilisa onqotshiwe ubhukuda ngokushesha kude nalowo ancintisana naye, avume ukwehlulwa kwakhe. Uma kungenzeki ukubaleka, olahlekile uphakamisa ubuso bakhe, okukhombisa ukuthi uyazinikela. Owinile kwesinye isikhathi ubamba ehlulwe yidladla, kepha angalumi. Izimpi ezinjalo zisiza ukuxosha abantu abengeziwe endaweni yabashadikazi.
Izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda emabhishi anesihlabathi nasemabhange emifula. Bude buduze namanzi, insikazi imba isidleke cishe ngamasentimitha angama-60 ukujula bese izalela amaqanda angama-55-60 lapho (inani lingahluka lisuka ezingcezwini ezingama-20 kuye kwezingama-95). Akamukeli muntu ku-clutch cishe izinsuku ezingama-90.
Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa angamsiza, esabisa abantu angabazi. Ngesikhathi lapho insikazi iphoqeleka ukuthi ishiye i-clutch ngenxa yokushisa, izidleke zingacekelwa phansi yimongoose, abantu noma izimpisi. Kwesinye isikhathi amaqanda athathwa yizikhukhula. Ngokwesilinganiso, ama-10-15% amaqanda asinda kuze kuphele isikhathi.
Lapho isikhathi sokufukamela siphela, izingane zenza imisindo yokububula, esebenza njengesibonakaliso kumama wokumba isidleke. Kwesinye isikhathi usiza amawundlu ukuba achamisele ngokugingqa amaqanda emilonyeni yawo. Uhambisa izingwenya ezisanda kuzalwa echibini.
Izitha zemvelo zezingwenya zaseNayile
Isithombe: Ingwenya yeNayile
Abantu abadala abanazo izitha emvelweni. Izingwenya zingafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuphela kubamele abakhulu bezinhlobo zazo, izilwane ezinkulu njengezingonyama nezingwe, noma ezandleni zabantu. Amaqanda abekwa yibo noma amawundlu asanda kuzalwa asengozini yokuhlaselwa.
Izidleke zingaphangwa ngu:
- ama-mongooses;
- izinyoni ezidla njengezinkozi, ama-buzzards, noma amanqe;
- qapha izibankwa;
- ama-pelicans.
Izingane ezingagadiwe zizingelwa yi:
- i-feline;
- qapha izibankwa;
- izimfene;
- izingulube zasendle;
- uGoliath izindwandwe;
- oshaka;
- izimfudu.
Emazweni amaningi lapho kunenani elanele labantu, kuvunyelwe ukuzingela izingwenya zaseNayile. Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bashiya izidumbu zezilwane ezibolile ogwini njengezicupho. Bude buduze nale ndawo kubekiwe iqhugwane futhi umzingeli ulinda ngokunyakaza ukuze isilwane esihuquzelayo silume isicupho.
Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni kufanele balale benganyakazi sonke isikhathi, ngoba ezindaweni lapho kuvunyelwe khona ukuzingela, izingwenya ziyaqaphela kakhulu. Iqhugwane libekwe ngamamitha angama-80 ukusuka kwesithiyelo. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zinganaka nokuziphatha okungajwayelekile kwezinyoni ezibona abantu.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zikhombisa intshisekelo yokuloba usuku lonke, ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Imizamo yokubulala yenziwa ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni kuphela ngezingwenya eseziphume ngokuphelele emanzini. I-hit kufanele inembe ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba uma isilwane sinesikhathi sokufinyelela emanzini ngaphambi kokuba sife, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukusikhipha.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zezingwenya zeNayile
Ngo-1940-1960, kwakukhona ukuzingelwa okusebenzayo kwezingwenya zaseNayile ngenxa yekhwalithi ephezulu yesikhumba sazo, inyama edliwayo, kanye nemithi yase-Asia, izitho zangaphakathi zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zazibhekwa njengezinikezwe amandla okwelapha. Lokhu kuholele ekwehleni okuphawulekayo kwamanani abo. Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabantu ezihuquzelayo iminyaka engama-40, abanye abantu baphila kuze kufike ku-80.
Phakathi kuka-1950 no-1980, kulinganiselwa ngokungekho emthethweni ukuthi kwabulawa kwathengiswa cishe izikhumba zezingwenya zeNayile eziyizigidi ezintathu. Kwezinye izindawo zaseKenya, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinkulu ziye zabanjwa ngamanetha. Kodwa-ke, inani elisele lavumela izilwane ezihuquzelayo ukuthi zibizwe Ngokukhathazeka Okuncane.
Njengamanje, kunabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-250-500 zalezi zinhlobo emvelweni. Eningizimu nasempumalanga ye-Afrika, inani labantu libhekiwe futhi libhalwe phansi. ENtshonalanga ne-Afrika Ephakathi, isimo sibi ngokwedlulele. Ngenxa yokunganakwa ngokwanele, inani labantu kulezi zindawo lehle kakhulu.
Izimo zokuphila ezingezinhle kanye nokuncintisana nengwenya enentamo emincane nenamakhala kubanga usongo lokuqothulwa kohlobo. Ukwehliswa kwendawo yamadokodo nakho kuyisici esibi esikhona. Ukuqeda lezi zinkinga, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ezinye izinhlelo zemvelo.
Ukuvikelwa kwengwenya yeNayile
Isithombe: Ingwenya yeNayile evela eRed Book
Lezi zinhlobo zifakiwe kwiRed Book yeWorld Conservation Union futhi zifakwa esigabeni ngaphansi kobungozi obuncane. Izingwenya zaseNayile zikuSithasiselo I Cites, ukuhweba ngabantu abaphilayo noma izikhumba zabo kulawulwa ngumhlangano wamazwe omhlaba. Ngenxa yemithetho kazwelonke evimbela ukulethwa kwesikhumba sengwenya, inani lazo lenyuke kancane.
Ukuze kuzalwe izilwane ezihuquzelayo, kusebenza ngempumelelo lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amapulazi ezingwenya noma amaflegi. Kepha ikakhulukazi zikhona ukuthola isikhumba sesilwane. Izingwenya zeNayile zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanzeni amanzi ekungcoleni ngenxa yezidumbu ezingene kuwo. Zilawula futhi nenani lezinhlanzi ezinye izilwane ezincike kuzo.
E-Afrika, inkolo yezingwenya isekhona kuze kube namuhla. Lapho bayizilwane ezingcwele futhi ukuzibulala kuyisono sokufa. EMadagascar, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zihlala emadamini akhethekile, lapho izakhamuzi zendawo zibahlabela khona ngemfuyo ngamaholide ezenkolo.
Njengoba izingwenya zihlushwa wukukhathazeka komuntu oqhuba imisebenzi yezomnotho ezindaweni zabo, izilwane ezihuquzelayo azikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha. Ngalezi zinhloso, kunamapulazi lapho kukhiqizwa khona izimo ezikahle kakhulu zokuhlala kwabo.
Uma uqhathanisa ingwenya yeNayile nezinye izinhlobo, laba bantu abanabo ubutha kangako kubantu. Kepha ngenxa yokuthi kusondelene kakhulu nemiphakathi yabomdabu, yibo ababulala abantu abaningi minyaka yonke. Kukhona umuntu odla umuntu encwadini yamarekhodi eGuinness - nile ingwenyaowabulala abantu abangama-400. Isifanekiso esidle abantu abangu-300 eCentral Africa asikabanjwa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03/31/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-11: 56
