Ufudu olunamaqabunga abomvu i-amphibian yasekhaya ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni, ngakho-ke yathengiswa kakhulu ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala eningizimu ye-United States nasenyakatho neMexico. Kodwa-ke, kancane kancane yaqala ukusabalala kwezinye izifunda, ngenxa yokwenqaba kwabantu ukuyigcina njengesilwane sasekhaya futhi bayiphonsa emanzini asendaweni.
Ukuhlaselwa nokuthathwa kwezindawo okubangelwe yimisebenzi yabantu engenangqondo kuholele ezinkingeni zezilwane zamazwe amaningi, njengoba ufudu olunamakhanda abomvu luhlwitha izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. I-redfly encane ifakiwe ohlwini, olushicilelwe yi-IUCN, lwezinhlobo eziyi-100 ezihlasela kakhulu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ufudu olunamaqabunga abomvu
Izinsalela zibonisa ukuthi izimfudu zaqala ukubonakala emhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-200 eyedlule, ngesikhathi se-Upper Triassic. Ufudu lokuqala olwaziwayo kwakunguProganochelys quenstedli. Sasinegobolondo elakhiwe ngokuphelele, ugebhezi olufana nogebhezi nomlomo. Kepha, amaProganochelys ayenezici ezimbalwa zakudala ezingenazo izimfudu zanamuhla.
Maphakathi nesikhathi seJurassic, izimfudu zahlukana zaba ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: i-arched-necked (pleurodire) kanye ne-lateral-necked (cryptodires). Izimfudu zanamuhla ezinentamo eseceleni zitholakala kuphela enkabazwe eseningizimu bese zifaka amakhanda azo ohlangothini olungaphansi kwegobolondo. Izimfudu ezinentambo e-arched zifaka amakhanda azo zimile ngohlamvu uS. Scutemy ubengomunye wezimfudu zokuqala ezinentamo engu-arched.
Ividiyo: Ufudu olunamalebe abomvu
Ufudu olunamacembe abomvu noma ophuzi (i-Trachemys scripta) ufudu lwamanzi angenawo usawoti womndeni wakwa-Emydidae. Lithola igama lalo eqenjini elincane elibomvu elizungeze izindlebe kanye nekhono lokushelela ngokushesha emadwaleni nasezingodo emanzini. Lenhlobo phambilini beyatiwa ngelufudu lweTrosta ngemuva kwesazi semfuyo saseMelika Gerard Trosta. I-Trachemys scripta troostii manje igama lesayensi lenye i-subspecies, ufudu lwaseCumberland.
Ububomvu obuncane bobu-oda be-Testudines, obuqukethe izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-250.
I-Trachemys scripta uqobo iqukethe ama-subspecies amathathu:
- T.s. ubuhle (izindlebe ezibomvu);
- T.c. IScripta (ibhande eliphuzi);
- T.s. troostii (Cumberland).
Umbhalo wokuqala owaziwayo obhaliwe wabantu abadla obomvu usukela emuva ku-1553. Lapho uP. Cieza de Leone ebachaza encwadini ethi "Chronicles of Peru".
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ufudu lwezilwane olubomvu
Ubude begobolondo lolu hlobo lwezimfudu bungafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-40, kepha ubude obumaphakathi busuka ku-12.5 kuye kuma-28 cm.Abesifazane bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesilisa. Igobolondo labo lihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili: i-carapace ephezulu noma i-dorsal carapace (carapace) + engezansi, isisu (plastron).
I-carapace engenhla iqukethe:
- izihlangu ze-vertebral ezakha ingxenye ephakeme emaphakathi;
- izihlangu ze-pleural ezisendaweni ezungeze izihlangu ze-vertebral;
- izihlangu ezinqenqemeni.
Izikhukhula ziyizakhi ze-bone keratin. I-carapace imise okweqanda futhi isicabalele (ikakhulukazi kwabesilisa). Umbala wegobolondo uyashintsha kuye ngeminyaka yofudu. ICarapace imvamisa inesizinda esiluhlaza okotshani esinokumaka okukhanyayo noma okumnyama. Kubantu abasha noma abasanda kuchanyuselwa, lo ngumbala wamahlamvu aluhlaza, athi kancane abe mnyama kubantu abadala. Kuze kube yilapho kuguquka kube luhlaza okomnyama bese kuguqula umbala ophakathi kokunsundu noluhlaza okomnqumo.
I-plastron ihlale iphuzi ngokukhanyayo ngombala omnyama, obhangqiwe, ongajwayelekile enkabeni yezihlangu. Ikhanda, imilenze nomsila kuluhlaza okotshani ngemigqa ephuzi emincane, emise okungajwayelekile. Igobolondo lonke limbozwe ngemivimbo nokumakwa ukusiza ukufihla.
Iqiniso elithandekayo! Isilwane siyi-poikilotherm, okungukuthi, asikwazi ukulawula ngokuzimela ukushisa komzimba waso futhi sincike ngokuphelele ekushiseni okuphakathi. Ngalesi sizathu, badinga ukushiswa yilanga njalo ukuze bafudumale futhi bagcine izinga lokushisa lomzimba wabo.
Izimfudu zinohlelo lwamathambo oluphelele olunezinyawo ezinama-webbed kancane ezibasiza ukubhukuda. Umugqa obomvu ohlangothini ngalunye lwekhanda wenza ufudu olunamaqabunga abomvu lwahluka kwezinye izinhlobo futhi lwaba yingxenye yegama, njengoba umugqa utholakala ngemuva kwamehlo, lapho izindlebe zawo (zangaphandle) kufanele zibe khona.
Le mivimbo ingalahlekelwa umbala wayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abanye abantu bangaba nophawu oluncane lombala ofanayo ekhakhayini. Futhi abanayo indlebe yangaphandle ebonakalayo noma umsele ongaphandle wokuhlola. Esikhundleni salokho, kukhona indlebe ephakathi embozwe ngokuphelele nge-disc cartilaginous tympanic disc.
Uhlala kuphi ufudu?
Isithombe: Ufudu oluncane olunamaqabunga abomvu
Izindawo zokuhlala ziseMfuleni iMississippi naseGulf of Mexico, kanye nezimo ezifudumele eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States. Izindawo zabo zasekhaya zisukela eningizimu-mpumalanga yeColorado ziye eVirginia naseFlorida. Ngokwemvelo, izimfudu ezinamaqabunga abomvu zihlala ezindaweni ezinemithombo yamanzi azolile, afudumele: amachibi, amachibi, amaxhaphozi, imifudlana nemifula ehamba kancane.
Zihlala lapho zingaphuma kalula khona emanzini, zikhuphuke amatshe noma iziqu zemithi ukuze zishiswe yilanga. Zivame ukushiswa yilanga eqenjini noma ngisho nangaphezulu. Lezi zimfudu zasendle zihlala zihlala eduze kwamanzi ngaphandle kokuthi zifuna indawo yokuhlala entsha noma zibekele amaqanda.
Ngenxa yokuthandwa kwazo njengezilwane ezifuywayo, abadli ababomvu badedelwe noma babalekele endle ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Abantu basendle manje sebetholakala e-Australia, eYurophu, Great Britain, South Africa, eCaribbean, Israel, Bahrain, eziqhingini zaseMariana, eGuam, naseNingizimu-mpumalanga naseFar East Asia.
Uhlobo oluhlaselayo lunomthelela ongemuhle kuzinto eziphilayo olukuzo, ngoba lunezinzuzo ezithile kunezakhamuzi zendawo, njengobudala obuphansi ekuvuthweni, amazinga aphezulu okuzala. Zidlulisa izifo futhi zixinanise ezinye izinhlobo zofudu abancintisana ngazo ukuthola ukudla nezindawo zokuzalela.
Ludlani ufudu olunamaqabunga abomvu?
Isithombe: Umfana wofudu obomvu
Ufudu olunezindlebe ezibomvu lunokudla oku-omnivorous. Badinga uhlaza oluningi lwasemanzini, njengoba lokhu kungukudla okuyinhloko kwabantu abadala. Izimfudu zishoda ngamazinyo, kepha esikhundleni salokho zinemihosha enama-jagging futhi ebukhali emihlathini engenhla nengezansi.
Imenyu yezilwane ifaka phakathi:
- izinambuzane zasemanzini;
- izibungu;
- amakhilikithi;
- iminenke;
- inhlanzi encane,
- amaqanda amaxoxo,
- onoshobishobi,
- izinyoka zamanzi,
- ulwelwe oluhlukahlukene.
Abantu abadala ngokuvamile badla imifino eminingi kunabasha. Ebusheni, ufudu olunamaqabunga abomvu luyisilwane esidla izinambuzane, izikelemu, onoshobishobi, izinhlanzi ezincane ngisho nesidumbu. Abantu abadala bathambekele kakhulu ekudleni imifino, kepha ungayeki inyama uma bengayithola.
Iqiniso elithandekayo! Ukuya ocansini kwezimfudu kunqunywa ngesikhathi sesigaba se-embryogenesis futhi kuncike ekushiseni kokufukamela. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zishoda ngama-chromosomes ocansi anquma ucansi. Amaqanda afukanywa ngo-22 - 27 ° C aba ngamadoda kuphela, kuyilapho amaqanda afakwa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme eba ngabesifazane.
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo kulula ukuzivumelanisa nemvelo yazo futhi zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nanoma yini kusuka emanzini anosawoti kuya emiseleni eyenziwe ngabantu nasemachibini amadolobha. Ufudu olunamaqabunga abomvu lungazulazula lude nolwandle bese luphila ebusika obubandayo. Lapho nje indawo okufinyeleleka kuyo itholakele, lezi zinhlobo zizolungisa ngokushesha indawo entsha.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ufudu olukhulu olunamaqabunga abomvu
Izimfudu ezinamaqabunga abomvu ziphila kusukela eminyakeni engama-20 kuya kwengu-30, kodwa zingaphila ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40. Izinga lendawo yabo yokuhlala inomthelela onamandla esikhathini sokuphila nasenhlalakahleni. Izimfudu zichitha isikhathi esiningi zisemanzini, kepha njengoba ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinegazi elibandayo, ziyawashiya amanzi okushiswa yilanga ukulawula ukushisa komzimba. Zimunca ukushisa kahle lapho izitho zinwetshelwa ngaphandle.
Ama-reds amancane awafihli ubuthongo, kepha angena ohlotsheni lwezithombe ezimisiwe. Lapho izimfudu zingasebenzi kangako, kwesinye isikhathi zikhuphukela phezulu ziyofuna ukudla noma umoya. Endle, izimfudu zilala ngaphansi kwemizimba yamanzi noma amachibi angajulile. Imvamisa ziye zingasebenzi ngo-Okthoba lapho amazinga okushisa ehla ngaphansi kuka-10 ° C.
Ngalesi sikhathi, izimfudu zingena esimweni sobuthongo, lapho zingadli noma zizikhulula, zihlala cishe zinganyakazi, futhi izinga lokuphefumula kwazo liyancipha. Abantu bavame ukutholakala ngaphansi kwamanzi, kodwa futhi batholakale ngaphansi kwamatshe, kwiziphunzi ezingenalutho nasemabhange athambile. Ezimweni ezifudumele, bangasebenza ebusika bese beza phezulu lapho bezobhukuda. Lapho izinga lokushisa liqala ukwehla, babuyela masinyane esimweni sobuthakathaka.
Encwadini! Izimfudu ezinamadlebe abomvu zibanjelwa ukudla kusukela ekuqaleni kukaMashi kuya ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli.
Ngokushaywa, lezi zinhlobo zingaphila nge-anaerobically (ngaphandle kokungeniswa komoya) amasonto ambalwa. Izinga le-metabolic of turtles ngalesi sikhathi lehla kakhulu, futhi izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo nokukhipha inhliziyo kuncishiswa ngo-80% ukunciphisa isidingo samandla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ufudu lwasemanzini olunamaqabunga abomvu
Izimfudu zamadoda zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili lapho amagobolondo azo enobubanzi obungu-10 cm, bese kuthi abesifazane bavuthwe lapho amagobolondo abo eno-15 cm. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bakulungele ukuzala beneminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyisithupha ubudala. Owesilisa mncane kunowesifazane, noma kwesinye isikhathi kunzima ukusebenzisa le parameter, ngoba abantu abaqhathanisiwe bangaba ngeminyaka ehlukene.
Ukuqomisana nokukhwelana kwenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi kusuka ngoMashi kuya kuJulayi. Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, owesilisa uyabhukuda ezungeze insikazi, aqondise ama-pheromone akhe kuye. Insikazi iqala ukubhukuda iye kowesilisa futhi, uma iyamukela, icwila ezansi ukuze ikhwisane. Ukuqomisana kuthatha cishe imizuzu engama-45, kepha ukukhwelana kuthatha imizuzu eyi-10 kuphela.
Insikazi izalela amaqanda aphakathi kwamabili kuya kwangama-30, kuya ngosayizi womzimba nezinye izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu oyedwa angabeka ama-clutches angafika kwanguhlanu ngonyaka owodwa, ngezikhathi ezithile zezinsuku eziyi-12-36.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo! Ukufakelwa kweqanda kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa. Le nqubo yenza kube nokwenzeka ukubeka amaqanda avundisiwe kwisizini ezayo, ngoba isidoda sihlala sisebenza futhi sitholakala emzimbeni wowesifazane noma ngabe akukho ukuhlangana.
Emasontweni okugcina okukhulelwa, insikazi ichitha isikhathi esincane emanzini futhi ibheka indawo efanelekayo yokubekela amaqanda. Umba umgodi wesidleke esebenzisa imilenze yakhe yangemuva.
Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-59 kuye kwezingu-112. Inzalo ihlala ngaphakathi kwegobongo leqanda ngemuva kokuchamisela izinsuku ezimbili. Phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala, amawundlu asadla kusuka esikhwameni se-yolk, ukuphakelwa kwawo okusala eqandeni. Indawo lapho isikhupha simuncwa khona kufanele izelaphe yodwa ngaphambi kokuba izimfudu zikwazi ukubhukuda. Isikhathi esiphakathi kokuchanyuselwa nokucwiliswa emanzini izinsuku ezingama-21.
Izitha zemvelo zofudu oluyindlebe ebomvu
Isithombe: Ufudu lwabantu abadala abanamaqabunga abomvu
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, ukuluma kanye nobukhulu begobolondo, ufudu olukhulu olunamaqabunga abomvu akufanele lwesabe izidumbu, kunjalo, uma zingekho izingwenya noma izingwenya eduze. Angadonsa ikhanda nezitho zakhe ku-carapace lapho esongelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimvukazi ezibomvu ziqapha izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi zibalekele emanzini lapho kutholakala uphawu lokuqala lwengozi.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusebenzi kuzinsizwa, ezizingelwa izidalwa ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi:
- ama-raccoon;
- izidumbu;
- izimpungushe;
- izinyoni ezihambayo;
- onogolantethe.
I-Raccoon, i-skunk ne-fox nazo zintshontsha amaqanda kulolu hlobo lofudu. AmaJuveniles anokuzivikela okungavamile ezinhlanzini ezidla ezinye. Uma zigwinywe ziphelele, zibamba umoya bese zihlafuna ulwelwesi lwamafinyila olungaphakathi kwenhlanzi kuze kube yilapho inhlanzi ibahlanza. Umbala okhanyayo wezilwane ezincane ezixwayisayo uxwayisa izinhlanzi ezinkulu ukuthi zizigweme.
Ebangeni labo lasekhaya, izimfudu ezinamaqabunga abomvu zihlala endaweni ebalulekile yomkhiqizo njengomkhiqizo wokudla nanjengesilwane esidlayo. Ngaphandle kwezindawo abahlala kuzo, bagcwalisa izinhlobo ezifanayo zemicibisholo futhi babe umthombo wokudla obalulekile wezilwane ezizingelayo ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni nezasemadolobheni.
Ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo, izindlebe ezibomvu yizinhlobo zofudu ezivelele ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni. Iningi lamapaki emadolobheni amaningi e-United States linamakholoni achumayo amafudu anezindlebe ezibomvu abantu abangawajabulela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ufudu olunamaqabunga abomvu
Ufudu olunamalebe abomvu lubalwe yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) "njengesinye sezilwane ezihlasela kakhulu emhlabeni." Ithathwa njengesidalwa esiyingozi emvelweni ngaphandle kohlobo lwaso lwemvelo ngoba incintisana nezimfudu zomdabu ngokudla, izidleke kanye nezindawo zokubhukuda.
Encwadini! Izimfudu ezinamaqabunga abomvu zamukelwa njengezichibi lapho kungagcinwa khona isikhathi eside amagciwane eSalmonella. Ukugcwala kwabantu okubangelwa ukungaphathwa kahle kwezimfudu kuholele ekuthengisweni okulinganiselwe.
Ufudu olunamacembe abomvu lwaxhashazwa imboni yemfuyo kusukela ngawo-1970. Izinombolo ezinkulu zakhiqizwa emapulazini ama-turtle e-United States ukuhweba ngezilwane zomhlaba wonke. Izimfudu ezishelelayo ezibomvu ezinamacici abomvu seziyizilwane ezifuywayo ezithandwayo ngenxa yobuncane bazo, ukudla okungenantengo kanye nentengo ephansi.
Zivame ukutholwa njengezipho njengezilwane ezifuywayo lapho zincane kakhulu futhi ziheha. Kodwa-ke, izilwane zikhula ngokushesha zibe ngabantu abadala abakhulu futhi zikwazi ukuluma abanikazi bazo, ngenxa yalokho ziyashiywa bese zikhishelwa endle. Ngakho-ke, manje zitholakala ezindaweni eziphila emanzini angenasawoti emazweni amaningi athuthukile.
Izimfudu zezingane ezinamacici abomvu ziye zashushumbiswa futhi zakhishelwa e-Australia ngokungemthetho. Manje, ezingxenyeni zezwe, abantu basendle batholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezisemadolobheni kanye nasemaphandleni. Kwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni e-Australia njengesilokazane esiqeda izilwane zasendaweni ezihlasela imvelo.
Ukungenisa kwabo kwavinjelwa yi-European Union, kanye namazwe angamalungu e-EU. Ufudu olunamaqabunga abomvu uzovinjelwa ukungenisa nokubuya eJapan, lo mthetho uzoqala ukusebenza ngonyaka wezi-2020.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03/26/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 18.09.2019 ngo-22: 30
