IGorilla - inkawu evela oda hominids. Ngokuya ngobude, ayafaniswa nomuntu, kepha ngokwesilinganiso anesisindo esikhulu kakhulu, futhi aqinile kaningi. Kepha azizona eziyingozi: ngokuba izilwane ezidla inyama, zihlukaniswa ngokuzola nangokuthula. Le ndoda iyingozi kubo: ngabantu abadlale indima enkulu ekwehleni okusheshayo kwenani lalezi zinkawu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Gorilla
Phambilini, ama-gorilla, kanye nezimfene nama-orangutan, ayehlanganiswe emndenini wama-pongid, kepha manje angabomndeni owodwa nabantu - ama-hominids. Ngokuya ngemininingwane yezofuzo, ama-gorilla ahlukaniswe nokhokho ovamile nabantu cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-10 edlule, ngaphambi kwezimfene (4 million).
Izinsalela zokhokho babo abaseduze azange zitholwe ngenxa yokuthi izinto eziphilayo azigcinwanga kahle ezindaweni zazo. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwesayensi ngale ndlela lunzima futhi lwenziwa ikakhulu ngesisekelo sedatha yezinye izinhlobo zezinto - yingakho imibono eminingi eyiphutha esikhathini esedlule.
Ividiyo: IGorilla
Imivubukulo esondele kakhulu kokhokho bama-gorilla yi-chorapitek, eyaphila eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-11 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi okhokho bama-gorilla babebancane futhi behlala ezihlahleni, babengenazo izitha zemvelo, futhi akudingeki benze umzamo omkhulu ukuthola ukudla. Ngenxa yalokhu, sasingekho isisusa sokuthuthuka kobuhlakani, yize ama-gorilla anamandla amakhulu.
I-subspecies yamanje yama-gorilla yenzeka amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, izindawo ezimbili ezingazodwa zendawo yazo yokuhlala zase zakhiwe, ukuzivumelanisa nakho okwaholela ekwandeni kokwehluka kofuzo.
Incazelo yesayensi yalolu hlobo yenziwa kuphela ngo-1847, kepha abantu bake bahlangana nama-gorilla isikhathi eside. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-5 BC, abasolwandle baseCarthage babona izilwane ezibizwa ngokuthi "gorilla". Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ngabe lawa bekungama-gorilla noma izimfene ngempela yini. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, abahambi bakhuluma ngokuhlangana nezinkawu ezinkulu, futhi ngokwencazelo lawa ngama-gorilla: yindlela u-Andrew Battel abachaze ngayo ngo-1559.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuhlolwa kososayensi ubuhlakani bama-gorilla kukhuphuke kakhulu ngemuva kokuthi kubhalwe ukuthi intokazi, egama layo lingu-Itebero, yayijwayele ukusika amantongomane ngetshe, kwatholakala ukuthi akekho noyedwa owamfundisa ukwenza lokhu.
Phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi yizimfene kuphela ezikwazi ukusebenzisa le ndlela (futhi ngenxa yalokhu zidinga ukuqeqeshwa isikhathi eside), futhi ama-gorilla ahlakaniphe kakhulu. Kusukela lapho, amanye amacala akhonjwa lapho ama-gorilla akhombise ubuhlakani obungalindelekile - ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa isigodo njengebhuloho elintantayo noma induku ukuhlola ukujula.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Animal Gorilla
AmaGorilla ayizinkawu ezinkulu kakhulu, ukuphakama kwawo kungafinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-180. Uma kuqhathaniswa namadoda anobude obufanayo, ama-gorilla wesilisa abukeka enamandla kakhulu - amahlombe awo acishe abe yimitha ububanzi futhi anesisindo esingu-150-200 kg. Amandla emisipha yezitho zomzimba aphezulu adlula amandla wezandla zomuntu ngokwesilinganiso izikhathi eziyi-6-8.
Umzimba, ngokungafani nomuntu onqenqemeni, useduze nokuma kwesikwele, izitho zinde, izintende nezinyawo zibanzi. Imihlathi eqinile iphuma phambili ngokuqinile. Inhloko inkulu, engxenyeni yayo engenhla kunesici sokuqina kwesikhumba. Amehlo asondele eduze nebunzi liphansi. IGorilla inohlelo lokugaya olunamandla ngenxa yokuthi kufanele igaye ukudla okuningi kwezitshalo, ngoba isisu sayo sibanzi kunesifuba.
Cishe wonke umzimba umbozwe izinwele ezinde. Uma kumawundlu kunsundu, khona-ke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iba mnyama ize icishe ibe mnyama. Ngemuva kokuqala kokuthomba, umugqa wesiliva uvela ngemuva kwabesilisa. Ngokukhula, izinwele zangemuva ziyawa ngokuphelele.
Kungabonakala sengathi izinwele ezijiyile emzimbeni wonke zingaphazamisa ama-gorilla esimweni sezulu esihlala kuso, noma kunjalo, ebusuku izinga lokushisa kwesinye isikhathi lipholile kakhulu - kuze kufike ku-13-15 ° C, futhi ezimweni ezinjalo uboya bubasiza ukuthi bangabi yiqhwa.
Abesilisa bagqama nge-nape enamandla ngokwengeziwe, ngenxa yalokho izinwele ezisemqhele ziyanamathela. Kepha kulapho umehluko wangaphandle ucishe uphele, uma kungenjalo abesifazane nabesilisa babukeka becishe bafane, umehluko ubukhulu kuphela - abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu ngokusobala.
Ama-gorilla asentshonalanga nasempumalanga ahlukile - awokuqala mancane, futhi izinwele zawo zilula. Abesilisa bama-gorilla asentshonalanga anesisindo somzimba cishe esingu-150-170 cm nobunzima obungu-130-160 kg, abesifazane - 120-140 cm no-60-80 kg, ngokulandelana.
Ihlala kuphi igorila?
Isithombe: Primate Gorilla
Izindawo zokuhlala zama-gorilla asentshonalanga nasempumalanga ahlukene. Abokuqala bahlala ikakhulukazi eGabon, eCameroon naseCongo - eduze nogu olusentshonalanga ye-Afrika. Bahlala nakwamanye amazwe angomakhelwane, kodwa ngamanani amancane kakhulu. Ama-gorilla aseMpumalanga ahlala ezindaweni ezimbili ezingaphansi - izintaba zaseVirunga kanye neBwindi National Park.
Ngokuya ngemininingwane yezofuzo, ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule, kepha ngemuva kwalokho isikhathi eside kwesinye isikhathi baqhubeka nokuzalisana. Ngenxa yalokhu, lezi zinhlobo zisasondelene ngofuzo - zahlukaniswa ngokuphelele eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100 000 eyedlule. Kucatshangwa ukuthi lokhu kwakubangelwa ichibi elikhulu eliphakathi nezwe elivela ngaleso sikhathi e-Afrika.
AmaGorilla akhetha amahlathi emvula atholakala ezindaweni ezisicaba, emaxhaphozini. Kubalulekile ukuthi indawo yokuhlala kanye nezindawo ezisondelene nazo zicebe ngotshani nezihlahla, ngoba zidinga ukudla okuningi, ikakhulukazi njengoba zihlala emaqenjini amakhulu.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu, azange ziphinde zigcwalise iningi leCongo, ngenxa yokuthi abantu basentshonalanga nasempumalanga bahlakazeka ngokuphelele: lawa mahlathi ayeboshwe kakhulu futhi utshani obukuzo bakhula kancane, bunganele ukudla.
Yini udla gorilla?
Isithombe: I-gorilla enkulu
Ukufuna ukudla kuthatha isikhathi esiningi sama-gorilla: njengoba kungukudla okudla imifino, futhi ngasikhathi sinye izilwane ezinkulu, zidinga ukudla kakhulu. Imihlathi mikhulu, eyenza sikwazi ukubhekana nokudla okunzima. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe amaqabunga, iziqu, nezithelo.
Imvamisa ama-gorilla adla:
- uqalo;
- umbhede;
- isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi sasendle;
- izimbabazane;
- i-pygeum;
- imivini ishiya.
Njengoba konke lokhu okungenhla kuqukethe usawoti omncane, ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukuntuleka kwawo emzimbeni, ama-gorilla adla ubumba ngamanani amancane. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, yize ngokwemvelo zingakudli ukudla kwezilwane, lapho zigcinwa ekuthunjweni zizivumelanisa nokudla komuntu.
Ukudla kwama-gorilla asempumalanga nasentshonalanga kucishe kufane, kepha izintandokazi zawo zehlukile. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, abaseMpumalanga bazondla ngezitshalo ngokwabo, kuyilapho bedla izithelo ngezinga elincane kakhulu. Kepha abaseNtshonalanga bafuna izithelo, futhi badla utshani ngokwesibili kuphela. Kwesinye isikhathi bahamba amakhilomitha ayi-10-15 ukufika ezihlahleni zezithelo futhi badle izithelo.
Kunoma yikuphi, okuqukethwe kwekhalori kokudla okunjalo kuphansi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ama-gorilla aphoqeleka ukuthi adlule ezindaweni ezinkulu - akhumbula izindawo lapho kutholakala khona ukudla, bese ebuyela kuzo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinsuku zabo zonke ziphenduka ukudlula ezindaweni ezinjalo, kwesinye isikhathi zihlanjululwe ngokufuna ezintsha, ngoba umkhiqizo wangaphambili wawuncipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Akudingeki ukuthi ziye endaweni yokuchelela, ngoba kanye nokudla kwezitshalo bathola umswakama omningi. AmaGorilla ngokuvamile awawathandi amanzi - uma lina, bazama ukufihla kubo ngaphansi komqhele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Nsuku zonke igorilla idinga ukudla cishe ama-15-20 kilograms wokudla kwezitshalo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-gorilla yesilisa
Ingxenye yokuqala yosuku inikelwe kwi-gorilla ifuna ukudla. Kufanele bahambe kakhulu befuna ukudla - bahamba ngazo zombili izitho ezine, ezintendeni ezigoqiwe, bancike phansi ngomhlane. Ezimweni ezingavamile, zingama ngemilenze emibili. Imvamisa abahambi phansi, kepha ezihlahleni, okukhombisa ubuciko obukhulu bezilwane ezisindayo.
Kuyashisa ngesikhathi sedina, ngakho-ke bayathatha ikhefu: bayalala noma baphumule phansi, emthunzini. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, baphinde bazungeze izindawo lapho ungadlela khona.
Zilala ebusuku, zizakhela izidleke zazo ezihlahleni. Zisetshenziswa kanye kuphela - njalo ebusuku obulandelayo igorilla ichitha endaweni ehlukile, yakhe isidleke esisha. Usondela enqubweni yokuhlelwa ngokucophelela, kuthatha isikhathi esiningi - ingxenye enkulu yesigamu sosuku, kuze kube mnyama.
Noma ukubona i-gorilla kungabonakala kusabisa, futhi ukubukeka ebusweni kuvame ukubonakala kuthukuthele kubantu, banesimo esizolile - ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile. Isikhathi esiningi bamatasa nokuhlafuna ukudla, okufana nezinkomo - lokhu kwakha isimilo sabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, bazama ukungamoshi amandla, ngoba lapho behamba ngokwengeziwe, kuzodingeka badle isikhathi eside kakhulu - kuzilwane ezidla izilwane ezinkulu kangaka lokhu kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Amankonyane aziphatha ngendlela ehlukile - anomsindo, ayanyakaza futhi adlala kakhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby Gorilla
Ama-gorilla ahlala ngamaqoqo, ngalinye linowesilisa oyedwa, abesifazane abayi-2-5, kanye nabantu abakhulayo namazinyane amancane. Sekukonke, iqembu elinjalo lingabala izinkawu ezingaba ngu-5 kuye kwezingu-30. Bahlala phansi, iqembu ngalinye lihlala endaweni ethile, eba yindawo yabo.
"Imingcele" idlulwa ngokuphelele ngokujwayelekile kanye njalo emavikini amabili kuya kwamathathu, futhi uma kukhona elinye iqembu eliphakathi kwemingcele yalo, liyaxoshwa noma kuqala ingxabano.
Owesilisa unegunya elingenakunyakaziswa - uyena omkhulu futhi onamandla kunabo bonke, unquma ukuthi iqembu lizohamba nini futhi kuphi, kuphi ukuma ebusuku. Izingxabano zingaqubuka phakathi kwabesifazane - ezinye zazo ziyaxabana, zingafinyelela ezimpini ngokulunywa. Ukushayisana okunjalo kuvame ukumiswa owesilisa.
Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabesilisa kuvela kaninginingi, lokhu kwenzeka uma insizwa esikhulile futhi eqinisiwe iphonsela inselelo abadala, ifuna ukuhola iqembu. Futhi ezimweni ezinjalo, impi ngokuvamile ayenzeki, ngoba ama-gorilla anamandla kakhulu, futhi angagcina ngokulimala kanzima.
Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukukhawulelwa ekushayweni kwamadoda esifubeni, bememeza, baphakamise imilenze yabo yangemuva ukuze bakhombise konke ukukhula - ngemuva kwalokho omunye wabaphikisi abone ukuthi omunye unamandla.
Ubuholi bomhlambi buyadingeka ukuze kukhweshane nabesifazane - ngumholi kuphela onelungelo elinjalo. Owesifazane ubeletha ngokwesilinganiso kanye njalo eminyakeni emine, ngoba kuzothatha isikhathi hhayi kuphela ukuzala ingane, kodwa nokunakekela yena. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha amasonto angama-37-38. Lapho kuzalwa, amawundlu anesisindo esincane: 1.5-2 kg.
Ngemuva kwalokho umama uthwala ingane ayibeke emhlane isikhathi eside. Lapho ekhula ngokwanele, uqala ukuhamba yedwa, kodwa kanye nonina uyaqhubeka nokuhlala eminye iminyaka eminingana - eneminyaka engama-5-6 ubudala, ama-gorilla amancane avame ukuhamba ngokwahlukana, azakhele izindlela zawo zokuthola ukudla. Bazimela ngokuphelele ngisho nangemva kwesikhathi - ngeminyaka eyi-10-11.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaGorilla asebenzisa imisindo eyishumi nambili ehlukene ukuxhumana nomunye, yize engenalutho olusondele olimini.
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwakha amaqembu amasha. Okokuqala, sekufinyelele ekuvuthweni okuphelele, i-gorilla ayihlali njalo, kepha ivame ukushiya iqembu elikhulele kulo ihlale yodwa ngaphambi kokwenza iqembu layo noma ukujoyina elinye. Imvamisa le nkathi ihlala kuze kube yiminyaka engu-3-4.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane bangahamba besuka eqenjini baye eqenjini ngaphambi kokuqala kwesikhathi sokuzala, noma, uma bebaningi kakhulu eqenjini elilodwa, abesilisa kuphela abangene esikhathini sokuvuthwa behlukene, futhi nabesifazane oyedwa noma ngaphezulu. Kulokhu, isikhathi sempilo enesizungu nokuseshwa kweqembu akudingeki.
Izitha zemvelo zama-gorilla
Isithombe: Isilwane seGorilla
AmaGorilla awanazitha emvelweni - makhulu futhi anamandla anele kangangokuba ezinye izilwane azicabangi ngisho nokuzihlasela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinamathela ndawonye, okuyinto edikibala ngisho nezilwane ezinkulu eziyingozi ukuba zizihlasele.
AmaGorilla ngokwawo awanalo ulaka ngakho-ke akazenzeli izitha ngenxa yentukuthelo yawo - adla ngokuthula eduze kwezidliwayo ezidliwayo ezingazesabi. Futhi lokhu kungesinye isici esiqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabo: ngemuva kwakho konke, ezilwaneni eziyizisulu yizona ezimele umgomo oheha kakhulu. Izingxabano kuyaqabukela zivele phakathi kwama gorilla uqobo.
Isitha sabo esikhulu ngumuntu. Izakhamizi zezindawo lapho ama-gorilla ahlala khona azizange zizingele, kepha ngemuva kokuba abaseYurophu bevele kula mazwe, ama-gorilla azingelwa, bobabili ngabakholoni kanye nabahlali bendawo. Baqala ukunikela ngemali enhle yama-gorilla - babanjwa ngamaqoqo ezilwane kanye nama-zoo. Izidladla zeGorilla seziyisikhumbuzo semfashini sabacebile.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: ama-gorilla awathambekele ekuhlaseleni kuqala, kepha uma isitha sesivele sikhombisile izinhloso zaso zokungabi nabungani, bese sinquma ukubaleka, khona-ke abesilisa bayambamba futhi bamlume, kepha ababulali. Ngakho-ke, ukulunywa kwe-gorilla kuthi umuntu uzihlasele, kodwa wabe esephoqeleka ukuba abaleke - phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika babhekwa njengophawu oluyihlazo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Gorilla
Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabantu, inani lama-gorilla lehliswe kakhulu - babekwa onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa okuphelele. Ngaphezu kokudoba, ukutheleleka okulethwe kusuka eYurophu kwaba yinkinga enkulu - izilwane eziningi zafa ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuzivikela kuzo.
AmaGorilla nawo ayahlupheka futhi ngenxa yokwehla njalo endaweni yamahlathi ezindaweni zawo - zihlala zigawulwa amahlathi, futhi kukhona umhlaba omncane nokuhlalwa. Esinye isici esibi kwakuyizimpi ezazilwiwa kulezi zifunda, lapho kwakungahlupheki abantu kuphela kodwa nezilwane.
Ngaphezu izinhlobo ezimbili, kukhona subspecies ezine gorilla:
- Amathafa aseNtshonalanga - kubhekiswa kwababuthakathaka, kepha izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuzigcina azithathwa. Inani labantu eliphelele le-subspecies lilinganiselwa ku-130,000 - 200,000. Isimo sokongiwa kwemvelo - CR (esengozini enkulu).
- Umfula waseNtshonalanga - ohlukaniswe nethafa ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana, inani eliphelele lama-subspecies lilinganiselwa kubantu ababalelwa ku-300. Inesimo se-CR.
- Intaba yaseMpumalanga - inani labantu lifinyelela kubantu abalinganiselwa enkulungwaneni, uma kuqhathaniswa nobuncane obekuncipha kubo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 (abantu abangama-650), lokhu sekuvele kuyinqubekela phambili ethile. Isimo sokongiwa kwemvelo - EN (izinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa).
- Amathafa aseMpumalanga - isibalo esiphelele singabantu abangaba ngu-5 000. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ama-subspecies nawo asengozini yokuqothulwa, yize engaphansi kwaleyo yama-gorilla emifula. Isimo - CR.
Unogada weGorilla
Isithombe: IGorilla Red Book
Esikhathini esedlule, kwenziwa umzamo omncane kakhulu ukuvikela lezi zinhlobo: Izizwe zase-Afrika azizange zinake kakhulu usongo lwama-gorilla, iziphathimandla zazo zazinezinye izinto ezibalulekile okufanele zenziwe: lesi sifunda sihlangabezane nezinxushunxushu eziningi phakathi nekhulu lama-20.
Okokuqala, lezi yizimpi kanye nokuhamba okuhambisanayo kwenqwaba yabantu beya ezindaweni ezintsha zokuhlala, ngenxa yokuthi indawo yegorilla yehle kakhulu. Ukuzingelwa kwazo ngokungemthetho kwaqhubeka, futhi ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kunakuqala. Kukhona ngisho amacala aziwayo okusetshenziswa kwabantu kwama-gorilla ukudla. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, umkhuhlane we-Ebola waba nomthelela omubi - cishe ama-30% ama-gorilla abulawa yiwo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ngaphandle kokuthi isibalo sama-gorilla kade sasisincane, futhi izinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba zizwakalise i-alamu kulokhu amashumi eminyaka, kuncane kakhulu okwenziwe ukuzisindisa, futhi inani labantu belincipha ngokushesha. Ngisho nokuqothulwa ngokuphelele kwama-gorilla asezintabeni nasezintabeni kwabikezelwa emashumini eminyaka okuqala ekhulu lama-21.
Kepha lokhu akwenzekanga - le nqubo yehlise ijubane muva nje, futhi kunezimpawu zokuthuthuka: inani lama gorilla asezintabeni asempumalanga lenyuke kakhulu, okwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukushintsha isimo saso sibe sesivumayo.Ukuze kulondolozwe ama-gorilla omfula eCameroon, kwahlelwa ipaki kazwelonke, lapho kuhlala khona izilwane ezingaphezu kwekhulu, futhi kukhona konke okudingekayo ukwanda kwaleli nani.
Kusekude phambili ngaphambi kokususa usongo ezinhlotsheni, nezinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba kanye namazwe ahlala kuwo ama-gorilla kudingeka enze imizamo eminingi - kepha ukusebenza ngale ndlela kwenziwa ngenkuthalo enkulu kunakuqala.
IGorilla - isilwane esihlakaniphe kakhulu nesithakazelisayo ngendlela yaso yokuphila, lapho umuntu evame ukungena khona ngokungenasisekelo. Lezi yizakhamuzi ezinokuthula zamahlathi ase-Afrika, kwesinye isikhathi ezikwazi ukwenza izimangaliso zobuhlakani, futhi ekuthunjweni, ezinobungane kubantu - okuyingxenye esemqoka yomhlaba ophilayo weplanethi yethu, okumele igcinwe.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 23.03.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/15/2019 ngo-17: 53
