Imvubu ingenye yezilwane ezinkulu emhlabeni. Ilesibili ngemuva kwezindlovu zase-Afrika. Obhejane nabo bangancintisana ngosayizi nesisindo. Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obumangalisayo nesisindo esisindayo, izimvubu zingaba yizilwane ezisheshayo futhi ezisheshayo.
Isikhathi eside, izingulube zazibhekwa njengokhokho nezihlobo zobhejane. Kodwa-ke, kungekudala, izazi zezilwane - abacwaningi babeka umbono omangazayo wobudlelwano babo nemikhomo!
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Behemoth
Izimvubu zingabamele izingxabano, isigaba sama-mammalian, i-artiodactyl order, i-suborder engafani nezingulube ezinjengengulube, nomndeni wemvubu.
Izazi zezilwane zithi ukuvela kwalezi zilwane akuqondakali ngokuphelele. Ososayensi bathi abameleli bomndeni wemvubu, ababefana nezimvubu zanamuhla, bavela emhlabeni eminyakeni engaphezudlwana nje kweziyisihlanu zezigidi zeminyaka edlule. Okhokho basendulo bezilwane babengama-ungulates, ababebizwa ngama-kondilartrams. Bebephila impilo yokuzimela bodwa, ngokwemvelo bebenesizungu.
Ividiyo: Behemoth
Izinkuni ezimanzi zazikhethwa kakhulu njengendawo yokuhlala. Ngaphandle, zazibukeka njengezimvubu zanamuhla ze-pygmy. Izinsalela ezindala zalesi silwane zitholakale endaweni yezwekazi lase-Afrika futhi zabhalwa esikhathini seMiocene. Okhokho balesi silwane, okungabhekwa ngokuphephile ukuthi kubangelwa uhlobo lwemvubu, futhi okufana kakhulu nezinhlobo zesimanje, kwavela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili nohhafu edlule. Ngesikhathi sePliocene nePleistocene, zasakazeka ngokwanele.
Ososayensi bakhombisile ukuthi ngesikhathi sePleistocene, inani lezilwane lalilikhulu futhi lidlula kakhulu inani lezilwane ezikhona ezimweni zemvelo namuhla. Ngokusho kwezinsalela zezilwane ezitholwe eKenya, ososayensi bathole ukuthi inani labo ngesikhathi sePleistocene lalingu-15% wazo zonke izilwane ezinomgogodla wangaleso sikhathi, kanye nama-28% azo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo.
Izimvubu zazihlala hhayi kuphela ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, kodwa nangaphandle kwemingcele yalo. Bakhishwe ngokuphelele endaweni yaseYurophu ngenxa yePleistocene Ice Age. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezine zezilwane, namuhla kukhona eyodwa kuphela. Imvubu ye-pygmy yahlukaniswa nesiqu esivamile sokuziphendukela kwemvelo cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu edlule.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Imvubu yezilwane
Isisindo semvubu esikhulile singama-1200 - 3200 kilograms. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela kumamitha amahlanu. Ubude bomsila bungamasentimitha angama-30 kuya kwengama-40, ukuphakama kokubuna kungamamitha angaphezu kwesigamu nengxenye. Ezilwaneni, i-dimorphism yezocansi iyavezwa. Eziduna zikhulu futhi zisinda kakhulu kunezinsikazi. Futhi, abesilisa bahlukaniswa ngama-canine amade.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Abesilisa bakhula ezimpilweni zabo zonke. Abesifazane bayayeka ukukhula lapho befika eminyakeni engama-25 ubudala.
Umbala wesikhumba wezilwane u-grey-violet, noma ompunga onombala oluhlaza okotshani. Izimagqabhagqabha ezimpunga kukhona ezungeze amehlo nezindlebe. Isendlalelo esingenhla sesikhumba sincane futhi sibucayi, ngakho-ke bangathola ukulimala okungathi sína nokulimala ngesikhathi sokulwa. Esinye isikhumba sesilwane siwugqinsi kakhulu futhi siqinile.
Ngokumangazayo, isikhumba sesilwane asinazo izindlala zokujuluka nezokuqina. Kunezindlala ezinamafinyila ezifihla imfihlo ekhethekile ebomvu. Isikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi leli ligazi elinenhlanganisela yezithukuthuku. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi kutadishwa umsebenzi obalulekile nokwakheka komzimba wezilwane, kutholakale ukuthi imfihlo iyinhlanganisela yama-asidi. Lolu ketshezi luvikela umzimba wemvubu elangeni elishisa kakhulu lase-Afrika ngokumunca imisebe ye-ultraviolet.
Izilwane zinemilenze emifushane kodwa enamandla kakhulu enezinyawo ezine-webbed. Lesi sakhiwo semilenze sikuvumela ukuthi uhambe ngokuzethemba nangokushesha emanzini nasemhlabeni. Izimvubu zinekhanda elikhulu kakhulu nelisindayo. Ubuningi bayo kwabanye abantu bungafinyelela ithani. Amehlo, izindlebe namakhala emfuyo kuphakeme ngokwanele ukuzivumela ukuthi zichithe isikhathi esiningi emanzini. Lapho zicwiliswe ngokuphelele, izimvubu nezikhala zemvubu ziyavaleka, zivimbela amanzi ukuba angene.
Izimvubu zinemihlathi enamandla kakhulu, eqinile evula cishe ama-degree ayi-160. Imihlathi ifakwe ama-canines amakhulu kanye nama-incisors. Ubude bazo bufinyelela uhhafu wemitha. Amazinyo abukhali kakhulu njengoba elolwa njalo njengoba ehlafuna.
Ihlala kuphi imvubu?
Isithombe: Imvubu enkulu
Njengendawo yokuhlala, izilwane zikhetha indawo lapho kunemizimba yamanzi engajulile. Lezi kungaba ngamaxhaphozi, imifula, amachibi. Ukujula kwabo kufanele okungenani kube amamitha amabili, njengoba izilwane zithanda ukucwilisa ngokuphelele emanzini. Emini, izilwane zikhetha ukulala noma ukushiswa yilanga, emanzini angajulile, noma ukubhukuda ezidakeni ezinkulu zodaka. Ngokuqala kobumnyama, izilwane zikhetha ukuba semhlabeni. Izilwane zithanda kakhulu amadamu anosawoti.
Izindawo ezihlala indawo yezilwane:
- IKenya;
- EMozambique;
- ETanzania;
- ELiberia;
- I-Cote DeIvoire;
- Malawi;
- E-Uganda;
- IZambia.
Okwamanje, izilwane zihlala kuphela endaweni yezwekazi lase-Afrika, eningizimu yeSahara, ngaphandle kwesiqhingi saseMadagascar. Kusukela eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha nesithupha yaleli khulu leminyaka, indawo yokuhlala yezilwane cishe ayikashintshi. Izimvubu zanyamalala ngokuphelele kuphela endaweni yaseNingizimu Afrika. Abantu bahlala bezinzile kuphela ezindaweni ezivikelwe ngaphakathi kwamapaki kazwelonke nezindawo ezivikelwe.
Izimvubu zizama ukugwema izilwandle. Akuyona into ejwayelekile ngabo ukuthi bahlale emadamini anjalo. Izilwane zidinga indawo yokugcina usayizi owenele ukuhlalisa umhlambi, nokuthi zingomi unyaka wonke. Izimvubu zidinga izigodi ezinotshani eduze nemizimba yamanzi ukondla izilwane. Uma idamu loma ngesikhathi sesomiso esibi, izilwane zivame ukuzulazula zifuna enye indawo yokubhukuda.
Idlani imvubu?
Isithombe: Imvubu ngokwemvelo
Lesi silwane esikhulu futhi esinamandla kakhulu i-herbivore. Lapho kuqala ubumnyama, izilwane ziphuma ziye emhlabathini zizodla. Ngokunikwa isisindo nobukhulu bomzimba wabo, badinga inani elikhulu lokudla. Bayakwazi ukudla kuze kufike kuma-50 kilogram wokudla kwezitshalo ngasikhathi. Ngokuvamile, ukudla kwezilwane kungafaka izinhlobo ezifika kwezintathu zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Kodwa-ke, izitshalo zasemanzini azifanelekile njengokudla kwezimvubu.
Uma kungekho ukudla, izilwane ziyakwazi ukumboza amabanga athile. Kodwa-ke, abakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade futhi amade kakhulu. Ukudla kwezilwane kufaka cishe noma yikuphi ukudla okuvela emithini - amahlumela esihlahla, umhlanga, utshani, njll. Abazidli izimpande nezithelo zezitshalo, ngoba abanalo ikhono lokuzithola futhi bazimbe.
Ngokwesilinganiso, isidlo esisodwa sesilwane sithatha okungenani amahora amane nohhafu. Izindebe ezinkulu, ezinamazinyo zilungele ukubamba ukudla. Ububanzi bomlomo owodwa bufinyelela uhhafu wemitha. Lokhu kuvumela izimvubu ukuba zidabule ngisho nohlaza olukhulu ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu. Amazinyo amakhulu asetshenziswa yizilwane njengomese ukusika ukudla.
Isidlo siphela entathakusa. Ngemuva kokuphela kokudla, izimvubu zibuyela emuva echibini. Izimvubu azidluli ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha amabili ukusuka echibini. Inani lokudla lansuku zonke kufanele libe okungenani u-1-1.5% wesisindo somzimba esiphelele. Uma amalungu omndeni wemvubu engadli ukudla okwanele, azoba buthakathaka futhi aphelelwe ngamandla ngokushesha.
Ngokuhlukile okungajwayelekile, kunezimo zokudla inyama ngezilwane. Kodwa-ke, izazi zezilwane ziphikisa ngokuthi into enjalo ingumphumela wezinkinga zempilo noma okunye okungajwayelekile. Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla kwezimvubu aluklanyelwe ukugaya inyama.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Imvubu emanzini
Izimvubu ziyizilwane ezifuywayo futhi zihlala njengeqembu. Inani lamaqembu lingahluka - kusuka kwamabili kuya kwamathathu ukuya kwamabili kuya kwamakhulu amathathu. Iqembu lihlala liholwa owesilisa. Owesilisa oyinhloko uhlala evikela ilungelo lakhe lobuholi. Abesilisa bavame futhi balwe kanzima emzabalazweni welungelo lobukhulu, kanye nelungelo lokungena emshadweni nowesifazane.
Imvubu ehluliwe ivame ukubulawa yinqwaba yamanxeba abangelwa iminyovu enamandla futhi ebukhali kakhulu. Umzabalazo wobuholi phakathi kwabesilisa uqala lapho befika eminyakeni eyisikhombisa. Lokhu kubonakala ngokuzamula, ukuhhewula, ukusabalalisa umquba nokubamba imihlathi. Abesifazane banesibopho sokuthula nokuzola emhlambini.
Kujwayelekile ukuthi amaqembu angene endaweni ethile lapho echitha khona cishe impilo yabo yonke. Ngesikhathi sasemini ikakhulu zilala noma zigeza odakeni. Lapho kuqala ubumnyama, baphuma emanzini bathathe ukudla. Izilwane zivame ukumaka indawo ngokusabalalisa umquba. Ngakho-ke, bamaka indawo engasogwini nendawo yokudla emadlelweni.
Ngaphakathi komhlambi, izilwane ziyaxhumana zisebenzisa imisindo ehlukahlukene. Benza imisindo efana nokububula, ukushaya noma ukubhonga. Le misindo idlulisela amasiginali ahlukahlukene hhayi kuphela emhlabeni kodwa nasemanzini. I-pose ebheke phansi isho ukuncoma amalungu amadala naqeqeshiwe eqenjini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Izimvubu zivame ukwenza imisindo ngisho noma zicwile ngokuphelele emanzini.
Imvamisa, lapho isemanzini, umzimba wesilwane usetshenziswa inani elikhulu lezinyoni njengendawo yokudoba. Lokhu kungukubambisana okuzuzisa bonke, njengoba izinyoni zisusa izimvubu zesibalo esikhulu sezinambuzane ezikhubaza emzimbeni wesidlakela.
Izimvubu kuphela uma uthi nhlá zibonakala zingamampunge futhi ziyindida. Ziyakwazi ngejubane kufika ku-35 km / h. Akumangalisi ukuthi zithathwa njengezilwane ezingalindelekile futhi eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni. Amandla amangalisayo namazinyo amakhulu akuvumela ukuba ubhekane ne-alligator enkulu ngokuphazima kweso. Okuyingozi kakhulu abesilisa nabesifazane abadala, eduze kwalapho izingane zabo zikhona. Imvubu inganyathela isisulu sayo, iyidle, iyicuphe ngamazinyo amakhulu, noma ivele ihudule ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby Hippo
Izimvubu azithandi ukwakha ngazimbili ezihlala isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, abakudingi lokhu, ngoba kuhlala kukhona owesifazana emhlambini oseshile. Abantu besilisa besilisa isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi bakhethe ngokucophelela umlingani. Bambuke eduze, bahogele. Ukukhethwa komlingani nokuqomisana akujahile, kuhlaliswa phansi futhi kuzolile. Abesilisa bazama ukugwema izingxabano nabantu abanamandla. Lapho nje owesifazane esabela ekuqomeni buthule, owesilisa uyamthatha amse eceleni. Kude neqembu, ukuqomisana kuya ngokuya kungene futhi kucindezele. Inqubo yokukhwelana yenzeka emanzini.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-320, kuzalwa izinyane. Ngaphambi kokubeletha, owesifazane uziphatha ngendlela engavamile. Akavumeli muntu ukuba asondele. Ukuze angazilimazi yena noma ingane yesikhathi esizayo kulesi simo, ufuna amanzi angajulile. Ubuyela vele nengane enamasonto amabili izelwe. Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zincane kakhulu futhi zibuthakathaka. Isisindo sabo cishe singama-20 kilograms.
Umama uzama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuvikela izinyane, njengoba kubhekwa njengezisulu ezilula phakathi kwezilwane ezidla inyama ezingenaso isibindi sokuhlasela abantu abadala, izimvubu ezinamandla. Ngemuva kokubuyela emhlambini, abadala nabesilisa abanamandla banakekela izingane. Amantshontsho adla ubisi lukamama kuze kube unyaka. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, bajoyina ukudla kwabo okujwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, izimvubu zihola indlela yokuphila engayedwa kuphela ngemuva kokufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi - cishe eminyakeni eyi-3-3.5.
Isikhathi esiphakathi sokuphila sezilwane ezimweni zemvelo yiminyaka engama-35-40. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa, ikhula ngeminyaka eyi-15-20. Kukhona ubudlelwane obuqondile phakathi kwesikhathi sokuphila nenqubo yokugqoka amazinyo. Uma amazinyo emvubu eguga, isikhathi sokuphila sincipha kakhulu.
Izitha zemvelo zemvubu
Isithombe: Imvubu e-Afrika
Ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu, amandla namandla, izimvubu azinazo izitha ezimweni zemvelo. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zingaba usongo ezilwaneni ezisencane, kanye nasezilwaneni ezigulayo noma ezibuthakathaka. Ingozi yezimvubu ivezwa izingwenya, ezimweni ezingavamile ezingase zihlasele abamele imindeni yemvubu, amabhubesi, izimpisi nezingwe. Ngokwezibalo, izingane ezisukela ku-15 kuya ku-30% ezingaphansi konyaka owodwa ziyafa ngenxa yephutha lalezi zidliwayo. Imvamisa ezimweni zokwakheka komhlambi, intsha inganyathelwa ngabantu abadala.
Umthombo omkhulu wobungozi kanye nesizathu sokwehla okukhulu kwenani lezimvubu ngabantu nemisebenzi yabo. Izilwane zaqothulwa ngabantu ngobuningi benyama. Emazweni amaningi ase-Afrika, izitsha ezenziwe ngemvubu zibhekwa njengesibiliboco. Iyafana nenyama yengulube futhi inambitheka njengenyama yenkomo. Isikhumba namathambo esilwane abaluleke kakhulu. Izinsimbi ezikhethekile zokugaya nokusika amatshe ayigugu zenziwa ngesikhumba, futhi amathambo ayindebe ebalulekile futhi aziswa ngaphezu kwezinyo lendlovu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Imvubu ejwayelekile
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, inani lemvubu lehle kakhulu, cishe ngo-15-20%. Ensimini yamazwe angaba yishumi nambili, kunabantu abavela ku-125,000 kuya ku-150,000 abantu.
Izizathu eziyinhloko zokwehla kwenani lezilwane:
- Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho. Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa kwalokhu kuqothulwa kwezilwane ngokungemthetho, ziningi izilwane ezifa kubantu minyaka yonke. Izilwane ezihlala endaweni engavikelwe umthetho zisengozini enkulu yokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho.
- Ukuphucwa indawo yokuhlala edingekayo. Ukomiswa kwamachibi amanzi angenasawoti, amaxhaphozi, ukuguqula ukuqondiswa kwemifula kuholela ekufeni kwezilwane, ngoba azikwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo eziningi ngokwengeziwe ngumuntu, ngenxa yalokho indawo nokutholakala kwezindawo zokudla okuncishisiwe kuncishisiwe.
Unogada wemvubu
Isithombe: Incwadi Ebomvu Yemvubu
Ezifundeni lapho izimvubu zihlala ngobuningi bazo, ukuzingela lezi zilwane kungavunyelwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukwephulwa kwalesi sidingo kuhilela isibopho sezokuphatha nobugebengu. Futhi, ukuze kwandiswe inani labo, kwenziwa amapaki kazwelonke nezindawo ezivikelwe, ezingaphansi kokuvikelwa. Zonke izinyathelo ezingenzeka nazo ziyathathwa ukuvimbela ukoma kwemizimba yamanzi amasha.
Imvubu ye-pygmy kuphela ebhalwe ku-Red Book yamazwe omhlaba. Wanikezwa isikhundla sokuba sengozini enkulu. Ukubukeka, ubukhulu, ubude bomzimba kanye nosayizi wama-canines wemvubu kuyamangaza futhi kuyesabeka. Ngokwezibalo, izimvubu zihlasela abantu kaningi ukwedlula zonke ezinye izilwane ezidla izwekazi lase-Afrika. Ngokuthukuthela nangokufutheka, lesi silwane singumbulali ononya futhi onobudlova kakhulu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 02/26/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/15/2019 ngo-19: 36
