Kulabo abathanda izingulube ze-Guinea futhi bagcine noma bagcine isilwane esithandekayo ekhaya, khubhangokungangabazeki uzoyithanda kakhulu, ngoba lezi zilwane zifana kakhulu ngokubukeka, kuphela lezi zokugcina zinkulu ngokuphindwe kayishumi futhi zihlaba umxhwele ngokwengeziwe. Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi isilwane esisinda kangaka siyigundane futhi asilula, kodwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. I-capybara emangalisayo futhi engavamile yinkosikazi yento yamanzi, ngaphandle kwalokhu lesi silwane asikwazi ukucabanga ukuthi sikhona.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Capybara
Uma sibheka kumlando wasendulo kakhulu, singasho ukuthi uhlobo lwe-capybaras lunezimpande ezibuyela emuva emakhulwini eminyaka, noma eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane. Kunemininingwane yokuthi eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezintathu edlule, igundane elikhulu lalihlala ezwenikazi laseNingizimu Melika, isisindo salo sifinyelela ithani. Le titan yayinama-congener futhi amancane, anesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayikhulu.
Ngalezo zinsuku, iNingizimu Melika yayihlukanisiwe neNyakatho Melika, nezilwane zamagundane amakhulu zazizizwa zikhululekile. Ngokufika kwe-Isthmus yasePanama (ngenxa yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlekelele zemvelo), izilwane ezinolaka eziningi zaqala ukufuduka zisuka ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika zaya eningizimu, zicindezela amagundane amakhulu, anyamalala kancane kancane. Ngenhlanhla, isihlobo esisodwa besisakwazi ukujwayela futhi sisinde, bekuyi-capybara futhi ihlala i-capybara, ebinobunzima bokuncintisana nezidliwayo ezinkulu.
Igama elithi "capybara" elivela olimini lwesizwe samaNdiya saseGuarani lingahunyushwa ngokuthi "umnikazi wamakhambi" noma "odla utshani obuncane". Abomdabu basendaweni bayinike amanye amagama futhi:
- i-poncho;
- capigua;
- caprincho;
- chiguire.
Uma sikhuluma ngegama lesimanje, lesayensi, elisemthethweni lalesi silwane, kuzwakala sengathi "ingulube yamanzi". Ngakho-ke, i-capybara (capybara) iyisilwane esincelisayo esidlayo esihola impilo yasemanzini, ummeleli womndeni we-capybara. Ososayensi bathi i-capybara yigundane le-porcupine. Ngenxa yezifundo ezahlukahlukene zebhayoloji, kwavela ukuthi kuzo zonke izilwane eziphila kulezi zinsuku, i-capybara inezibopho zomndeni eziseduze nengulube yasezintabeni (moco). Kodwa-ke, eyokugcina ayinandaba ngokuphelele namanzi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal capybara
Ukubukeka okuzolile nokuthula kwama-capybaras kudala umuzwa wokucabanga kwabo okuphakade. Isisho esinjalo esithakazelisayo ebusweni be-capybara siletha ukumamatheka. Inhloko yalawa magundane inkulu impela, isifonyo siwumbala, ngisho sikwele kancane. Izindlebe zincane, ziyindilinga, amehlo nawo mancane, amakhala asethwe ngokubanzi afana nesiqeshana.
Esinye sezici zaleli gundane ubukhulu baso nobukhulu baso. Isisindo sabesilisa siyahluka kusuka ku-54 kuye ku-63 kg, kanti izintokazi zikhulu ngisho nangaphezulu - kusuka kuma-62 kuye kuma-74 kg. Kwakukhona nezinhlobo ezinesisindo (kusuka ku-90 kg), kepha lokhu kuyivelakancane. I-Capybaras ikhula ngobude ukusuka kwesigamu semitha iye ku-62 cm, ubude - ngaphezu kwemitha.
Ividiyo: Capybara
I-capybara inamazinyo angama-20, okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu nokwesabekayo yizisiqandisi esinombala osawolintshi. Zingabonakala emlonyeni njengezinkemba ezinkulu. Amanye amazinyo (isihlathi) aqhubeka nokukhula kuyo yonke impilo futhi awanampande. Ama-tubercles amaningi olimini lwesilwane alenza libe likhulu.
Ingubo yengulube yamanzi inolaka futhi imile kahle, izinwele zikhula kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-12 cm ubude. I-capybara ayinayo neze ingubo yangaphansi, ngenxa yalokho imisebe yelanga ingashisa isikhumba sayo kalula, ngakho-ke ivame ukugcotshwa ngodaka, njengesivikelo selanga.
Umbala weCapybara ungaba:
- i-chestnut ebomvu;
- nsundu;
- ushokoledi omnyama.
Isisu sihlala sikhanya ngokombala, ngokuphuzi okuncane. Abanye abantu banamabala amnyama (acishe abe mnyama) kumilomo yabo. Umbala wezinsizwa ulula ngokugqamile.
Ukubonakala kwe-capybara kuhlotshaniswa hhayi nengulube yeginea kuphela, futhi kubukeka njengomgqomo onamabhodlela anemilenze emine. Inezinzwane ezine ezilengisiwe ezine-septa enombhede emilenzeni yayo yangaphambili, nezintathu emilenzeni yayo yangemuva. Uzipho lwe-capybara luwugqinsi futhi lubuthuntu, njengezinselo. Imilenze yangemuva mide kancane, ngakho kwesinye isikhathi kubonakala sengathi isilwane sihleli phansi. Ku-croup enamandla we-capybara, umsila awubonakali nhlobo. Yiqiniso, ukhona, kodwa endaweni ethile ekujuleni komphefumulo.
Ihlala kuphi i-capybara?
Isithombe: Isilwane saseCapybara
ICapybara inendawo yokuhlala unomphela, eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu. Ukhetha isimo sezulu esinomswakama ophezulu. Uhlala emazweni anjenge-Argentina, iBrazil, iColombia, iVenezuela. Ingatholakala ePeru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Panama, Uruguay, eGuyana. Ngokuvamile, lesi silwane esinenhliziyo enhle sihlale kulo lonke izwekazi laseNingizimu Melika.
Esinye sezimo zokuphila ezibaluleke kakhulu zale gundane elikhulu ukusondela komzimba wamanzi. Ingulube yamanzi iyayithanda imifula kanye nogu olunamaxhaphozi, ithanda ukuhlala eduze kwamachibi namachibi lapho kukhula khona i-hyacinth namaqabunga.
Idla emadlelweni, idla utshani baseGuinea, futhi itholakala emazweni okulima. I-capybara ihlala emahlathini aseChaco, ama-savanna, agcwala izikhukhula. Kungenzeka ubone ingulube yamanzi endaweni enezintaba (cishe ngamamitha ayi-1300), eduze kwamaxhaphozi omhlume.
I-capybara imvamisa ayihambi ibanga elingaphezu kwekhilomitha ukusuka echibini, ngoba akuyona into yayo yendabuko neyintandokazi kuphela, kodwa futhi iyisiphephelo kuzilwane ezinkulu ezidla umhlaba. I-capybara ayihlomisi umhume, umgodi, umgodi, ihlala futhi ihlale phansi emhlabathini.
Idla ngani i-capybara?
Isithombe: Capybara capybara
Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi amaNdiya abize izingulube zamanzi izingcweti zotshani, ngoba zidla kakhulu ngaye. Badla izimila ezihlala emanzini nasemhlabeni. Lapho isikhathi semvula siphela, ama-capybaras adla nge-sedge. Badla ama-capybaras notshani obomile, hay. Awabukeli phansi amagxolo ezihlahla nezithelo ezahlukahlukene, futhi adla nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene.
I-Capybaras ikhonzela zonke izinhlobo zamakhabe nemithambo, ifuna ukuthi ifike emasimini atshaliwe. Bangabonakala kokubili emasimini omhlanga nasemasimini, kepha lezi zilwane ezinokuthula azilethi monakalo omkhulu. Noma kunjalo, bakhetha ulwelwe notshani. Ngezikhathi ezomile, ama-capybaras ancintisana nezinkomo emadlelweni.
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi izingulube zamanzi zingama-coprophage, i.e. badla indle yabo. Imvelo yayihlela ngesizathu, isiza ama-capybaras ekugayeni.
Iqiniso ukuthi inani elikhulu le-fiber otshanini alikwazi ukugaywa yilezi zilwane. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-capybara inekamelo elikhethekile elise-cecum, lapho ukudla kufakwa khona.
Yonke imikhiqizo yokuvutshelwa ayigayeki ngokuphelele yizilwane, kepha ishiya umzimba nendle, okudla ama-capybaras, kugcwalisa isidingo somzimba sawo wonke ama-enzyme adingekayo. Labo ababegcina i-Guinea Guinea ekhaya bangayibona kaningi le nqubo; kuma-capybaras kuvame ukwenzeka ekuseni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Rodent capybara
AmaCapybaras avele angacabangi impilo yawo ngaphandle kwamanzi. Emanzini, bayadla, baphuze, baphumule, bageze udaka, bapholise, bazisindise engozini. Indlela yokuphila yalezi zilwane ihlangene. Bahlala emindenini ephelele enamalungu ayi-10 kuye kwangama-20. Indlela yabo yokuphila ifana kakhulu nezinduna, lapho kukhona khona uSultan wesilisa oyinhloko, izancinza zesifazane eziningana ezinamazinyane. Kukhona futhi nabamele ubulili obuqinile kuma-harem, kepha abaphikisani nomholi wabo, bemlalela ngokuphelele. Uma umholi ezwa ukuthi kukhona ancintisana naye kothile, uzomxosha emndenini, ngakho-ke abanye besilisa kufanele bazihlalele bodwa.
Kokubili abesifazane nabesilisa banezindlala ezikhethekile ze-perianal ezikhipha iphunga elikhethekile, ngalinye elizimele futhi elihlukile. Kwabesilisa, ukhuluma ngesikhundla sabo emndenini. Abesilisa nabo banezindlala zephunga emakhanda abo, bazisebenzisela ukumaka izindawo zabo. Kwesinye isikhathi ukubanjwa kwe-harem elilodwa kunganweba ngaphezu kwamahektha angama-200, kepha imvamisa kuhlala kumahektha ayi-1 kuye kwayishumi. Ngesikhathi semvula, ama-capybaras ahlakazeka ezindaweni ezinkulu, futhi ngezikhathi ezomile ahlangana endaweni engasogwini yemizimba yamanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi ungabona ama-capybaras angaphezu kwekhulu azungeze ichibi noma umfula, amanye awo ahambe amakhulu amakhilomitha efuna amanzi.
Yize ama-capybaras eyizilwane ezinokuthula futhi ezinokuthula, ukulwa nokuxabana phakathi kwamadoda kuyenzeka. Okusobala yisikhundla nesikhundla eqenjini, okulwela abesilisa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izimpi ezisemndenini ofanayo azikaze ziholele ekufeni komunye wabesilisa. Uma izimpi zenzeka phakathi kwabesilisa abavela emaqenjini ahlukene, umphumela onjalo oyinhlekelele uvame ukwenzeka. AmaCapybaras asebenza kakhulu ngezikhathi zantambama nasebusuku. Ngamahora asekuseni, bakhetha ukuphumula ngasemanzini. Ekushiseni okukhulu, ama-capybaras akhuphukela emanzini angajulile, athanda ukucwilisa ku-slurry. Lezi zilwane azihlomisi izindawo zokuhlala, zilala phansi. AmaCapybaras alala ngokuzwela futhi ahlala isikhashana; bavame ukuvuka ebusuku ukuze bathole isidlo.
I-Capybaras inamathalente amaningi: bayabhukuda futhi bacwilise ngokugqamile, yize benamafomu agobayo, ungakhohlwa ulwelwesi lwabo phakathi kwezinzwani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingulube zamanzi zingagxuma, zibalekele abantu abangabafuni ngokugxuma okukhulu. Futhi uhla lwemisindo abayenzayo luyamangalisa.
I-Capybaras ibamba okuhlekisayo, ukushaya ikhwela, ukukhonkotha, ukuchofoza, ukukhipha, ukugaya amazinyo. Ukumemeza ngakunye kunophawu lwayo, okuthakazelisa kakhulu futhi olungavamile. Uma izilwane zibona ingozi, zazisa ezinye ngokukhonkotha kwazo. ICapybaras iyakhala lapho bekhathazeke kakhulu noma benobuhlungu. Engxoxweni omunye nomunye, bayahlekisa ngokuchofoza, futhi ngesikhathi sokulwa, abesilisa bezwa ukugedla kwamazinyo.
Uma sikhuluma ngomlingiswa, khona-ke ama-capybaras anomlingiswa we-phlegmatic kakhulu, omunye angaze athi bayavilapha kancane. Lezi zilwane zinobungane kakhulu, zixhumana nabantu ngaphandle kwezinkinga, ikakhulukazi uma ziphathwa ngokuthize. Kulula futhi ukuthambisa i-capybara; ingaba umngani oqotho nothandayo, hhayi okubi kunenja. Ngisho nasemasekisini, ama-capybaras enza ngempumelelo, ngoba ukuqeqeshwa ngokuphelele. Isimo sala magundane amakhulu sihle futhi sinobumnene, asinabungozi ngokuphelele. Ngokwemvelo, ama-capybaras ahlala eminyakeni engu-6 kuya kwengu-10, futhi ekuthunjweni - kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-12.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Animal capybara
Njengoba sekushiwo, ama-capybaras ayimfuyo, izilwane ezihlangene, awathandi isizungu futhi ahlala emindenini emikhulu enezigaba ezicacile. Ayikho isikhathi esithile sokumatanisa ama-capybaras, azala unyaka wonke, kepha ikakhulukazi ngokufika kwenkathi yemvula. AbakwaCavaliers baheha abesifazane ngokubeka amamaki abo anephunga elimnandi ezitshalweni eziseduze. Abesilisa bavundisa abesifazane ngokuvamile ngqo emanzini. I-Capybaras yizilwane zesithembu; owesifazane oyedwa angaba nabalingani abaningi bezocansi ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukuzala amawundlu kuhlala cishe izinsuku eziyi-150. Imvamisa, ukubeletha kwenzeka kanye ngonyaka, kwesinye isikhathi le nqubo ingenzeka kabili ngonyaka.
Izingulube ezincane zizalelwa phansi, umama akenzi isidleke. Imvamisa kunezicucu ezivela ezi-2 kuye kwezi-8. Amathole abukeka ngokufana nawabantu abadala: zimbozwe izinwele (zilula kancane kunalezo zabantu abavuthiwe), zinamehlo futhi zinamazinyo, zincane kakhulu, zinesisindo esingaba ikhilogremu elilodwa nengxenye lilinye.
Umama we-capybara wondla inzalo yakhe ngobisi cishe izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine, yize bekwazi ukuhlafuna utshani cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa. Zonke izinsikazi ezihlala emhlambini ziyabheka futhi zinakekele inzalo. I-Capybaras iyavuthwa futhi ikwazi ukuzala izinyanga eziyi-18, bese isisindo sayo sifinyelela kuma-30 noma ama-40 kg.
Izitha zemvelo ze-capybara
Isithombe: Capybara
Ngaphandle kosayizi omkhulu, ama-capybaras anezitha eziningi. Phakathi kwalabo abasongela i-capybara yibo:
- i-jaguar;
- ocelot;
- izingwenya;
- izingulube;
- Caiman;
- inhlwathi;
- inja yasendle.
Izilwane ezisencane zivame ukuhlaselwa yizinja zasendle kanye nezilwane ezinamaphiko ezivela emndenini wamanqe. Ukusuka kubantu abangazwani nabahlasela umhlaba, ama-capybaras abaleka ngokugxuma okukhulu emanzini, lapho acasha khona ngaphansi kwamanzi, ashiye ikhala elilodwa kuphela phezulu lokuphefumula. Ngakho-ke bahlala ngokuqinisana (izilwane ezincane zivamise ukuba maphakathi nendawo, kanti ezindala zisemaphethelweni) kuze kudlule ingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilwane zinohlelo lokukhulumisana olwenziwe kahle, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili. Uma i-capybara izwa ngosongo oluzayo, nakanjani uzoxwayisa wonke amalungu omndeni wakhe ngalokhu ngokwenza umsindo wokukhonkotha.
Abantu babuye babhubhise ama-capybaras ngokudla inyama yabo, enambitheka njengengulube. Imikhiqizo ye-Haberdashery yenziwa ngesikhumba se-capybara, futhi zonke izinhlobo zemihlobiso zenziwa nge-incisors ezinkulu. Kukhona neqiniso elihlekisayo nelingenangqondo lapho emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka edlule abapristi bamaKhatholika beqaphela le nduku njengenhlanzi futhi bavunyelwa ukuba badle inyama ye-capybara ngesikhathi sokuzila. Namuhla eLatin America kunamapulazi aphelele okuzalaniswa kwama-capybaras. Inyama yawo namafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba asetshenziswa emithini yokwenziwa kwemithi. Inani lamafutha we-capybara lilinganiswa nelibheji.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Capybara albino
Esikhathini sethu sanamuhla, inani lama-capybaras alisongelwa, lawa magundane athakazelisa kakhulu awekho ngaphansi kokuvikelwa okukhethekile. Inani le-capybaras lizinzile, akukho ukuqhuma okubukhali ekuqondeni kokuncipha kubonwe. Ngisho nemisebenzi yabantu ayiziphazamisi ikakhulukazi lezi zilwane. Umhlaba wezolimo nokuhlelwa kwamadlelo emfuyo ye-capybaras, kunalokho, kunenzuzo. Bathola ukudla namanzi kubo ngenkathi eyomile. Kukhona ukuthambekela kokuthi inani lezilwane ezindaweni ezinjalo ezicwengekile zezolimo liphakeme kunasehlane.
Kodwa-ke, i-capybara ibingahlali inesikhundla esikhululekile njalo. Kwakunezikhathi lapho eColombia, ama-capybaras abhujiswa kakhulu, futhi kusukela ngo-1980, uhulumeni wakwenqabela ukuzingelwa kwalezilwane. Ngenxa yenyama emnandi, abaseVenezuela badla ama-capybaras amaningi, kwathi ngo-1953 uhulumeni waqala ukulawula ukubanjwa kwamagundane amakhulu, yize lokhu kungalethi impumelelo enkulu, abantu baqhubeka nokuzingela ama-capybaras ngokungenasihawu. Ngo-1968, ososayensi bezilwane basungula uhlelo lokusebenza lokufunda izici zezinto eziphilayo zalezi zilwane nokulondolozwa kwazo. Zonke lezi zinqubo zaletha umphakathi esimeni esizinzile.
Njengamanje, ama-capybaras asohlwini lwe-IUCN njengezilwane ezingasongelwa ngokuqothulwa ebusweni bomhlaba.
Capybara Ingabe ukuphela kwegundane elinosayizi omuhle kangako. Yize ubukhulu baso bukhulu, lesi silwane simnene kakhulu, sinomoya omuhle, siyazijabulisa futhi sinothando. I-Capybaras, ethanjisiwe ngumuntu, iba abangane bayo bangempela futhi abathembekile. Uma ubheka lezi zilwane, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungamomotheka, ngoba ukubukeka kwazo okungenakuphikiswa futhi okuhlekisayo kukujabulisa kakhulu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 18.02.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 16.09.2019 ngo-0: 19
