Sable isilwane esincane esigxamalazile esivela emndenini weasel nohlobo lwe-marten, esinoboya obubalulekile. Incazelo UMartes zibellina wanikezwa ngo-1758 yisazi semvelo saseSweden K. Linnaeus. Uboya obuyigugu benza kabi kumnikazi wayo, ngekhulu lokugcina wayesengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Sable
Ukutholakala lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthola umkhondo wokukhula kwalolu hlobo kuncane kakhulu. E-Miocene, kwavela uhlobo lohlobo lwendabuko, okungolwakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, umhlaseli wayehlala ezindaweni ezinkulu entshonalanga naseningizimu yeYurophu, eSouth-West nase-Asia Ephakathi, eNyakatho Melika.
Amafomu asondele kulezi zesimanje akhona ePliocene. Izinsalela zitholakale ePleistocene engasekho e-Urals, e-Altai, eCisbaikalia, kuze kufike eKamchatka naseSakhalin. Izinsalela ziye zagcinwa ezingxenyeni ezingenhla ze-Pleistocene ezisezansi kwezintaba zase-Eastern Sayan kanye nomcengezi womfula. Ama-Hangar. Esikhathini esiphakeme, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwama-biocenoses amasha, ukuhlukaniswa kwama-mustelids kwenzeka. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-sable yathola izici ezihlukanisa nezinye izinhlobo kulo mndeni.
Ividiyo: Sable
Esikhathini sokuqala somlando, indawo yasakazeka isuka eFinland yanamuhla iye olwandle iPacific. Phakathi kwePleistocene neHolocene, ngesikhathi sokuhlehla kwezinguzunga zeqhwa nokuvela kwamahlathi, isilwane sashiya indawo yomngcele wendawo yeqhwa futhi sahlala ezindaweni ezithandekayo. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 kuya kwengu-40 edlule, umhlaseli watholakala e-Urals, kepha akazange afinyelele kwinombolo ephezulu esikhathini se-post-glacial (eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-8-11 edlule).
Amathambo esilwane atholakala e-Altai angaphezulu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. ETrans-Urals naseSiberia, asikho isidumbu esidala esingaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 esitholakele, yize lokhu akusho ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo azitholakalanga esikhathini esidlule. Ekuthuthukisweni komndeni wakwaMarten, umehluko waqhubeka ngesisekelo sokwehluka kokujwayela indawo yokuhlala, isisekelo sokudla nendlela yokuzingela.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sable Animal
Umzingeli ubukeka njenge-marten, kepha labo ababone lezi zinhlobo ezihlobene nabo ngeke bazidide, ngoba umzimba nomsila kufushane ngokulingana nesibaya. Ikhanda likhulu ngezindlebe ezibekwe kabanzi nezindilinga. Izidladla zibanzi, zinezinzwane eziyisihlanu ngoboya ematheni.
Kwabesilisa:
- isisindo somzimba - 1150-1850 g;
- ubude bomzimba - 32-53 cm;
- umsila ubude - 13-18 cm;
- izinwele ubude - 51-55 mm;
- ubude besitezi - 32-31 mm.
Kwabesifazane:
- isisindo somzimba - 650-1600 g;
- ubude bomzimba - 32-53 cm;
- umsila ubude - 12-16 cm;
- izinwele ubude - 46 mm;
- ubude besitezi - 26-28 mm.
Isilwane esincelisayo sikhombisa ukwehluka okukhulu kwezwe ngosayizi womzimba, ikhwalithi nekhwalithi yoboya. Ngokwesisekelo salezi zici, kunencazelo yama-subspecies angaphezu kwama-20 ezindawo. Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke batholakala eKamchatka, e-Altai nase-Urals. Okuncane kakhulu kusendaweni yamachibi e-Amur nase-Ussuri. Uboya obukhanyayo ezilwaneni ezivela e-Urals, kanye nezimnyama ezimnyama ezitholakala esifundeni saseBaikal naseTransbaikalia, ePriamurye naseYakutia.
Uboya basebusika bomzingeli buthambile kakhulu, bujiyile futhi buyisilika. Ehlobo, isilwane sibukeka side futhi sincane, kepha izidladla nekhanda zihlala zikhulu. Umbala wejazi lasebusika unethoni efanayo, kusuka kokumnyama nsundu, kucishe kube mnyama, kube nsundu futhi kuzalwe nge-underfur ejiyile. Isifonyo nezindlebe zilula kancane kunombala oyinhloko. Emphinjeni kunendawo emnyama, kwesinye isikhathi engabonakali ngokuphelele yombala ophuzi noma omhlophe. Ehlobo, uboya abukho obukhulu kangako futhi buphaphatheka. Kumnyama ngethoni kunobusika. Kwamanye ama-subspecies, umsila ubamnyama kancane kunombala oyinhloko.
Uhlala kuphi uSable?
Isithombe: Sable eqhweni
Isilwane esinoboya sitholakala eRussia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Japan naseNyakatho Korea. Kuhlala emahlathini acinene aseSiberia nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeYurophu, kweqa izintaba zase-Ural ngasentshonalanga. Indawo yokwabiwa isezintabeni ze-Altai nasezintabeni ezisentshonalanga zeSayan. Umngcele oseningizimu ufinyelela kububanzi obungu-55 ° eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, kuze kufike ku-42 ° - eMpumalanga yeSiberia.
Ububanzi bufinyelela emaphethelweni aseningizimu ePeninsula yaseKorea nasesiqhingini saseHokkaido, umhlaseli utholakala eSakhalin. EMongolia, isatshalaliswa enyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe, elizungeze ichibi. UKhubsugul. ETransbaikalia, lapho isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu sezwekazi, ama-subspecies abaluleke kakhulu alesi silwane ahlala emahlathini. Empumalanga yeKazakhstan, ihlala emigodini yemifula i-Uba neBukhtarma. E-China, kukhona enyakatho ezintabeni ze-Southern Altai, enyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe - esifundazweni saseHeilongjiang, kanye naseChangbai Plateau. Indawo yokuhlala komzingeli iyindawo engama-5 million m2.
Ummeleli womndeni weasel uthanda ukuhlala emahlathini omsedari, emithambekeni yezintaba, lapho kukhona umsedari elfin. Kulapha lapho kunamagundane amaningi akhangwa yinala yokudla - amantongomane ephayini. Indoda enhle ebabazekayo ingahlala ehlathini elisentabeni neliphansi, lapho ithanda khona ukuvinjelwa komoya, ukuvinjelwa kwezinkuni ezifile. Lesi silwane siyaphila, kepha asivamile kakhulu emahlathini amancane anamaqabunga amancane naphayini, eduze kokuhlanza kanye namathanga, izindawo ezinamanzi. Esiqhingini saseKamchatka, sizinza ezihlahleni zamatshe ze-birch, e-alder kanye nemisedari emifushane. Ezintabeni, ingakhuphukela ezingeni lamahlathi angaphansi komhlaba.
Idlani i-sable?
Isithombe: Sable ebusika
Lesi silwane esidla omnivorous sidla izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane - zenza u-60-80% wokudla. Ngaphezu kwamagundane, ama-voles namanye amagundane, okudla kakhulu kwimenyu yayo, ingazingela ama-chipmunks, izingwejeje, ama-hares, ama-pikas nama-muskrats. Uhlasela futhi ama-weasel: ermine, weasel. Isilwane esincelisayo sikwazi ukulandela umzila wezimpisi noma amabhere isikhathi eside, ukuze sikwazi ukudla nabo. Eduze kwezidumbu zezilwane ezinkulu eseziyizisulu zezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, lesi silwane esiphethe uboya siyaphila futhi siphakele izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Eminyakeni eneqhwa, lapho esinye isisulu kunzima ukusibamba, ama-sable azingela wodwa, ngisho nezinyamazane ze-musk. Futhi-ke, eduze kwesisulu, esikhudlwana kakhulu kunosayizi wesilwane esidlayo, abantu abaningana babuthanela idili. Umzingeli omncane uhlasela izilwane ezinkulu lapho kunesivuno esibi samantongomane omsedari, umsedari omncane (isabelo sabo singafinyelela kuma-33-77%, kuya ngobukhona noma ukungabi khona kwezinye izinto zokudla). Ehlobo, udla amajikijolo: ama-rose hips, ama-lingonberries, i-bird cherry, i-mountain ash (4-33%).
Isabelo sezinyoni, ikakhulukazi i-grouse emnyama, sibala u-6-12%, ubuye abambe izinyoni ezincane, achithe izidleke, adle amaqanda, ama-amphibians, ama-mollusks, izinambuzane, akakudeleli ukubola. Imbila yempumalanga Ekude idla inhlanzi ngemuva kokuzala. Imvelo yokudla yesilwane esincelisayo incishiswa ngenala yokudla kwezitshalo. Uma kungekho ukudla okwanele, khona-ke usondela ezindaweni zokuhlala abantu. Isilwane sidinga ukudla okungenani okungama-20% esisindo somzimba waso, lokhu kulingana nokukhiqizwa kwamagundane ama-vole angu-6-8 ngosuku.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Sable animal sable
Isilwane sishesha kakhulu futhi siqinile, asikhathali, sinendlebe enhle namakhono amahle kakhulu okuzingela. Lokhu kumvumela ukuthi athole isisulu, ekhomba into ngephunga nange-rustle. Isilwane sikhombisa umsebenzi noma kunini emini noma ebusuku, konke kuya ngesimo sezulu nokutholakala kokudla. Emakhazeni, iyakwazi ukuphuma endaweni yokukhosela izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Umhlonyane uyisilwane esidla phansi, yize sikhuphuka kalula esihlahleni, asikwazi ukweqa sisuka egatsheni siye egatsheni. Ihamba kahle ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa futhi ingakugwema ukuphishekela okunjalo, kepha izingela ngaphezulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhetha ukuhlala ngokuqamekela kunokuphishekela. Indoda enhle yehlathi ihamba ngokugxuma okuncane okungama-40-70 cm, kepha ukusuka kude nokujaha, ingakhulisa ubude bayo bufike ku-3-4 m.
Lesi silwane sinendawo ehlala njalo kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-30 km2, futhi sinezindawo eziningana zesikhashana nezindawo zokuzingela. Usayizi wesayithi nomsebenzi kuncike kubudala, ubulili, isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu, ukuminyana kwabantu, nokutholakala kokudla. Ngokwesilinganiso, ugijima cishe amakhilomitha ayi-9 ngosuku.
Ehola impilo yokuhlala phansi, imbila ayivamisile ukushiya isiphephelo sayo, ishiya ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-30 ukusuka ezindaweni zokumaka. Abantu abadala bangahamba amabanga amade angafika ku-150 km, okuthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa ukunqoba. Akazifaneli nomhume wakhe, kepha ufuna indawo efanelekayo yokuzalwa nokufundiswa kwamawundlu, kanye nasebusika.
Indawo yokuhlala igcwele utshani obomile, uboya, ubulembu, izimpaphe, ukuthola isiphephelo:
- ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla eziwile;
- kwiziphunzi;
- ngokhuni olufile;
- kuma-placers amatshe;
- emigodini etholakala phansi ngenhla komhlaba.
Okwesikhashana, ekubalekeni ekuphishekeleni, kuphephela emifantwini yamadwala, ezindaweni ezinamatshe, emiqhele yezihlahla noma emigodini engaphansi komhlaba. Ebusika, iyazimbela ngaphansi kongqimba olujulile lweqhwa. Isilwane sichitha kabili ngonyaka: entwasahlobo, isiqalo siwela ngoMashi, bese kuphela ngoMeyi, ekwindla lesi sikhathi siqala ngo-Agasti kuya kuNovemba.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Sable
USable ungumuntu onesizungu ngokwemvelo, unesithembu. Ukumaka insimu, isebenzisa izindlala zephunga, ezitholakala ngemuva kwesisu. Umgqigqo uqala ngoJulayi uphele ngo-Agasti. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihlala cishe izinsuku ezingama-245-297. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyanga eziyisikhombisa ziwela esigabeni sokucasha, lapho imibungu ingakhuli. Lolu hlobo lokukhulelwa lunikezwa ngemvelo ukuze amawundlu avele ngesikhathi esikahle kakhulu.
Izinsana zizalwa ngo-Ephreli zingaboni, zinezimpunga ezimbalwa phansi. Udoti ungaba nezingane ezisukela kwezimbili kuye kweziyisithupha. Ubude bomzimba bungu-11-12 cm, bunesisindo esingu-25-30 g. Baqala ukuzwa ngosuku lwama-22, kuthi ngenyanga babe sebebona, ngosuku lwama-38 bese benama-incisors. Ezinyangeni eziyi-3-4, amazinyo obisi ashintshela kokuhlala unomphela. Ngezinyanga eziyi-1.5-2. izingane ziqala ukushiya isidleke, cishe ngasikhathi sinye ziyeka ukuncela ubisi lukamama futhi zinesisindo esingaba ngama-600 g, kuthi ngoSepthemba zifinyelele esayizi yabantu abadala bese ziqala impilo ezimele. Ikhono lokuzala esilethini livela eminyakeni emibili ubudala.
Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana nokuqomisana, izilwane zenza imisindo efana nokugunda, futhi ziyakhononda ngokugaya. Lapho zixakanisekile noma zingajabuli, ziyahayiza, futhi ukuzethusa, zikhulumela phezulu. Isikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane emvelweni cishe yiminyaka eyi-8, ekuthunjweni, ngokwesilinganiso, kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-15-16, kepha kwakukhona amacala lapho abanye abantu bephila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-18-20, kanti abesifazane baletha inzalo kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-13-14. Isilwane sinokuxhumeka okungaphakathi, okuthe njo (okudlayo noma okuyisilwane) ngezilwane ezincelisayo ezingama-36, izinyoni ezingama-220, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingama-21.
Izitha zemvelo zama-sables
Isithombe: Sable Animal
Umzingeli wethu okhuthele uqobo uvame ukuba isisulu sezilwane ezinkulu.
Lezi yizinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezilwane ezincelisayo:
- Ibhere elinsundu;
- impisi;
- Impungushe;
- i-lynx;
- impungushe yase-arctic;
- i-wolverine;
- amahlosi;
- harza.
Ezinyonini, izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili nazo zihlasela izilwane ezincane:
- ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe;
- ukhozi lwegolide;
- igwababa;
- i-goshawk;
- undlunkulu;
- isikhova esikhulu esimpunga;
- uklebe isikhova.
Udleke alufeli nje kuphela emazinyweni ezilwane ezidlayo, kodwa futhi nangokushoda kokudla, lapho kunomncintiswano onzima we-interspecific. Uhola umzabalazo onjalo wezindawo zokuhlala nokunikezwa kokudla ngezinhlobo ezingama-28 zezilwane ezincelisayo nezinhlobo ezingama-27 zezinyoni. Esinye sezitha ezinkulu esacishe sabhubhisa lolu hlobo lwezilwane ngumuntu. Ngekhulu le-17, ama-Kamchadal ashintshana nabakwaCossacks, ababethuthukisa amazwe emingceleni esempumalanga yeRussia: futhi ummese owodwa wanikezwa izikhumba eziyisishiyagalombili zesable, kanye ne-18 ngembazo, kungabhekwa njengoboya obubalulekile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sable amawundlu
Uboya be-Sable bekulokhu kuyigugu kakhulu futhi busetshenziswa njengemali. Ukuqothulwa okukhulu kwesidlakela esinoboya kwaqala ngekhulu le-15 kuya kwele-16, lapho ubudlelwano bezohwebo nezwe laseRussia buqala ukwanda. Ngaphambi kokuba uboya bube yimali, abantu bendawo bazingela lesi silwane kancane. Uma ewela ezingibeni, khona-ke ama-mittens, izigqoko zazithunyelwa ngoboya, zisetshenziswa njengomhlobiso.
Ekhulwini le-XVIII. engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, uboya obuhle bunyamalala ngenxa yokuqothulwa konya. Ngale kwa-Urals, eSiberia, izindawo zokuhlala zinciphile, zaqhekeka zaba izizinda ezihlukene. Umzingeli oyedwa ngaleso sikhathi wayengathola izikhumba eziyi-100-150 ngesizini ngayinye. Ukuvinjelwa kokuzingela okuyingxenye esivele ikhona ngalesi sikhathi bekungaphoqelelwa kahle futhi kungalawulwa kancane. Ukuvinjelwa okuphelele ngo-1913-16. neziphathimandla aziphumelelanga. Ngamashumi amathathu eminyaka yekhulu elidlule, isilwane sicishe saqothulwa. Abantu abambalwa bahlala ezindaweni ezingavamile, futhi ngisho nangenxa yokungafinyeleleki kwendawo. Ngo-1935, kwavinjelwa ngokuphelele ukuzingela. Eminyakeni yamashumi amane, izimayini ezinelayisense zazivunyelwe.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni inani labantu kwaba ukwakhiwa kwezinqolobane ezinjengalezi:
- UBarguzinsky;
- Kronotsky;
- UKondo-Sosvinsky;
- Isi-Altaic;
- UPechora-Ilychsky;
- USikhote-Alinsky;
- Sayansky.
Izindlela zokonga zenze ukuthi kube lula ukubuyisa kancane izinombolo kulezi zindawo, ukusuka lapho izilwane zaqala ukuhlala ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane. Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwadlala indima enhle, lesi silwane sadedelwa ezindaweni lapho sasitholwe khona phambilini, kepha saqothulwa ngokuphelele. Ukuzingela kweSable okwamanje kuvuliwe. Isimo samazwe omhlaba - kubhekiswa ezinhlotsheni ezingakhathazeki kakhulu.
Kubantu bemvelo ngonyaka we-2013 eRussian Federation, kwakukhona amakhanda ayi-1,346,300, yize ngo-2009 ayengu-1,481,900. Ukwehla okuthile kubangelwe ukuthi ukubalwa kwenombolo kuze kube ngu-2010 kwenziwa ngokwezikhathi zangaphambi kokuvuna, kucatshangelwa ukukhula konyaka, naseminyakeni eyalandela - ngokwezikhathi zangemva kokuvuna. Ukukhula kwemfuyo minyaka yonke ekwindla kungama-40-60%, ngalesi sikhathi cishe kuyisigamu sabantwana abangaphansi kweminyaka. Kepha izinga labo lokusinda aliphezulu kakhulu; ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi, iningi labo aliphili ebusika.
Sable - Ukuziqhenya kweRussia, kuyadingeka ukunakekelwa kokulondolozwa kwezindawo ngendlela yazo yasekuqaleni. Futhi akunakwenzeka ukuvumela ukwanda ngokunganaki kokudoba kwalesi silwane esithwele uboya. Kulezo zifunda lapho inani lazo lincane, kuyadingeka ukuvimbela ukuzingelwa kwalo, ukulawula ukukhishwa kwamalayisense, nokunikeza izindawo kubadobi abathile.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-14: 29
