I-Forest-steppe, i-steppe ne-semi-desert - izinyoka zesifunda saseRostov zihlala kulezi zindawo ezintathu zemvelo, ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zazo ezincishiswe ngabakwa-herpetologists baya ku-10 taxa.
Izinyoka ezinobuthi
Ezinye zezilwane ezihuquzelayo zahlala emathafeni / emahlathini kuphela, ezinye zitholakala esifundeni saseRostov. Izinyoka ezinobuthi zimelwe yizinhlobo ezi-4, ubuthi obuyingozi kubo bobabili abantu nemfuyo. Ukuphela kwento okudingeka uyazi ukuthi inyoka ngeke ihlasele kuqala, uma ingaphazamiseki (nyathela ngephutha noma uthinte ngenduku).
Inyoka yesitepe
Inyoka yasemini ekhetha izikhala ezivulekile - ama-steppes kanye namahlane amancane esifundeni saseRostov. Abantu abaningi kakhulu balotshwe ezindaweni eziseningizimu, empumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga.
Inyoka yasentabeni ayikaze ibe nde kakhulu, ikhula ibe yisilinganiso esingu-61-63 cm, lapho i-55 cm iwela emzimbeni oyisitokisi, bese kuthi abanye - ngomsila omfushane. Izici zobuntu zingabafundi abancane (bekholomu emile mpo), ikhanda elimise okonjiwe, nombala onesihlabathi esimpunga onephethini le-zigzag ogwini. Ama-Melanists (abantu abamnyama) abavamile ukuzalwa eduze neRostov.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, ngenxa yokulunywa kwe-steppe viper, amahhashi nezilwane ezincane ezesilisayo ziyashabalala emadlelweni. Umphumela obulalayo womuntu awunakwenzeka, ngaphandle uma kwenzeka ukushaqeka kwe-anaphylactic, futhi usizo alufiki ngesikhathi.
Inyoka yasendle, nakuba inobuthi, inamahloni. Lapho behlangana, ubuyela emuva ngokushesha, futhi ahlasele ngenkani, uma indlela yokuphunyuka ivaliwe.
Ezimweni eziningi, ubuthi benyoka buzodala isiyezi, ukuphefumula okuncane, ubuthakathaka obumakiwe, ukubanda, ukuvuvukala, nokulimaza / ukushwabana endaweni lapho ulunywe khona. Umzimba ophilile ubhekana nokudakwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu enobudlova, inani lomhlaba le-steppe viper liye lehla: IRussia nayo iyathinteka, lapho lolu hlobo nalo lusengozini. Ekupheleni kwekhulu elidlule, ukumiswa kwesifo sezinyokanyoka kwamiswa, futhi yena uqobo wathathwa ngaphansi kwesivikelo seThe Bern Convention (Convention on the Protection of Fauna / Flora and Natural Habitats in Europe).
Inyoka evamile
Ububanzi besifunda bezinhlobo "buhlanganisa" ikakhulukazi izifunda ezisenyakatho nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifunda saseRostov, yize ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala ezifundeni ezimaphakathi.
Isirhubuluzi esiphakathi nendawo. Izinyoka zemitha elilodwa zitholakala enyakatho yebanga lomhlaba (ngokwesibonelo, eScandinavia), e-Don steppes, izinyoka ezincane zihlala (kufika ku-65 cm). Inyoka inomzimba ojiyile, umsila omfishane nekhanda elingunxantathu libonwe ngokwehlukana nentamo.
Umbala womzimba uyehluka futhi ungaba mpunga, uphuzi nsundu, nsundu futhi ubomvu ngokubomvu ngombala wethusi. Kwezinye izindawo kukhona nezinyoka ezimnyama-ama-melanists.
Le nyoka ibuye ibe nephethini ye-zigzag ngemuva yayo esonga kuhlamvu "X" ekhanda, kanti ichopho lomsila livame ukuba nombala obomvu, owolintshi noma ophuzi.
Ubuthi benyoka evamile bucindezela ukopha kakhulu nokuvela kwezindawo ezine-necrotic eduzane nendawo yokuluma, ngakho-ke amandla obuthi anqunywa ukusondela kokulunywa ekhanda. Izimpawu ezijwayelekile ubuthakathaka obukhulu, isiyezi, nokubanda. Ukulunywa yinyoka ejwayelekile akuvamile ukubulala: kuphela uma une-allergen ku-toxin.
UViper kaNikolsky
Akubona bonke abakwa-herpetologists abakubona njengohlobo oluzimele, abakubiza ngokuthi yi-subspecies yenyoka ejwayelekile. Naphezu kokufana nabaculi be-melanists, inyoka kaNikolsky ine-morphology ezimele, ehlukile kwezinye izinyoka hhayi ngombala wayo omnyama kuphela, kodwa futhi kuma-nuances wesakhiwo sezikali ne-cornea yeso - umfundi akabonakali kangako, njengoba ezungezwe iris emnyama.
Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezindala zikhula zifike kuma-85 cm ubude ngomzimba osindayo futhi ominyene, onjengomzimba othize wokuphotha.
Kuyathakazelisa. Izinyoka ezisencane zilula kunabantu abadala futhi zinombala onsundu onsundu nge-zigzag esinsundu ogwini: ngonyaka we-3 wokuphila, izikali ziba mnyama futhi iphethini iyanyamalala.
Inyoka enesabekayo kakhulu esifundeni saseRostov ihlala enyakatho, entshonalanga nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifunda saseRostov, ekhetha, njengomthetho, emaphethelweni wehlathi (imvamisa elenga) amahlathi, anqunywe yimifudlana nemifula.
Ukudla kwenyoka kaNikolsky kuhlanganisa:
- izibhamu;
- amagundane amancane;
- amaxoxo;
- izinyoni ezidla phansi;
- amaqanda namachwane awo.
Izinyoka ezisencane zidla izibankwa ezincane, amaxoxo ansundu, igalikhi, inhlanzi futhi azikugwemeki ukubola. Inyoka kaNikolsky ikhasa phansi kancane, kepha ibhukuda ngokushesha kunezinye izinyoka ze- "Rostov".
Ubuthi benyoka kaNikolsky buchazwa njengobuyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlushwa okubulalayo kwama-cardiotoxin (okuphazamisa umsebenzi wesicubu senhliziyo) kuwo, kuhambisana nobuthi obopha igazi. Ngemuva kokulunywa, ukushaywa nokuxokozela kuyaphawulwa, kwezinye izimo - ukuquleka nokuquleka. Akukhishelwa ngaphandle (ikakhulukazi kwabaguliswa ukungezwani komzimba) nomphumela obulalayo.
Manje iVipera nikolskii ivikelwe endaweni yesigodlo seKhopersky.
I-Shitomordnik ejwayelekile
Uphinde abe yisibhakela sasePallas - uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lohlobo lwe-mouton, lukhetha izingwadule ezingama-semi kanye nama-steppes. Kuhlala ezindaweni zasendaweni, ezomile kakhulu nezishisayo esifundeni saseRostov: eningizimu mpumalanga naseSalskaya steppe.
Inyoka yaziwa ngomhlane wayo onsundu noma onsundu ngokumpunga, onamachashaza amnyama anqamulelayo anombala onsundu. Izindawo ezincane ziyabonakala ezinhlangothini, nasekhanda, ezinhlangothini zazo kunolayini omnyama we-postorbital. Phakathi kwabamele lolu hlobo, abantu abamnyama nabomvu ngezitini abavamile.
Kuyathakazelisa. UShitomordniki wathola igama lakhe elejwayelekile ngenxa yezihlangu ezandisiwe (ukukhula kwamathambo) ekhanda.
Le yinyoka enekhanda lomgodi, ekwazi ukuzwa ubukhona bezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele noma kumnyama bhuqe. Izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ziba isisulu samabhu akhulayo. Ukudla kwezinyoka ezindala kuqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-vertebrate amancane:
- amagundane asemaqeleni;
- izibhamu;
- izibankwa nezinyoka;
- izinyoni / amatshwele amancane;
- amaqanda ezinyoni.
Ukulunywa yinyoka kubuhlungu kubantu, kepha kuvame ukubulala amahhashi nezinye izilwane ezifuywayo. Inyoka ihlasela umuntu uma kukhona usongo oluvela kuye (uma lungekho usizo olufika ngesikhathi) olungabangela ukukhubazeka kohlelo lokuphefumula. Ngemuva kwehora kuhlaselwe inyoka, ukuqaphela kanye nokulahlekelwa ukwaziwa kuphawulwa, kanye nama-hematomas, ukopha nokuvuvukala endaweni yokulunywa, okuholela ku-necrosis yezicubu.
Izinyoka ezingenabuthi
Izinhlobo ezintathu zezinyoka, izinhlobo ezimbili zezinyoka nekhanda lethusi - zonke lezi yizinyoka ezingenabuthi esifundeni saseRostov. Inkinga yabo ukuthi babhekene nokucindezelwa okungenangqondo ngokuphelele kubavakashi abangazi lutho abakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezihuquzelayo eziyingozi nezingenabungozi.
Umgijimi oyiphethini
It kungokwalabo emndenini emincane futhi ingashintshwa ukuze baphile biotopes ehluke ngokuphelele - emaqeleni, izimfunda, izigodi zemifula, emaphethelweni amadolo, emaxhaphozini kasawoti, emasimini elayisi, ezindundumeni zesihlabathi, emahlathini omjunipha, emhlangeni, ezintabeni, kanye nasezihlahleni ezinamahlathi futhi ezihlanganisiwe.
Kwakuyinyoka engenabungozi futhi engenabungozi lapho abantu bendawo babiza "inyoka ye-chess", beyiqeda kanzima kangangokuba inyoka enephethini yangena kwiRed Book yaseRussia Federation.
Izinyoka ezindala zikhula zifike kumitha elilodwa nohhafu futhi zibonakala ngombala oguquguqukayo ngokweqile kusuka kokumpunga ngokunsundu kuya konsundu nokumnyama (phakathi kwama-melanists). Kunemivimbo emi-4 ehlukene ogwini, emibili yayo inabela emsileni. Amabala amabili amnyama ayabonakala engxenyeni engenhla yekhanda, futhi umugqa wesikhashana welulwa ngeso (ngomfundi oyindilinga).
Inyoka enephethini ikhuphuka ngokugqamile ezihlahleni, emadwaleni nasemhlabathini, ibhukuda futhi icwile kahle kakhulu. Imvamisa iphephela emigodini engaphansi kwezimpande, imigodi emidala nemifantu enamadwala.
Imenyu yenyoka enephethini ifaka phakathi:
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane;
- izinyoni, amatshwele / amaqanda azo;
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- izinyoka ezincane;
- inhlanzi;
- izinambuzane.
Izitha zemvelo zenyoka zibhekwa njengezidliwayo zomhlaba kanye nezimpaphe, ikakhulukazi, ukhozi olusemaqeleni, futhi muva nje nangabantu, yize inyoka uqobo izama ukungena endleleni yayo.
Umgijimi okhuphukayo onemigqa emine
Enye imidwebo emincane, ehlala efudumele kahle, kodwa i-biotopes enombala onomswakama ophakeme kakhulu. Esifundeni saseRostov, inyoka enemizila emine ikhetha amahlathi nemihosha, imifula yezikhukhula zemifula, izindawo eziwugwadule ezinesihlabathi ezikhulukazi, imithambeka enamadwala (egcwele izihlahla), izivande zezithelo kanye nezivini. Ngaphansi kwendawo yokukhosela, isebenzisa imifantu emadwaleni, emigodini nasemigodini, kanye nemifantu ejulile emhlabathini.
Imizila emine mikhulu kunenyoka enephethini: ngobude obumaphakathi obungu-1.5 m, kutholakala namasampuli angaphezu kwamamitha amabili.
Le yinyoka ebuthakathaka enekhanda elincane elimise okwedayimane kanye nokunqandeka kwentamo okungathi shu. Kukhona ama-subspecies ama-3 enyoka ekhuphuka ngemizila emine (ama-2 awo awatholakali eRussia), ahlukahluka ngengaphandle nokuziphatha kwawo.
Izintandokazi ze-gastronomic azigcini kumagundane: inyoka izingela ama-hares amancane, izinyoni futhi zibhubhisa izidleke zezinyoni. Izinyoka ezivuthiwe zivame ukudla izibankwa. Inyoka ayigcini nje ngokuhamba kalula ngeziqu, kepha futhi ngaphandle kokungezwani ibiphonsa kusuka kwelinye igatsha liye kwelinye, uma behlukaniswe ngo-0.5-0.6 m.
Izitha zemvelo zenyoka yizimpungushe, ama-ferrets nezinyoni ezidla inyama. Njengoba ibonile umuntu, inyoka izama ukucasha otshanini obukhulu, kodwa lokhu akusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Uvame ukuphutha ngokuthi uyinyoka abulawe, yingakho inyoka ekhuphuka ngemizila emine yafika emakhasini eRed Book of the Russian Federation.
I-Caspian, noma inyoka enebhande eliphuzi
Ithole isihloko sokuhlonishwa ngenyoka enkulu kunazo zonke hhayi esifundeni saseRostov kuphela, kodwa naseYurophu yonke, ngoba abanye abantu abavuthiwe bakhula baba ngamamitha ayi-2,5.
Indawo ehlala ama-biotopu awomile (avulekile / avulekile) - i-semi-desert, i-steppe, ama-placers amatshe, amawa omfula, amabhande asemahlathini, izihlahlana zezihlahla, imithambeka yemigodi nemifula. Akatatazeli izindawo ezihlakulelwe - izivande nezivini, uthango lwamatshe, izakhiwo ezilahliwe kanye nezitishi zofolo. Ekhasa emgwaqeni, uvame ukufa ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto.
Inyoka yeCaspian izingela yonke into engena emphinjeni wayo. Umdlalo owuthandayo - izilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni ezincane. Inyoka ibhubhisa amagundane namagundane ngobuningi, ngezikhathi ezithile idla ama-gopher nama-raccoon.
Inyoka enamabala aphuzi igwinya izilwane ezincane ziphila, kanti izilwane ezinkulu zicindezelwe phansi, zicindezela phansi ngesisindo somzimba wazo.
Inyoka ayibukeki nakancane njengenyoka, kepha naphezu kwalesi simo, ihlale ihlupheka ezandleni zabafundi abathukayo, yingakho ibalwa eRussia njengezilwane ezisengozini.
Nokho, owokugcina uthola inyoka enkulu, okuyinto (ngokungafani inyoka efanayo) ayithandi ukubaleka, kodwa uncamela ukuzivikela ngonya. Isola inhloso embi yesitha, inyoka izigoqa ibe yibhola, isiphonsa ngokucijile umzimba ukuze ilume ebusweni noma entanyeni. Vele, inyoka ayinabo ubuthi, ngakho-ke engakwenza kuphela ukusika isikhumba.
I-copperhead evamile
Kutholakala esifundeni saseRostov cishe yonke indawo. Njengenyoka, ingeyomndeni onjengomngcingo, kepha ibhekwa njengobuthi obunemibandela, ngoba ubuthi bayo busebenza ezilwaneni ezincane nezinambuzane.
ICopperhead ihlukaniswa nezinyoka eziningi zaseYurophu ngomugqa omnyama omude owela iso ngomjikelezo (njengazo zonke izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingewona ubuthi). Amazinyo akhula ajule ngaphakathi, ukuze isisulu sithole umuthi omncane wobuthi. Izinhloko zethusi zabantu abadala azidluli ku-60-70 cm futhi zivame ukumbozwa ngemigqa eminingana yamabala aguqukayo (abonakala kakhulu esifundeni sentamo), imvamisa ihlangana ibe yimivimbo engalingani. Ingemuva lekhanda libuye lihlotshiswe ngamachashaza / imivimbo embalwa.
Okubalulekile. AmaCopperheads aqoshwe ngemibala ehlukene - ompunga, onsundu ngokuphuzi, yonke imibala ensundu, ngisho nokubomvu okwenziwe ngethusi. Abantu abamnyama kakhulu bazalwa, kuze kube mnyama (nge-melanism).
ICopperhead izingela izinambuzane, izinyoka ezincane, izibankwa kanye namagundane amancane. Ububanzi bezinhlobo obake baba banzi, obusivele baziwa njengobusengozini, buyancipha ngokushesha, ngenxa yezici ze-anthropogenic - ukulima izindawo ezijwayele ukwenziwa, ukugawulwa kwezihlahla nokunye.
Amanzi vele
Uhlobo oluvamile esifundeni saseRostov (ikakhulukazi esigodini seDon), olunamathela emzimbeni wemvelo. Kulula ukuhlukanisa nenyoka ejwayelekile ngokungabikho kwamabala akhanyayo esikhashana. Yinyoka enombala womnqumo omhlane wayo ugcwele amabala amnyama kuphethini lokuhlola.
Umbala wenyoka yamanzi ubuye ube yi-monochrome - emnyama noma umnqumo, ngaphandle kokubona. Inyoka endala ikhula ize ifike ku-1-1.3 m, kuyaqabukela ifike ku-1.6 m. Amehlo ayindilinga, avele kancane. Inyoka yamanzi ibhukuda cishe usuku lonke, ibamba izinhlanzi nezilwane ezincane.
Okuvamile vele
Mhlawumbe inyoka ejwayelekile kunazo zonke esifundeni saseRostov. Kakade, uma engeyena umculi we-melanist, kunzima ukumdida nenye inyoka: unikezwa yizimpawu ezimbili ezikhanyayo ngemuva kwezindlebe (ezimhlophe, eziphuzi, i-orange noma i-pink). Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa futhi bangafinyelela ku-2,5 m, ngobude obumaphakathi bomuntu abudluli kwimitha. Amagundane, amaxoxo nezinhlanzi kusebenza njengokudla. Inyoka uqobo lwayo izingelwa ezinye izidalwa ezibandakanya izinyoni kanye nonogolantethe.
Izenzo lapho uhlangana nenyoka
Kumele simyeke ahambe, okuyinto azoyisebenzisa nakanjani. Uma ukuhlaselwa kungenxa yokunganaki kwakho (unyathele inyoka noma wayicosha ngenduku), thatha noma iyiphi i-antihistamine. Ukugwema ukushaqeka kwe-anaphylactic, jovela isisombululo se-tavegil (1-2 ml) ngaphansi kwesikhumba, ujove isilonda kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ngezimpawu ezinzima, jovela i-dexazone noma i-dexamethasone (2-3 ml) nge-intramuscularly, bese uyisa isisulu esibhedlela.
Ukunakwa. Ungamunci ubuthi (lokhu akusizi ngalutho), ungawupholisi noma usike isilonda, ukuze ungabhebhethekisi izicubu.
Gcina isitho esilunyiwe singanyakazi, uphuze u-70 g we-vodka / utshwala (lokhu kuyi-vasodilator), futhi uphuze uketshezi oluningi lwe-diuretic (itiye elinamakhambi, ubhiya, ikhofi), ngoba ushevu ukhishwa kuphela ngezinso.
