I-Llama iyisilwane esifuywayo saseNingizimu Melika esingumndeni wamakamela. AmaLlamas anezintamo nemilenze emide; ikhanda lincane uma liqhathaniswa nobukhulu bomzimba jikelele, linezindlebe ezinkulu, ezimise okwebhanana. Lezi zilwane zaziwa ngentambo yoboya bazo obude, esetshenziswa kabanzi ekwenzeni izintambo nezindwangu.
Incazelo yellama
AmaLlamas yizilwane ezifuywayo ezivela eNingizimu Melika, ezingabomndeni ofanayo namakamela. Kodwa-ke, ama-lamas awanawo ama-humps. I-llama inezindlebe ezinde ngokwedlulele, egobile kancane ngaphakathi, eyaziwa nangokuthi okwenziwe ngobhanana. Izinyawo zincane, izinzwane zihlukaniswe kakhulu kunamakamela, ngayinye inephedi elingabizi. ILlamas inemisila emifushane kakhulu, futhi izinwele zayo zinde, zithambile futhi zihlanzekile ngokumangazayo. Iningi lezilwane linsundu, kepha umthunzi wejazi uyehluka ngemibala eminingi kusuka ebumnyameni kuye kokukhanya okulula, okumhlophe, kuya ngendawo yokuhlala.
Ngokomlando, endle, ama-llamas atholakala ezintabeni ze-Andes eziseNingizimu Melika, lapho kamuva zafuywa khona futhi zakhuliswa amakhulu eminyaka ngenhloso yokuthola inyama edliwayo, ubisi, ikhwalithi ephezulu, uvolo ongazweli emakhazeni futhi zisetshenziswe njengezilwane zokupakisha. Okwamanje zitshalwe emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele.
Uboya beLlama baziwa ngokuthamba, kuyilapho ungqimba lwayo oluphezulu (olubizwa ngokuthi unwele oluvikelayo) luqine kancane futhi lusebenzela ukuvikela isikhumba nomzimba ekulimaleni komshini nasemiphumeleni eyingozi (imvula, amakhaza nodoti). Zombili lezi zingqimba zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yoboya.
ILlamas nayo yayisetshenziswa njengabathwali bezimpahla kanye nabangane abafakwe inselo. Ngalezi zinhloso, kusetshenziswe abesilisa abaqinile kakhulu. ILlamas inokwakheka okukhethekile kwegazi okubasiza ukuba bahambe amabanga amade ezintabeni. Inokuqukethwe okuphezulu ngokweqile kwe-hemoglobin, okunesibopho sokuhambisa umoya-mpilo egazini, okufaka isandla ekubekezelelaneni okuhle ezindaweni eziphakeme, lapho okuqukethwe umoya-mpilo kuphansi kakhulu.
ILlamas nayo yayisetshenziswa njengabaqaphi bomhlambi. Ukubona okuyingqayizivele, ukuzwa nokuzwa iphunga lesilwane kusiza ukubala ukweqa okungafanele. Lapho izwa umhlaseli eduze, i-llama yenza umsindo omkhulu wokumemeza, ngaleyo ndlela iyethuse futhi ixwayise umalusi nomhlambi. Njengomthetho, owesilisa oyedwa othenjiwe usetshenziselwa ukuvikela umhlambi noma isikhukhukazi.
ILlamas yizilwane ezihlala nabantu, ezinomusa. Kodwa-ke, ezingxabanweni mayelana nokubusa emhlambini, bayakhafazana, bakhipha konke okuqukethwe yisisu. Kunezimo ezaziwayo zokuchaphaza "okungekuhle" kumuntu.
ILlamas idabuka ezintabeni ezibandayo nezomile ze-Andes, lapho zihlala ikakhulukazi eziqongweni ezimangelengele. Kodwa-ke, ezikhathini zanamuhla zingatholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izindawo ezinotshani nomhlaba wezolimo.
Ukubukeka
AmaLlamas anomzimba ojwayelekile wamakamela, kepha awanawo ama-humps amakamela aseBactrian nawedrama. Zinezintamo ezinde, izitho ezizacile kanye nezifinyila eziyindilinga. Ama-incisors angezansi avelele (amazinyo angaphambili) kanti udebe olungaphezulu luhlukene phakathi. Ngenxa yengxenye yokuthi zazenziwe zasekhaya, umbala wejazi le-llama ungahluka ngemibala eminingi nokuhlanganiswa. Phakathi kwezinto ezithandwa kakhulu kukhona ezimhlophe, ezinsundu, ezimpunga, ezimnyama noma ezithi pebald. Omunye wemibala ejwayelekile yinhlanganisela yoboya obubomvu ngokubomvu obunamachashazi aphuzi noma amhlophe.
Ubukhulu beLlama
Ukukhula kwe-llama ekubuneni kungaba ngamasentimitha ayi-183. Abesilisa abakhulu kakhulu bangaba nesisindo esingama-204 kilograms. Umbala wejazi usukela kokumhlophe ukuya kokumnyama ngokuhlukahluka phakathi. AmaLlamas asetshenziswa njengezilwane ezithwalayo futhi amakhulu kunawo wonke ama-lamoid amane (i-alpaca, i-vicuña, ne-guanaco ezinye ezintathu).
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
AmaLlamas ayizenhlalakahle, umhlambi, izilwane ezihamba ngamehlo ezihlala ngamaqembu abantu abangafika kwabangu-20. Leli qembu lifaka cishe abesifazane abayisithupha abazalisayo abanezinsizwa zonyaka okhona. Leli qembu liholwa owesilisa oyedwa, ovikela ngendluzula yakhe isikhundla se-alpha, ebambe iqhaza elibonakalayo emzabalazweni wokubusa. Amaqembu nawo angaba nabesilisa. Kulokhu, abesilisa bahlala bephonsana inselelo emzabalazweni wokubusa umphakathi, balwa besebenzisa izintamo namazinyo.
Lezi zilwane zihlanzeke kakhulu, ngoba zisebenzisa izindawo ezihlukene, ezichazwe ngokuqinile ukungcola. I-llama ayisoze yashiya indle lapho ilala noma idlela khona. Lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa yesifiso esingokwemvelo sokufihla imikhondo yokuba khona kwabo ezilwaneni eziyingozi.
AmaLlamas anezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamaphimbo. Ngokumemeza, baxwayisa ngengozi, ngokuhhewula buthule baveza imizwa yokwaneliseka. AmaLlamas aziphatha ngodlame phambi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, azohlasela ngesibindi, alume futhi akhafulele noma ngubani abona engaba yingozi.
Yize kunengxabano ekhona yabesilisa, ama-llamas yizilwane ezifuywayo. Ngakho-ke, bazama ukuxhumana nezinye izilwane zohlobo lwazo. Kukhona nezimo ezivamile zokuxhumana ngokuthula nezinye izilwane eziklabayo njengezimvu nezimbuzi. Ngokuvamile, ama-llamas abhekwa njengabantu abahle, abanobungane nabahlakaniphile.
Epulazini, lezi yizilwane ezifuywayo ezingathathi hlangothi ezizwana kalula ensimini. Zisasetshenziswa nanamuhla njengomthombo wemali yokuvakasha. Izingane zigibela kuzo, ama-llamas ahamba nemithwalo emincane egqumeni. Umthamo wesilisa oqinile weqe amakhilogremu angama-55.
Lapho zigcinwa emapulazini, ama-llamas awabangeli inkinga enkulu. Babekezelela ukweqisa kwamazinga okushisa futhi banganikezwa ukudla okufanayo nezimvu nezimbuzi futhi banakekelwe besebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo zokulima. Unyawo oluqinile lwe-llama lufakwa ngesipikili esiqinile ekugcineni esingadinga ukusikwa njalo. Uma inhloso yokugcina akuyona ukukhishwa koboya, akudingekile ukubusika.
ILlamas inomoya omnene futhi inesifiso sokubuza, ibenza babe umngane omuhle noma isilwane eselaphayo. ILlamas yaziwa ngokufunda kwabo kalula. Bangafunda amaqhinga ahlekisayo ngemuva kokuphindaphinda okumbalwa. Lezi zilwane zisetshenziswa ezibhedlela, emakhaya asebekhulile nasezibhedlela ukuhlinzeka ngemizwa yezinzwa kulabo abaswele, njengoba ukuvakashelwa kwelama kuwukuzivocavoca okuhle ngokomzwelo. Ukwelashwa okunjalo kungasiza ngokuphulukisa noma kumane kunikeze ukuzijabulisa okuthile.
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani ilama
Ngokwesilinganiso, ama-llamas aphila iminyaka eyi-15 kuya kwengu-20. Kwezinye izimo zokunakekelwa okunakekela ngokukhethekile, isilwane singaphila iminyaka engama-30.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesifazane baqala ukuthomba ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Indawo yokuhlala
ILlamas ekuqaleni yayihlala ezintabeni zase-Andean eziseNingizimu Melika, kepha okwamanje seziphelile endle futhi zikhona njengezilwane ezifuywayo kuphela. Zisatshalaliswa kabanzi futhi zikhuliswa eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu nase-Australia, lapho zaziswa njengezilwane ezifuywayo nezifuywayo. Indawo yabo engokwemvelo yizintaba zase-Andes, ikakhulukazi i-Altiplano yasentshonalanga yeBolivia naseningizimu-mpumalanga yePeru. Le ndawo imbozwe kakhulu ngohlaza obuphansi, kufaka phakathi izihlahla ezahlukahlukene ezikhula kancane, izihlahlana notshani, okuyikona kudla okuyinhloko kwama-llamas. Esifundeni sase-Altiplano, esenyakatho sinezintaba eziningi, futhi eningizimu ayinabuntu ngokuphelele, yomile futhi ayinamuntu. Lezi zilwane zingaphila ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-4000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
AmaLlamas atholakala ezifundeni zezintaba zamazwe amaningana aseNingizimu Melika: iBolivia, iPeru, i-Ecuador, iChile ne-Argentina. Izazi zezilwane zikholelwa ukuthi bathuthela eningizimu basuka eNyakatho Melika izigidi zeminyaka eyedlule, futhi ekugcineni baphela lapho badabuka khona. AmaInca asebenzisa amaLlam njengezilwane zokuthwala emakhulwini eminyaka adlule; abantu besimanje bayaqhubeka nokwenza lokhu nanamuhla.
Ukudla kwamaLlama
I-Llamas yizilwane ezidliwayo kuphela. Zidla utshani, izihlahla eziphansi kanye nezinye izimila zasentabeni. Lezi zilwane zithola olunye uketshezi ekudleni, kepha zihlala zidinga umthombo wamanzi ahlanzekile.
AmaLama awakhethi ngokukhethekile ngemikhuba yokudla. Bangaphakelwa ngemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yezolimo nezinhlanganisela, okubandakanya ummbila wesilage, i-alfalfa kanye ne-bromgrass. Futhi, ngeke badele izithelo zemifino, izithelo nezimpande. Izilwane ezincane ezikhulayo zidinga ukudla okunomsoco okwengeziwe.
Ukuzala nenzalo
ILlamas yizilwane ezingenawo umjikelezo othile we-estrus. Iqanda alikhishwa ngemuva komjikelezo othile wesikhathi, kepha ngokushesha ngemuva kwamahora angama-24 - 36 ngemuva kokukhwelana.
ILlamas i-polygynous maqondana nokukhetha abalingani. Uma kusebenza kubantu, lo mqondo usho isithembu, okungukuthi, ukuba khona kwabesifazane abaningana kowesilisa oyedwa. Uqoqa ama-harem abesifazane aba-5-6 endaweni yakhe, bese ebaxosha ngolaka bonke abanye abesilisa beminyaka yokuzala. I-Llamas ivame ukukhwelana ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekuqaleni kokuwa. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka endaweni engajwayelekile - elele phansi. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-350-360, futhi cishe njalo ngonyaka, owesifazane ngamunye uzala izinyane elilodwa. Kakade ihora ngemuva kokuzalwa, umntwana angakwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimela athathe izinyathelo zokuqala. Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa zinesisindo esingaba ngu-10 kg, futhi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-5-6 sezikwazi ukuzimela. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, umama unesibopho sokwenza omunye unyaka, evikela futhi avikele endle ezinkingeni. Ngemuva konyaka, owesilisa uxosha amawundlu angamaduna endaweni yakhe.
Izinkathazo eziningi ziwela emahlombe esifazane. Abesilisa banikeza ukunakekelwa okungaqondile ekuvikeleni indawo enikeza amadlelo anele amadala nabesifazane beqembu. Owesifazane ufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi eneminyaka engu-18-24 izinyanga, kanti owesilisa uneminyaka engu-2-2.5 kuphela ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zemvelo zamaLlamas yizilwane ezizingelayo ezihlanganyela nazo indawo yazo yokuhlala. Lezi kungaba yizingwe zeqhwa, izimpisi ezinamadoda nama-cougars. Amawundlu anesikhathi esinzima kakhulu - aqinile kancane futhi makhulu, ngakho-ke ayavikelwa.
Kulokhu, ukulimala okuyinhloko kubangelwa ngumuntu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ama-llamas ahlonishwa hhayi kuphela ngamakhono abo nezici zezinhlamvu, kodwa futhi nenyama yokudla okumnandi noboya obuyigugu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengamanje, inani labantu baseNingizimu Melika lingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-7, futhi kunama-llamas angaba ngu-158,000 eCanada nase-United States.
Ukufuywa kwalezi zilwane kwaqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-3000-5000 edlule, okwabenza baba ngamaphayona kuleli bhizinisi. AmaNdiya ase-Inca azisebenzisa njengezilwane ezithwalayo, futhi njengomthombo wokudla, okokwembatha nophethiloli.
I-Llamas igxila cishe kunoma yiziphi izimo. Abesabi isimo sezulu esibandayo, izinguquko zokushisa. Ababekezeleli kuphela izimo ezishisayo nokuntuleka kokudla kwezitshalo endaweni eyihlane.
Kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kweChile nePeru, ama-llamas angaphandle kwendawo esongelwayo. Endaweni efanayo, akuvunyelwe ukudubula abantu basendle.
