Ngemuva kokubukeka okuhlekisayo kwale nyoni yisosha lendawo yonke. Ukuphela kokufa kugijima ngokushesha futhi kundiza kahle, kubhukuda kahle, kushone kujule futhi kubambe nokuxhumana kwangaphansi komhlaba.
Incazelo yokuphela kokufa
I-Fratercula arctica (umzala wase-Arctic) igama lesayensi le-puffin yase-Atlantic, emele umndeni wama-auks ovela ku-oda Charadriiformes. Eqinisweni, le nyoni ayifani kangako nomfowethu ongcwele: kunalokho, ungumuntu oyisibonelo wokuzilibazisa ogqoke ibhantshi elimnyama namabhuzu "ewolintshi" aqhakazile. AmaJalimane ambiza ngopholi wokuntywila, abaseBrithani babiza i-puffin, kanti abaseRussia babiza isiphetho sabafileyo, beqhakambisa uqhwaku olukhulu, kodwa olungenamqondo.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
Umlomo omkhulu futhi ogqamile, ocishe ube nesiqingatha unemininingwane ephawuleka kakhulu yale nyoni yasolwandle emikhulu kancane kunejuba. Umlomo, opendwe ngemibala emithathu (omhlophe, owolintshi nampunga), uguquka ngokweminyaka: awukhuli ngobude, kepha uba banzi. Ummango okhanyayo ophuzi ugudla ngaphansi komlomo, futhi isibaya esikhanyayo esiphuzi siyabonakala lapho kuhlangana khona uqhwaku kanye nemandible. Ngesikhathi sokuguga, imisele yesici yakhiwa esiqongweni esibomvu somlomo.
Okubalulekile. Ngemuva kwe-molt ngayinye, uqhwaku luyancipha isikhashana ngenxa yokuxebuka kwenani lama-horny, isisekelo salo sishintsha umbala sibe mpunga onsundu, bese ichopho liyaphela.
I-puffin ayinesisindo esingeqile ku-0.5 kg ngobude obumaphakathi obungu-26-36 cm.Umbala womzimba uyaqhathanisa (phezulu okumnyama, phansi okumhlophe), ufihle inyoni engamanzi yasemanzini zombili ngasemuva kolwandle olumnyama, lapho ibukwa phezulu, futhi ingemuva nokukhanya kwesibhakabhaka, uma ibukwa ngezansi. Izimpaphe zekhanda nazo ziyi-bicolor - kusuka esisekelweni esingenhla somlomo kuya emuva kuya entanyeni kunesiqeshana sezimpaphe ezimnyama, ezithathelwa indawo yizinto ezilula ezihlathini zezinyoni.
Amehlo e-puffin mancane futhi, ngenxa yeziqu ezinesikhumba ezibomvu nezimpunga, avela angunxantathu. Ngokuncibilika kwesizini, lezi zakhiwo zesikhumba ziyanyamalala okwesikhashana futhi izindawo ezimpunga ezikhanyayo ekhanda / entanyeni zibe mnyama ngokusobala. Njengezinyoni eziningi, ezindiza kakhulu kunokubhukuda, izitho ze-puffin zikhula zisondele emsileni. Emhlabathini, indoda ekhuluphele emile ime kukholamu, njenge-penguin, incike kwizidladla ze-orange.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ama-puffin isidleke emakoloni amakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi aqukethe amashumi ezinkulungwane zamabili, uma indawo ivumela. Izinyoni zihlala emithambekeni emikhulu emihumeni eminingi emincane noma zimba imingxuma yazo (engaphezu kwemitha ukujula), ziphethe uqhwaku nezinzipho eziqinile.
Kuyathakazelisa. I-puffin ingeyezinyoni ezingandile ezigqobayo, hhayi ukudangala, kepha yimigudu emide emitha enamakamelo okwakha izidleke nendlu yangasese.
Ngemuva kokuhlela imbobo, ukuphela okushonile kundizela olwandle ukuyodoba, kuhlube izimpaphe noma ukubambana nomakhelwane. Uqhwaku luyabandakanyeka ekuhlukaniseni, kepha alufiki emanxebeni abucayi. Iziphetho ezifile zisengama-alamu - eyodwa, ethukile futhi isuka, ingavusa lonke ikoloni. Izinyoni zigijimela phezulu ngenjabulo, zihlole ugu futhi, lapho zibona ingozi, ziphindela ezidlekeni zazo.
Ngemuva kokuhlanza nokumisa izimpaphe, isiphetho esifile sisebenzisa imfihlo yendlala ye-coccygeal kuzo ukuze zigweme ukuba manzi ngokushesha. Ukubhukuda uhlangothi oluqine kakhulu lomzala wase-Arctic, ongekho ngaphansi ekubambeni kwedada, ukudilika, uma kunesidingo, kuya ku-170 m nokuhlala lapho imizuzu engu-0.5-1. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, amaphiko amafushane e-puffin asebenza njengezimpiko, kanti izinyawo ezine-webbed zinikeza isiqondiso njengama-rudders.
Le ndoda ekhuluphele enamaphiko amafushane indiza ngokungabekezeleleki, ishesha ize ifike ku-80 km / h, itekisi indiza ngezidladla eziwolintshi. Kepha emoyeni, isiphetho esifile siphelelwa amandla aso okuhamba emanzini futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi siphephe inetha elilula. Mayelana nokusuka, kuqhathaniswa kahle nesihlobo esiseduze se-murre: sikhuphuka kakhulu olwandle futhi sibi nakakhulu - sisuka emhlabathini. Isiphetho esifile sikhuphuka kalula emoyeni sisuka olwandle (sisakazeka ngokuhlekisa ebusweni bamanzi) nomhlaba, kepha-ke, asishayi phansi ngomusa kakhulu, sishaye phansi esiswini saso noma sishayeke phakathi negagasi.
Iqiniso. Phakathi kweningi lezinyoni zasemanzini, i-puffin ayihlukaniswa eyodwa, kepha inhlanganisela yezimfanelo - i-virtuoso iyabhukuda, i-deep-sea dives, izindiza ezisheshayo kanye ne-nimble, noma ngabe iyanyakaza, igijimela emhlabeni.
Abazalwane base-Arctic bacasha ngamaqembu ahlanganayo noma ngabodwa, basebenzisa lesi sikhathi emanzini. Ukuqhubeka nokuntanta, ama-puffin kufanele aqhubeke nokusebenza ngezidladla zawo, noma elele. Ukuphela kwabafileyo kumemeza ngokumangazayo, noma kunalokho kububula, kunwebeke futhi kuphindwe umsindo "A", kube sengathi kuyakhononda noma kuyakhononda.
Kuphela isikhathi esingakanani ukufa kufile
Abaqaphi bezinyoni namanje abazi ukuthi izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zingahlala kanjani endle, ngoba ukukhala kwe-puffin akunikezi imiphumela enembile. Indandatho ibekwa esidladleni, esisebenza njengethuluzi elisebenzayo lomkhonto nokumba umgodi: akumangazi ukuthi ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa umbhalo osensimbi uyasulwa (uma indandatho isemlenzeni). Kuze kube manje, irekhodi elisemthethweni liyiminyaka engama-29, yize abalindi bezinyoni besola ukuthi ama-puffin angaphila isikhathi eside.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane uboniswa ngosayizi - abesifazane abancane, kepha bancane kunabesilisa. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, ama-puffin ayakhanya: lokhu kuthinta isikhumba esiseduze kwamehlo nomlomo omkhulu, onikezwe umsebenzi omkhulu wokuheha umlingani.
Ama-subspecies wokuvimbela
I-Fratercula arctica ihlukaniswe ngama-subspecies ama-3 awaziwayo, ahlukahluka ngosayizi nobubanzi:
- Fratercula arctica arctica;
- Fratercula arctica grabae;
- I-Fratercula arctica naumanni.
Ama-puffin ama-subspecies okuqala akhula afike ku-15-17.5 cm ngobude bomlomo ka-41.7-50.2 mm (ngobude phansi kuka-3.45-3.98 cm). Izinyoni ze-subspecies F. arctica grabae, ezihlala e-Faroe Islands, zinesisindo esingaba ngu-0.4 kg ngamaphiko ubude obungeqi ku-15.8 cm. amaNaumanni ahlala enyakatho ye-Iceland futhi anesisindo esingaba ngu-650 g ubude bephiko obungu-17.2-18.6 cm.Uqhwaku lwama-puffin ase-Iceland lungama-49.7-55.8 mm ubude no-40.2-44.8 mm ubude.
Iqiniso. Ikholoni elimelele kakhulu lama-puffin lise-Iceland, lapho kuhlala khona cishe abantu abangama-60% bomhlaba weFratercula arctica.
Indawo yokuhlala
Isidleke sama-puffin ase-Atlantic emaphethelweni / eziqhingini zaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic nase-Arctic Ocean. Uhla lwezinhlobo luhlanganisa i-Arctic, izifunda ezisogwini lwenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYurophu nomkhakha osenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Ikholoni elikhulu kunawo wonke eNyakatho Melika (ngaphezu kwamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane ezingama-250) lahlala eningizimu yeSt.John's, esiqiwini semvelo iWitless Bay.
Ezinye izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu zama-puffin zitholakale kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- entshonalanga nasenyakatho yeNorway;
- ogwini lwaseNewfoundland;
- Iziqhingi zaseFaroe;
- ugu olusentshonalanga yeGreenland;
- Iziqhingi zase-Orkney naseShetland.
Amakoloni amancane atholakala eSvalbard, eBritish Isles, eLabrador naseNova Scotia peninsula. Ezweni lakithi, iningi lama-puffin ahlala eziqhingini zase-Ainovsky (ugu lwaseMurmansk). Futhi, amakoloni amancane abonakele eNovaya Zemlya, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNhlonhlo yaseKola naseziqhingini eziseduze.
Iqiniso. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokukhwelana, ama-puffin atholakala e-Arctic Ocean, kufaka phakathi iNorth Sea, evela ngezikhathi ezithile e-Arctic Circle.
Abazala base-Arctic bathanda ukwakha izidleke eziqhingini, bagweme imiphetho yezwe uma kungenzeka. Ikhaya eliyisibonelo le-puffin liyisiqhingi esihlangene noma iwa elinezindonga ezinamadwala amakhulu, embozwe ungqimba lwenhlabathi ene-peaty phezulu, lapho ungamba khona izimbobo. Ama-puffin ahlala esitezi sokugcina, ashiya omakhelwane abaphansi - ama-kitties, ama-guillemots, i-auk nezinye izinyoni zamanzi.
Ukudla okuphelile
Amanzi olwandle awaqandeki emakhazeni akhanyayo, asetshenziswa ngama-puffin asebenolwazi (ngokungafani nezimbungulu) imithombo yawo yokudla yangaphakathi. Izinyoni zivame ukugwinya izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe, ngaphandle kokuvela, zivele phezulu kuphela ngezinhlobo ezinkulu.
Ukudla kokuphela kokufa kungukuthi:
- i-hake ne-herring gazinga;
- gerbil futhi capelin;
- i-herring;
- izihlabathi zesihlabathi;
- izimbaza nezimfanzi.
Kuyathakazelisa. Isiphetho esifile siphethe izindebe emlonyeni ngosizo lolimi lwaso kanye nezingwegwe ezibukhali, lapho sibeka khona inhlawulo yenhlanzi. Ngisho nokufa okufile akuvumeli ukuthi kubambe - umlomo wayo ucindezelwe kakhulu.
Ama-puffin asejwayele ukuzingela izinhlanzi ezingekho ngaphezu kuka-7 cm, kepha angakwazi ukubhekana nesisulu ngokuphindwe kabili (kufika ku-18 cm). I-puffin yabantu abadala idla cishe izinhlanzi ezingama-40 ngosuku, isisindo sayo esiphelele singu-0.1-0.3 kg. Ngokuphazima kweso, le nyoni ibamba cishe ishumi nambili, kodwa icala lichazwa ngezinhlanzi ezingama-62 zilenga emlonyeni womdobi onezimpaphe. Ngakho-ke, ngamaqoqo, ama-puffin athwala isisulu samantshontsho akhulayo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukuphela kokufa kukodwa futhi kunamathiselwe ezindaweni zakubo: entwasahlobo ubuyela ezweni lakubo, imvamisa emigodini yakhe yokuhlala. Ukuqomisana kuqukethe ukuzulazula kanye "nokuqabula" (imilomo ethinta inhliziyo). Indoda ikhombisa amakhono omzingeli, iletha inhlanzi kowesifazane futhi ifakazele ukuthi izokwazi ukondla amaphuphu. Lezi zithandani zimba umgodi ndawonye, zibeka isidleke ekugcineni, zivikeleke ngokwethembeka esimweni sezulu esibi nakudliwayo olunezimpaphe. Amaqanda (angaphansi kaningi - amabili) ama-puffin ayafukama, abuyisana. Njengoba ichanyuselwe, iphuphu lihlala esidlekeni inyanga yonke, kanye namanye amasonto ambalwa - emnyango womgodi, licashe kuwo uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi.
Kuyathakazelisa. Kuzungezwa umjikelezo ongapheli phezu kwekoloni le-puffin, ngoba umlingani obuya nokubamba akakaze ahlale phansi ngokushesha, kepha uzungeza eweni imizuzu engu-15-20. Lapho eyokuqala ifika, eyesibili iyasuswa esidlekeni bese indizela olwandle.
Ama-puffin amancane anemilenze nombala onsundu, izihlathi zilula kancane kunalezo zabazali babo, futhi izimpaphe emakhanda abo azimnyama, kodwa zimpunga emnyama. Izimpaphe zezingane zishintsha kancane kancane (ngaphezu kweminyaka eminingana) ziye kumuntu omdala. Ekwindla, ama-puffin ahamba ngemuva kwezinhlanzi ezibheke eNtshonalanga ye-Atlantic. Intsha engazazi kahle izisekelo zokundiza ikwenza ngokubhukuda.
Izitha zemvelo
Ukuphela kokufa akunazitha eziningi zemvelo, kepha izinhlanzi ezinkulu zasolwandle, ezibandakanya i-kleptoparasitism (ukulumula isisulu ngokubamba inkunzi), zamukelwa njengezilimaza kakhulu. Abazigcini ezinhlanzini ezifile ezigezwe ogwini, kepha basusa izinhlanzi ezisanda kubanjwa ezibuthakathaka ezinyonini futhi zibhubhise izidleke zazo.
Uhlu lwezitha zemvelo zokuphela kwesikhathi olufile lubandakanya:
- i-skua emfushane;
- inhlanzi enkulu yasolwandle;
- umqashi;
- i-merlin;
- ukuqeda;
- impungushe yase-arctic.
AbakwaSkuas baphanga inqwaba - omunye ubamba efile, kanti omunye usika umgwaqo, ebaphoqa ukuthi bayeke indebe. Kuliqiniso, abaphangi abanezimpaphe abalokothi baphange abazalwane base-Arctic esikhunjeni, ukuze bangabalisi indlala. Isidlakudla esinegazi eliningi ngokumelene nesizinda sama-skuas sibukeka njengendoda eqothule ngonya ama-puffin abantu abadala, amatshwele namaqanda abo ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kweNyakatho ye-Atlantic. Ndawonye nabantu, amagundane, izinja namakati beza kulezi zindawo, beqedela ukubhujiswa kwezinjongo ezifile ezingenabungozi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengoba inyama yama-puffin icishe ifane nezinhlanzi, azimbiwa ukuze zidliwe, kodwa ngenhloso yenjabulo. Emazweni amaningi lapho kuhlala khona abazalwane base-Arctic, ukuzingela akuvunyelwe, ikakhulukazi lapho bondla amaphuphu. Kwamanye amazwe, ukudoba kuvunyelwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Ama-puffin manje ayabanjwa e-Faroe Islands, e-Iceland nasezingxenyeni zaseNorway, kufaka phakathi neLofoten Islands. Ngokwe-IUCN, inani labantu baseYurophu linabantu abavuthiwe abayizigidi eziyi-9.55-11.6.6, kanti inani lomhlaba wonke lilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyi-12-14.
Okubalulekile. Ezizukulwaneni ezintathu ezizayo (kufika ku-2065), isibalo sabantu baseYurophu kulindeleke ukuthi sehle ngo-50-79%. Lo mkhuba oyingozi unikezwe ukuthi i-Europe ibalelwa ngaphezu kwe-90% yemfuyo yomhlaba.
Izizathu zokwehliswa kwenani lobunzima:
- ukungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle, ikakhulukazi uwoyela;
- ukudalwa kwezinhlobo ezingafuneki;
- ukudotshwa ngokweqile kwe-hake ne-cod (ama-puffin adla gazinga lawo);
- ukufa kwezinyoni ezindala emanetheni;
- ukuvezwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezikhukhulwe yimifula olwandle;
- ezokuvakasha ezinzulu.
I-Atlantic Puffin ibhalwe ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List futhi yaziwa njengezinhlobo ezisengozini. Kuze kube unyaka we-2015, i-Fratercula arctica ibinezinga eliphansi lobungozi - uhlobo oluphume engozini.
