I-Steller sea lion - isilwane esikhulu nesibabazekayo esivela emndenini wezimpawu zezimpawu ezinamacici. Yathola igama layo lesibili ngekhulu le-18, lapho umhloli wamazwe waseJalimane uGeorg Wilhelm Steller, ngokokuqala ngqá ebona lolu phawu olukhulu olunokubuna okukhulu nentamo, olufana nemane ekude nokuzwa ukubhonga kwalo, lakuqhathanisa nengonyama kumanothi akhe. Ngokulandelayo, ukuhlonipha owatholayo, lolu hlobo lwaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi: Ingonyama yasolwandle yasenyakatho yaseSteller.
Incazelo ye-Steller sea lion
Ibhubesi lasolwandle iSteller yisilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke emndenini wamabhubesi asolwandle, nawo, angawomndeni wezimpawu zamacici ezilengisiwe. Lesi silwane esinamandla, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, isilwane esinomusa esihlala enyakatho yesifunda sePacific, phambilini sasiyinhlobo yezilwane eziyigugu, kepha manje ukuzingela izingonyama zasolwandle kumisiwe ngokuphelele.
Ukubukeka
Ubukhulu babantu abadala bale nhlobo, kuye ngobulili, bungafinyelela ku-300-350 cm kwabesilisa no-260 cm kwabesifazane. Isisindo salezi zilwane naso sibalulekile: kusuka ku-350 kuye ku-1000 kg.
Inhloko yengonyama yasolwandle iyindilinga futhi incane uma iqhathaniswa nentamo eqinile nenamandla nomzimba omkhulu. Isifonyo sibanzi, siguquliwe kancane, sifana ngokungafani nesifonyo se-pug noma i-bulldog. Izindlebe zibekwe phansi, ziyindilinga futhi zincane kakhulu ngosayizi.
Amehlo amnyama, kunalokho avelele, ahlukene kakhulu, awakhulu kakhulu, kepha ayabonisa. Umbala wamehlo wengonyama yolwandle unombala onsundu, ikakhulukazi wemithunzi emnyama.
Ikhala linemibala embalwa emnyama kunombala oyinhloko wejazi, likhulu, linamakhala abanzi ngesimo se-oval enwetshiwe. Ama-Vibrissae made futhi aqinile. Kwabanye abantu abakhulu, ubude babo bungafinyelela kuma-60 cm.
Umzimba umile okokuphotha, ujiyile futhi mkhulu ngaphambili, kepha uthinta phansi kakhulu. Amaphiko anamandla futhi anamandla, avumela isilwane ukuba sihambe emhlabeni, sithembele kuzo futhi sidingekile ukubhukuda olwandle.
Ijazi leli lifushane futhi liqinile, libukeka lithambile futhi licwebezele uma ukude, kepha, empeleni, lihle kakhulu futhi liqukethe i-awn. Ingubo yangaphansi, uma ikhona, ayinkulu kakhulu futhi ayinekhwalithi eyanele. Uboya bezinwele obuqinile buvikela umzimba wengonyama yasolwandle ematsheni abukhali lapho uhamba ezweni. Ezikhunjeni zalezi zilwane, ungabona kaningi izindawo ezinoboya obugugile, okuyiyona mphumela yokuxhumana kwesikhumba sebhubesi lolwandle elinendawo engalingani enamadwala.
Abesilisa balezi zinhlobo banokufana kwemane entanyeni, okwakhiwe izinwele ezinde. Imane lengonyama yolwandle akuyona nje "umhlobiso" wokuhlobisa kanye nesibonakaliso sesibindi somnikazi wayo, kepha futhi iyithuluzi lokuvikela elivikela abesilisa ekulunyweni okungathi sína yizimbangi ngesikhathi sezimpi.
Umbala womzimba wezingonyama zasolwandle ezisenyakatho zikaSteller uncike eminyakeni yobudala besilwane nasesizini. Amabhubesi asolwandle azalwa acishe abe mnyama, ebusheni umbala wamajazi awo oba nsundu ngokukhanyayo. Njengoba ikhula ngokuqhubekayo, uboya besilwane bukhanya ngokwengeziwe. Ngenkathi yasebusika, umbala wengonyama yasolwandle ufana nombala woshokoledi wobisi, kanti ehlobo ukhanya uthayi onsundu onsundu ngokumbozwa okuncane.
Umbala wejazi, njengomthetho, awufani ngokuphelele: emzimbeni wesilwane kunezindawo zemibala ehlukene yombala ofanayo. Ngakho-ke, imvamisa, ingxenye ephezulu yomzimba webhubesi lolwandle ilula kunaleyo engezansi, kanti amaphiko, aqala ukuba mnyama ngokushesha eduze kwesisekelo, aba mnyama phansi embala onsundu onsundu. Ngasikhathi sinye, abanye abantu abadala balezi zinhlobo babukeka bumnyama kakhulu kunabanye, okungenzeka ukuthi, isici sabo, esingahlobene nobulili, noma ubudala, noma indawo yokuhlala.
Ukuziphatha, indlela yokuphila
Umjikelezo waminyaka yonke empilweni yalezi zilwane uhlukaniswe izikhathi ezimbili: ukuzulazula, okubizwa nangokuthi ukuzulazula, kanye ne-rookery. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngesikhathi sokuhambahamba, amabhubesi olwandle awahambi kude olwandle futhi njalo abuyela ogwini ngemuva kokufuduka okufushane nokufushane. Lezi zilwane zinamathele ngokuqinile ezingxenyeni ezithile zendawo yazo futhi zizama ukungazishiyi isikhathi eside.
Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho kufika isikhathi sokuzalanisa, amabhubesi olwandle eza ogwini ukuze abe nesikhathi sokuhlala ezindaweni ezihamba phambili kule rookery. Okokuqala, abesilisa kuphela abonakala ogwini, lapho insimu ihlukaniswe phakathi kwe-rookery. Njengoba sebethathe ingxenye efanelekile yama-rookery, ngamunye wabo uvikela indawo yakhe ekungeneleleni kwezimbangi, ebaxwayisa ngokubhonga okunolaka ukuthi umnikazi ngeke anikele indawo yakhe ngaphandle kokulwa.
Abesifazane bavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Eduze kwesilisa ngasinye esidala, kwakhiwa i-harem yamaningana (imvamisa abesifazane aba-5-20). Njengomthetho, amabhubesi olwandle abeka ama-rookeries endaweni eyisicaba futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuphela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-10-15 ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle.
Ngalesi sikhathi, izilwane nazo ziyaqhubeka nokuvikela ngentshiseko indawo yazo, zivame ukukhombisa ukuhlukumeza izimbangi.
Ngaphezu kwama-harems "omndeni", amabhubesi asolwandle nawo anama-rookeries "ama-bachelor": akhiwa abesilisa abancane abangakafiki eminyakeni efanelekile yokuzalanisa. Kwesinye isikhathi bahlanganiswa nabesilisa asebekhule kakhulu futhi abangasakwazi ukumelana nezimbangi ezisencane, kanye nabesilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi, abathi ngasizathu simbe babengenaso isikhathi sokuthola izindlakazi.
E-rookery, ibhubesi lasolwandle lendoda liziphatha ngokuthula: ziyabhonga, futhi ukubhonga kwazo, okukhumbuza ukubhonga kwebhubesi noma impempe yesitimu, kusakazeka kude nomakhelwane. Izinsikazi namazinyane nazo zenza imisindo ehlukile: ukubhonga kwangaphambilini kufana nokukhala kwenkomo, futhi amawundlu akhala njengezimvu.
Amabhubesi olwandle iSteller akhombisa ukungabethembi abantu futhi anolaka ngisho nolaka. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukubamba lesi silwane siphila, ngoba silwa kuze kube sekugcineni. Kungakho izingonyama zasolwandle cishe zingalokothi zigcinwe ekuthunjweni. Kodwa-ke, kunecala elaziwayo lapho ibhubesi lasolwandle elisenyakatho likaSteller lenza ubungane nabantu futhi laze lafika etendeni labo lizothola injabulo.
Mangaki amabhubesi olwandle ahlala
Isikhathi sokuphila samabhubesi asolwandle cishe siyiminyaka engama-25-30.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesilisa balezi zinhlobo bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane: abesilisa bangaba kabili noma cishe kathathu kusindwe kunabesifazane futhi babe cishe kabili ubude.
Amathambo kwabesifazane alula, umzimba uzacile, intamo nesifuba kunciphile, futhi amakhanda anomusa kakhulu hhayi ayindilinga njengawesilisa. Umhlwenga wezinwele ezinde entanyeni nape awukho kwabesifazane.
Omunye umehluko wobulili yimisindo eyenziwa yilezi zilwane. Umdumo wabesilisa uya ngokwanda futhi uyaginqika, kufana nokubhonga kwengonyama. Abesifazane moo njengezinkomo.
Indawo yokuhlala
ERussia, amabhubesi olwandle angatholakala e-Kuril nase-Commander Islands, eKamchatka naseLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhubesi asolwandle asenyakatho atholakala cishe kulo lonke iNorth Pacific Ocean. Ikakhulu, bangabonakala ngasogwini lwaseJapan, Canada nase-United States.
Amabhubesi olwandle iSteller akhetha ukuhlala emanzini asogwini angaphansi komhlaba, ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile nesipholile. Ngezikhathi ezithile lapho bethutha babhukuda baye eningizimu: ikakhulukazi, babonwa besogwini lwaseCalifornia.
Lapho eza ogwini, amabhubesi olwandle asungula ama-rooker ezindaweni ezisicaba eziseduze nemifula namatshe, okuyizithiyo zemvelo kumagagasi esiphepho noma avumela izilwane ukuba zicashe phakathi kwezinqwaba zamatshe ngesikhathi sezinto zasolwandle ezidlangile.
Ukudla kwebhubesi lasolwandle
Ukudla kusekelwe kuma-molluscs, womabili ama-bivalves nama-cephalopods, njenge-squid noma i-octopus. Futhi, izingonyama zasolwandle nezinhlanzi kuyadliwa: i-pollock, i-halibut, i-herring, i-capelin, i-greenling, i-flounder, i-sea bass, i-cod, i-salmon, i-gobies.
Ekuphishekeleni inyamazane, ibhubesi lasolwandle lingadonsela ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-100-140, futhi, lapho libona isikole sezinhlanzi sisuka ogwini, lingene emanzini lisuka ogwini olumqengqo ngobude obungamamitha angama-20-25.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokukhwela kwamabhubesi asolwandle asenyakatho kaSteller siqala entwasahlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi, bashiya ulwandle futhi, sebephumele emhlabathini, bakha ama-harem lapho, lapho abesifazane abaningi bebuthele owesilisa oyedwa. Ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwensimu, ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwama-harems, izimpi ezinegazi nokuthunjwa kwendawo yakwamanye amazwe akuphelile. Kepha ngemuva kokuvela kwabesifazane osebeni, umzabalazo wezindawo ezihamba phambili ze-rookery uyama. Abesilisa, ababengenaso isikhathi sokuthatha indawo yabo, bathatha umhlalaphansi baye kwenye i-rookery, ehlelwe ngabesilisa abangatholanga abesifazane, kuyilapho labo abasala erokishini elijwayelekile beqala inkathi yokuzalanisa.
Ibhubesi lasolwandle lensikazi lizala izingane isikhathi esingangonyaka, futhi entwasahlobo elandelayo, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokufika e-rookery, izala izinyane elilodwa elikhulu, isisindo salo esivele sifinyelela ku-20 kg. Lapho izalwa, ingane imbozwa ngezinwele ezimnyama ezimnyama noma, kaningi, ezinesihlabathi.
Amantshontsho, noma, njengoba abizwa nangokuthi, imidlwane yamabhubesi asolwandle, abukeka eheha impela: anamakhanda ayisiyingi anamehlo ahlukanisiwe abanzi, isifonyo esifinyeziwe, esishintshiwe kancane nezindlebe ezincane eziyindilinga, okubenza bafana namabhere ka-teddy.
Kakade sekuphele isonto kuzelwe leli nduna, insikazi iphinde ilingane nendoda, ngemuva kwalokho ibuyele ekunakekeleni ingane esivele ikhona. Uyondla futhi amvikele ngokucophelela kubantu angabazi, ngakho-ke, ngalesi sikhathi, unolaka impela.
Abesilisa, njengomthetho, abakhombisi ubutha maqondana namazinyane. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi emabhubesini olwandle kukhona amacala odla inyama, lapho abesilisa abadala bedla imidlwane yabanye abantu. Ososayensi bakuthola kunzima ukusho ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka: mhlawumbe iqiniso ukuthi laba bantu abadala, ngasizathu simbe, abakwazi ukuzingela olwandle. Futhi, phakathi kwezizathu ezingaba khona zokuziphatha okungajwayelekile kwebhubesi lasolwandle, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuvela ezilwaneni ngazinye zalezi zinhlobo nakho kuthiwa.
Ama-Harems aqhekeka phakathi nehlobo, emva kwalokho amawundlu ahlala futhi azingele kanye nabazali bawo emhlanjini ofanayo.
Kuze kube izinyanga ezintathu, abesifazane babafundisa ukubhukuda futhi bathole ukudla bebodwa, emva kwalokho amabhubesi asolwandle amancane asekwenza ngokwabo ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, abantu abasha bahlala nonina isikhathi eside kakhulu: kuze kufike eminyakeni eyi-4. Ngasikhathi sinye, abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi ngeminyaka emi-3-6, nabesilisa ngeminyaka engu-5-7.
Phakathi kwamabhubesi olwandle, kunesimo esingavamisile ukubonwa kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo: abesifazane, amadodakazi abo asevele ekwazile ukukhiqiza inzalo ngokwabo, basaqhubeka nokuzondla ngobisi lwabo.
Izitha zemvelo
Isilwane esikhulu kangaka njengengonyama yasolwandle asikwazi ukuba nezitha eziningi emvelweni. Ngokuyinhloko, amabhubesi asolwandle asenyakatho azingelwa yimikhomo ebulalayo noshaka, futhi ngisho nalokho, ngokuvamile, kuyingozi kuphela kumawundlu kanye nabantu abasha abangakabi naso isikhathi sokukhula ngokugcwele.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Amabhubesi asolwandle awasongelwa ngokuqothulwa esikhathini samanje, kepha inani lawo labantu ngesizathu esithile lehle kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa nenani lemfuyo kuma-70-80s wekhulu lama-20. Ngokusobala, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 ukubanjwa kwe-pollock, herring nezinye izinhlanzi ezithengiswayo, ezakha ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwamabhubesi asolwandle, kwanda. Kuphakanyiswe nokuthi ukwehla kwesibalo samabhubesi asolwandle kungenxa yokuthi imikhomo ebulala oshaka baqala ukuzizingela ngenkuthalo. Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu nakho kwaqanjwa phakathi kwezizathu ezingenzeka. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2013, kwaqala ukubuyiswa kwemvelo okungaqondakali kwenani lamabhubesi asolwandle, kangangokuthi baze basuswa ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini e-United States.
Yize iqiniso lokuthi izingonyama zasolwandle azisongelwa ngokuqedwa okwamanje, lolu hlobo lubalwa eRussia esigabeni sesi-2 seRed Book. Amabhubesi asolwandle aseSteller nawo anikezwe isimo semvelo samazwe omhlaba sokongiwa kwemvelo "Sondela endaweni esengozini".
Amabhubesi asolwandle yizimpawu ezinkulu kakhulu, okutadisha kwawo kuphazanyiswa iqiniso lokuthi lezi zilwane azigcinwa ekuthunjweni, kepha ezimweni zemvelo ziyaxwaya abantu, futhi, kwesinye isikhathi, zinobutha. Umxhwele, unamandla futhi unamandla, amabhubesi asolwandle asenyakatho eSteller ahlala ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwesifunda sasePacific, lapho ahlela khona ama-rooker amaningi ogwini lwamadwala neziqhingi. Ngezinsuku zasehlobo, ukuduma kwamabhubesi asolwandle, afana nezimpondo zesitimu, noma ukukhala, noma ngisho nokukhala kwezimvu, kusakazekela ezindaweni eziseduze. Lezi zilwane, ezake zaba uhlobo oluyigugu lwezohwebo, njengamanje ziyavikelwa, okuzinika ithuba elihle lokusinda nokubuyiselwa kwesibalo esedlule esikhathini esizayo.
