I-icefish, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-pike whitefish kanye ne-pike ejwayelekile enegazi elimhlophe (i-Champsocephalus gunnari), iyisakhamuzi sasemanzini somndeni esibizwa nge-White-blooded fish. Igama elithi "ice" noma "ice fish" kwesinye isikhathi lisetshenziswa njengegama lomndeni wonke, kanye nabamele bayo ngazinye, kufaka phakathi i-crocodile kanye ne-whale whitefish.
Incazelo yezinhlanzi zeqhwa
Ngisho nabadobi bemikhomo baseNorway ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, izindaba zazisatshalaliswa kakhulu ukuthi e-Antarctic ekude, eduze nesiqhingi saseNingizimu Georgia, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Atlantic Ocean, kunezinhlanzi ezibukeka zingajwayelekile ezinegazi elingenambala. Kungenxa yalesi sici ukuthi laba bantu abahlala emanzini abangajwayelekile babizwa ngokuthi "abangenagazi" futhi "yiqhwa".
Kuyathakazelisa! Namuhla, ngokuya nge-systematization eqinile yesimanje, i-white-blooded, noma i-ice-fishes, yabelwe i-oda lePerchiformes, lapho izakhamuzi zasemanzini ezinjalo zimelwe yizinhlobo eziyishumi nanye, kanye nezinhlobo eziyishumi nesithupha.
Kodwa-ke, imfihlakalo enjalo yemvelo ayizange ivuse ngokushesha intshisekelo yososayensi abaningi abangabazayo, ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuqala ucwaningo lwesayensi ngezinhlanzi kuphela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Ukwahlukaniswa kwesayensi (taxonomy) kwenziwa ngusosayensi wezilwane waseSweden u-Einar Lenberg.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
Iqhwa yinhlanzi enkulu... Kubantu abavela eSouth Georgia, abantu abadala bezinhlobo zezilwane bavame ukufika kubude obungu-65-66 cm, ngesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-1.0-1.2 kg. Ubukhulu obukhulu bezinhlanzi ezirekhodwe eduze kwendawo yaseNingizimu Georgia kwakungu-69.5 cm, enesisindo esiphelele esingu-3.2 kg. Indawo eseduze nesiqhingi saseKerguelen ibonakala ngendawo yezinhlanzi enobude bomzimba obungaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-45.
Umphetho wokuqala we-dorsal unemisebe ye-spiny eguquguqukayo engu-7-10, kanti i-dorsal fin yesibili inemisebe ehlukanisiwe engama-35-41. Ingquza yangemuva yenhlanzi iqukethe imisebe engu-35-40 ecacisiwe. Okucacile kwengxenye yokuqala engezansi yekhothamo le-branchial ukuba khona kweziqu ze-branchial eziyi-11-20, kuyilapho inani eliphelele lama-vertebrae liyizingcezu ezingama-58-64.
Inhlanzi yeqhwa inomzimba omfishane futhi omncane. Umgogodla we-rostral eduze nesiqongo se-snout awukho nhlobo. Ingxenye ephezulu yomhlathi ongezansi itholakala kulayini owodwa oqondile nesiqongo somhlathi ongaphezulu. Ukuphakama kwekhanda elikhudlwana kukhulu kancane kunobude bempumulo. Umlomo wenhlanzi mkhulu, unqenqema lwangemuva lomhlathi ongaphezulu lufinyelela engxenyeni engaphambili yesithathu yengxenye yomzimba. Amehlo enhlanzi makhulu ngokwedlulele, futhi isikhala sezinhlanga ezahlukene sibanzi ngokulingene.
Imiphetho engaphandle yamathambo ebunzi ngenhla kwamehlo ayalingana, ngaphandle kokuthimula, awaphakanyisiwe nakancane. Amaphiko amabili omgogodla aphansi impela, athinta izisekelo noma ahlukaniswe kancane isikhala esincane esiphakathi nendawo. Emzimbeni wabahlali basemanzini kukhona imigqa ye-lateral (medial and dorsal), ngaphandle kobukhona bezingxenye zamathambo. Amaphiko esiswini anobude obulinganiselayo, futhi imisebe emikhulu emikhulu ayifinyeleli esinqeni sesiphetho sendunu. I-fin ye-caudal ayifakwanga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amaphiko we-caudal, anal, kanye ne-dorsal wamalungu amadala alezi zinhlobo anombala omnyama noma omnyama, kanti amancane kunawo wonke abonakala ngamaphiko alula.
Umbala womzimba jikelele wezinhlanzi zeqhwa uboniswa ngombala okhanyayo osampunga. Endaweni yesisu somzimba womuntu ohlala emanzini, umbala omhlophe ukhona. Indawo engemuva nenhloko yezinhlanzi ezingazweli emakhazeni zinombala omnyama. Imivimbo emi mpo emise okungajwayelekile ibonwa ezinhlangothini zomzimba, phakathi kwayo imivimbo emine emnyama kakhulu.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
I-Icefish itholakala kwizinqolobane zemvelo ekujuleni kwe-650-800 m. Ngenxa yezici ezisobala zokwakheka kwegazi ngamakhemikhali, ngenani elingabalulekile lamaseli abomvu egazi ne-hemoglobin egazini, abamele lezi zinhlobo bazizwa benethezekile emazingeni okushisa amanzi we-0оС futhi ngisho nangaphansi kancane. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngenxa yendlela yokuphila nezakhiwo, izinhlanzi zeqhwa azinalo iphunga elithile elithokozisayo lezinhlanzi, futhi inyama yenhlanzi enjalo imnandi kancane, ithambile futhi imnandi kakhulu ekunambithekeni kwayo.
Indima enkulu enqubweni yokuphefumula ayidlalwa yizifo, kepha isikhumba seminwe nomzimba wonke... Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingqikithi yenethiwekhi ye-capillary yenhlanzi enjalo icishe iphindwe kathathu kunendawo yokuphefumula ye-gill. Isibonelo, inethiwekhi eminyene yama-capillary isici se-Kerguelen whitebird, efinyelela kubude obungu-45 mm kumamilimitha ayisikwele esikhumba ngasinye.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani inhlanzi yeqhwa
Izinhlanzi zeqhwa zijwayeza ngokuphelele indawo engeyinhle, kepha inhliziyo yomuntu ohlala emanzini ishaya kancane kaningi kunezinhlanzi eziningi, ngakho-ke isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabantu asidluli amashumi amabili eminyaka.
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokwabiwa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ingeyesigaba sezikhawu ze-Circ-Antarctic. Ububanzi nezindawo zokuhlala ikakhulukazi zigcinelwe eziqhingini, ezitholakala ngaphakathi komngcele wengxenye esenyakatho ye-Antarctic Convergence. ENtshonalanga Antarctica, kutholakala i-icefish eduzane naseShag Rocks, iSouth Georgia Island, iSouth Sandwich ne-Orkney Islands, kanye neShetland South Islands.
Kuyathakazelisa! Emanzini abandayo ajulile, i-icefish inyuse ukujikeleza kwegazi, okuqinisekiswa ngosayizi omkhulu wenhliziyo nomsebenzi okhulu kakhulu walesi sitho sangaphakathi.
Abantu be-Icefish bayaziwa eduze nesiQhingi saseBouvet futhi eduze komngcele osenyakatho weNhlonhlo Yase-Antarctic. E-East Antarctica, uhla lwezinhlobo lilinganiselwe emabhange naseziqhingini zedonga elingaphansi kwamanzi laseKerguelen, kufaka phakathi isiqhingi iKhones of Kerguelen, iSchuchya, Yuzhnaya kanye namabhange aseSkif, kanye nensimu yeziqhingi zaseMcDonald's naseHeard.
Ukudla kwe-Icefish
I-Icefish yisilwane esivamile esidlayo. Izakhamuzi zasemanzini ezinjalo ezibandayo zikhetha ukondla impilo yasolwandle engezansi. Esikhathini esiningi, ama-squid, ama-krill nezinhlanzi ezinosayizi omncane baba yizisulu zabamele abakwaRay-finned fish class, i-Perch-like order kanye nomndeni wezinhlanzi onegazi elimhlophe.
Ngokuqondile ngenxa yokuthi ukudla okuyinhloko kwezinhlanzi zeqhwa yi-krill, inyama enoshukela nethenda yesakhamuzi esinjalo sasemanzini icishe ikhumbuze ama-prawn enkosi ngokunambitheka kwawo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izinhlanzi yizilwane ezi-dioecious. Abesifazane bakha amaqanda - amaqanda akhula ngaphakathi kwamaqanda. Banolwelwesi oluguquguqukayo noluzacile, oluqinisekisa ukukhulelwa okusheshayo nokulula. Ukuhamba nge-oviduct, amaqanda aphuma ngokuvula kwangaphandle okuseduze ne-anus.
Abesilisa bakha isidoda. Zitholakala kuma-testes abhangqiwe abizwa ngobisi futhi amele uhlobo lwesistimu ngendlela yamatubules angena emgodini wokuhambisa. Ngaphakathi kwama-vas deferens kunengxenye enwetshiwe ngokuphawulekayo, emelwe yi-vesicle yesidoda. Ukukhishwa koketshezi lwesidoda ngabesilisa, kanye nokuzala kwabesifazane, kwenziwa ngasikhathi sinye.
Ama-Extremophiles, afaka phakathi abameleli besigaba sezinhlanzi ezenzelwe amaRay, ukuhleleka kwezinhlanzi zePercoid kanye nomndeni wezinhlanzi onegazi elimhlophe, sebelungele inqubo yokukhiqiza esebenzayo kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka emibili ubudala. Ngesikhathi sokuzala ekwindla, abesifazane bachamusela eqandeni elilodwa nohhafu kuye emaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu. Amafry asanda kuzalwa adla kuphela eplankton, kepha akhule futhi akhule kancane.
Izitha zemvelo
Kukhona into ekhethekile ngaphansi kwezikali zenhlanzi yase-Antarctic e-extremophilic evimbela umzimba ekuqandeni emanzini abandayo ajulile.... Ekujuleni okujule kakhulu, abamele izinhlobo ze-Icefish abanazo izitha eziningi kakhulu, futhi okusebenza kakhulu, cishe ukudonsa unyaka wonke ngenhloso yokuhweba kungabeka ingozi ekhethekile kubantu bonke.
Inani lokuhweba
Iqhwa ingenye yezinhlanzi eziyigugu kwezohwebo. Isisindo esimaphakathi senhlanzi enjalo yemakethe singahluka ngaphakathi kwama-100-1000 amagremu, nobude obungu-25-35 cm.Inyama ye-Icefish iqukethe inani elibalulekile lezinto ezibalulekile, kufaka phakathi i-potassium, i-phosphorus, i-fluorine namanye ama-microelements awusizo emzimbeni womuntu.
Ensimini yaseRussia, ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo okuphezulu, futhi ngenxa yokuqhela okukhulu nobunzima obuthile besifunda sokukhiqiza ngobuningi, i-icefish namuhla ingeyesigaba sentengo ye-premium. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo zomkhakha wokudoba wangesikhathi seSoviet, imikhiqizo enjalo yezinhlanzi kwakungeyayo, kanye ne-pollock ne-blue whiting, kuphela esigabeni samanani aphansi kakhulu.
Izinhlanzi zeqhwa ezingamelana namakhaza zinamafutha aminyene, athambile kakhulu, anamafutha aphansi ngokuphelele (2-8 g wamafutha nge-100 g yesisindo) kanye nekhalori eliphansi (80-140 kcal nge-100 g) yenyama. Okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni okuphakathi cishe kungu-16-17%. Inyama ayinamathambo. I-icefish ayinawo amathambo ezimbambo noma amathambo amancane kakhulu, inomphetho othambile kuphela futhi ocishe udliwe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Iqiniso elithandekayo ngukuthi izikelemu ezimhlophe zegazi zihlala kuphela ezifundeni ezihlanzekile kakhulu zemvelo zeplanethi yethu, ngakho-ke inyama yazo eyigugu ibonakala ngokungabikho okuphelele kwanoma yiziphi izinto eziyingozi.
Lapho upheka, kunconywa ukuthi ukhethe izinhlobo zokupheka ezimnene kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ukupheka noma ukupheka kwesitimu. Ochwepheshe benyama enjalo bavame ukulungiselela i-aspic esihlwabusayo nenempilo evela ezinhlanzini zeqhwa, futhi eJapane, izitsha ezenziwa ngenyama yalomhlali wasemanzini esesimweni sayo esiluhlaza zithandwa kakhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengamanje, abamele isigaba se-Ray-finned fishes, i-oda lePerchiformes kanye nomndeni izinhlanzi ezinegazi elimhlophe zibanjwa yimigwaqo yesimanje yokujula maphakathi naseSouth Orkney naseShetland Islands, eSouth Georgia naseKerguelen. Inani eliphelele lezinhlanzi zasolwandle olumelana namakhaza ajulile abanjwa minyaka yonke kulezi zindawo zehluka ngaphakathi kwamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1.0-4.5. Emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi inhlanzi ibizwa nge-icefish, kanti emazweni akhuluma iSpanishi ibizwa ngokuthi yi-pez hielo.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Inhlanzi yeChoho
- Izinhlanzi zeCatfish
- Izinhlanzi zeHalibut
- Inhlanzi yezinhlanzi
Ensimini yaseFrance, abamele lolu hlobo oluyigugu banikezwe igama lothando kakhulu elithi poisson des glaces antarctique, elihumusha ngesiRashiya ngokuthi "inhlanzi yeqhwa lase-Antarctic". Abadobi baseRussia namuhla abalubambi "iqhwa", futhi kuphela izinhlanzi ezingenisiwe, ezibanjwe yimikhumbi yamanye amazwe, ezigcina ezibalweni zemakethe yasekhaya. Ngokusho kwemithombo eminingi yesayensi, okwamanje, izinhlobo zezentengiselwano ezibalulekile ezihlala endaweni yase-Antarctic azisongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele.
