Inhlanzi ye-coelacanth iyisixhumanisi esiseduze kakhulu phakathi kwezinhlanzi nezidalwa zokuqala eziphila emanzini ezenze ushintsho zisuka olwandle zaya ezweni esikhathini se-Devonia eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-408-362 edlule. Phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi yonke inhlobo yezilwane yanyamalala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane, kwaze kwaba yilapho omunye wabamele bayo ebanjwa ngabadobi baseNingizimu Afrika ngo-1938. Kusukela lapho, ziye zafundwa ngenkuthalo, yize kuze kube namuhla kusenezimfihlo eziningi ezizungeze i-coelacanth yenhlanzi yangaphambi komlando.
Incazelo ye-coelacanth
ICoelacanths yavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-350 edlule kanti kukholakala ukuthi inenqwaba yomhlaba.... Isikhathi eside, bekukholelwa ukuthi zaphela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-80 eyedlule, kepha ngo-1938 ummeleli walezi zinhlobo wabanjwa ephila olwandle i-Indian eduze nogu oluseningizimu ye-Afrika.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ama-coelacanths ayesevele aziwa kakhulu embhalweni wezinsalela, iqembu lawo lalilikhulu futhi lihlukene ngezikhathi zePermian neTriassic (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-290-208 edlule). Eminyakeni edlule, umsebenzi owalandela eziQhingini zaseComoro (ophakathi kwezwekazi lase-Afrika kanye nenyakatho yeMadagascar) wawuhlanganisa ukutholakala kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinhlobo ezabanjwa ngabadobi bendawo ngezingwegwe. Kepha, njengoba wazi, zazingakhonjiswa ngisho nasezimakethe, ngoba zazingenalo inani lokudla okunempilo (inyama ye-coelacanth ayikulungele ukudliwa ngabantu).
Emashumini eminyaka kusukela lokhu kutholakala okumangazayo, ucwaningo lwasemanzini lunikeze umhlaba imininingwane ethe xaxa ngalezi zinhlanzi. Ngakho-ke, kwaziwa ukuthi ziyizidalwa ezinobuthakathaka, zasebusuku ezichitha usuku lonke ziphumule emihumeni ngamaqembu abantu abayi-2 kuye kwabangu-16. Indawo yokuhlala ejwayelekile ibonakala iyimithambeka yamadwala engenalutho, okuyimihume emigedeni ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-100 kuya kwangama-300. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela ebusuku, zingabhukuda cishe amakhilomitha ayi-8 zifuna ukudla ngaphambi kokuphindela emhumeni futhi ngasekupheleni kobusuku. Izinhlanzi ziphila impilo yokuzilibazisa. Ukusondela okungazelelwe kwengozi okungamphoqa ukuthi asebenzise amandla omsila wakhe ukuze agxume abukhali endaweni.
Ngawo-1990, kwaqoqwa izibonelo ezengeziwe ngasogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeMadagascar nasesiqhingini saseSulawesi e-Indonesia, imininingwane yeDNA eyaholela ekwamukelweni kwezinhlobo zase-Indonesia njengezinhlobo ezihlukile. Ngemuva kwalokho, iCoelacanth yabanjwa ngasogwini lwaseKenya, kwathi abantu abahlukile batholakala eSodwana Bay ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika.
Kuze kube manje, okuningi akwaziwa ngale nhlanzi engaqondakali. Kepha ama-tetrapods, ama-colacanths nezinhlanzi zamaphaphu sekuyisikhathi eside zaziwa njengezihlobo eziseduze komunye nomunye, yize isihloko sobuhlobo phakathi kwala maqembu amathathu siyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele. Indaba enhle futhi eningiliziwe yokutholakala kwalezi "zinsalela eziphilayo" inikezwa kuFish Caught in Time: The Search for Coelacanths.
Ukubukeka
AmaCoelacanths ahluke kakhulu kwezinye izinhlanzi eziningi ezaziwayo manje. Zine-petal eyengeziwe emsileni, amaphiko ahlanganisiwe ahlanganisiwe nekholomu ye-vertebral engakakhuli ngokuphelele. ICoelacanths ukuphela kwezilwane ezikhona manje ezinokuhlangana okusebenza ngokugcwele kwe-intercranial. Imele umugqa ohlukanisa indlebe nobuchopho namehlo ekhaleni. Ukuxhumeka kwe-intercranial akuvumeli kuphela ukusunduza umhlathi ongezansi, kepha futhi nokuphakamisa umhlathi ongaphezulu ngesikhathi sokuzingela, okusiza kakhulu inqubo yokumunca ukudla. Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu kwi-coelacanth ukuthi inamaphiko ahamba ngababili, ukwakheka nendlela yokunyakaza kwayo okufana nezici zesakhiwo somuntu.
I-coelacanth inama-gill amane, ama-gill lockers athathelwa indawo amapuleti ama-spiny, isakhiwo sawo esifana nezicubu zezinyo lomuntu. Ikhanda linqunu, i-operculum ikhuliswe ngemuva, umhlathi ongezansi unezingqimba ezimbili ezigqagqene ezikhanyayo, amazinyo ayindilinga, abekwe ezingcwecweni zamathambo ezinamathele kulwanga.
Izikali zikhulu futhi ziminyene, zifana nokwakheka kwezinyo lomuntu. Isinye sokubhukuda sihlangene futhi sigcwele amafutha. Amathumbu coelacanth ifakwe valve Kuvunguza. Ezinhlanzi ezindala, ubuchopho buncane ngendlela emangalisayo, buhlala cishe ngo-1% kuphela womgodi ophelele we-cranial; okunye kugcwele isisindo samafutha esinjenge-gel. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi kubantu abangavuthiwe, ubuchopho buhlala kufinyelela ku-100% womgodi owabiwe.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila, inhlanzi inombala womzimba - insimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emnyama, ikhanda nomzimba kumbozwe ngamabala amhlophe noma aphuzi ngokungajwayelekile. Iphethini enamachashaza ingeyomeleli ngamunye, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ngempumelelo phakathi kwabo lapho kubalwa. Ngemuva kokufa, umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka womzimba uyanyamalala, inhlanzi iba nsundu noma ibe mnyama. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibizwa phakathi kwama-coelacanths. Insikazi inkulu kakhulu kuneduna.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Emini, i-coelacanth "ihlala" emihumeni ngamaqembu ezinhlanzi eziyi-12-13... Bayizilwane zasebusuku. AmaCelacanths ahola indlela yokuphila ejulile, esiza ukusebenzisa amandla ngokwengeziwe kwezomnotho (kukholelwa ukuthi imetabolism yawo incipha ekujuleni), futhi kuyenzeka futhi ukuhlangabezana nabazingeli abancane. Ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, lezi zinhlanzi zishiya imihume yazo futhi zihambe kancane ziwele i-substrate, mhlawumbe zifuna ukudla okungamamitha ayi-1-3 ukusuka ezansi. Ngalesi sikhathi sokuhlasela ebusuku, i-coelacanth ikwazi ukubhukuda ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-8, kuthi lapho sekuntwela kokusa, iphephele emhumeni oseduzane.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngenkathi isesha isisulu noma isuka komunye umhume iye komunye, i-coelacanth ihamba ngokuhamba kancane, noma inyuka kancane iyehla ngomfula, isebenzisa amaphiko ayo e-pectoral aguqukayo nezitho zangasese ukulawula ukuma komzimba esikhaleni.
ICoelacanth, ngenxa yesakhiwo esihlukile samaphiko, ingalenga iqonde esikhaleni, isisu phezulu, phansi noma sibheke phansi. Ekuqaleni, bekukholelwa ngephutha ukuthi angahamba phansi. Kepha i-coelacanth ayisebenzisi amaphiko ayo afekethisiwe ukuhamba ngezansi, futhi noma iphumule emhumeni, ayithinti i-substrate. Njengezinhlanzi eziningi ezihamba kancane, i-coelacanth ingagqashula ngokuzumayo noma ibhukude ngokushesha ngosizo lokuhamba kukaphiko lwayo olukhulu lwe-caudal.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani i-coelacanth
Ngokwemibiko engaqinisekisiwe, iminyaka yobudala bezinhlanzi ze-coelacanth cishe iyiminyaka engama-80. Lezi izinhlanzi eziyiqiniso ezaphila isikhathi eside. Kungenzeka ukuthi indlela yokuphila ejulile, elinganisiwe ibasizile ukuthi bakwazi ukusebenza isikhathi eside kangako futhi basinde emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zeminyaka, okubavumela ukuthi basebenzise amandla abo abalulekile ngokwezomnotho ngangokunokwenzeka, ukubalekela izilwane ezidliwayo futhi baphile ezimweni ezifudumele zokushisa.
Izinhlobo zeCoelacanth
I-Coelacanths yigama elivamile lezinhlobo ezimbili, ama-coelacanths aseKomaran nawase-Indonesia, okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo eziphilayo zalokho okwakungumndeni omkhulu onezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-120 ezisele emakhasini ezincwadi zonyaka.
Indawo yokuhlala
Lenhlobo, leyatiwa ngekutsi yi "livingossoss", itholakala e-Indo-Western Pacific Ocean ezungeze iGreater Comoro kanye ne-Anjouan Islands, ugu lwaseNingizimu Afrika, iMadagascar kanye neMozambique.
Izifundo zabantu zithathe amashumi eminyaka... Isibonelo sikaCoelacanth, esabanjwa ngo-1938, sagcina siholele ekutholeni isibalo sokuqala sabantu esibhalwe phansi, esiseComoros, phakathi kwe-Afrika neMadagascar. Kodwa-ke, iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha wayebhekwa njengowukuphela komhlali we-coelacanth.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngo-2003, i-IMS yabambisana nephrojekthi ye-African Coelacanth ukuhlela okunye ukusesha. NgoSepthemba 6, 2003, ukutholwa kokuqala kwabanjwa eningizimu yeTanzania eSongo Mnar, okwenza iTanzania izwe lesithupha lokuqopha ama-coelacanths.
Ngo-14 Julayi 2007, abanye abantu abaningi babanjwa ngabadobi baseNungwi, eNyakatho neZanzibar. Abaphenyi baseZanzibar Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS), eholwa nguDkt. Nariman Jiddawi, bafika ngokushesha kule ndawo bezokhomba inhlanzi njengeLatimeria chalumnae.
Ukudla kwe-coelacanth
Idatha yokubuka isekela umbono wokuthi le nhlanzi iyakhukhuleka futhi ilume ngokuzumayo ebangeni elincane, isebenzisa imihlathi yayo enamandla lapho isisulu sisondele. Ngokususelwa kokuqukethwe yisisu sabantu ababanjiwe, kuvela ukuthi i-coelacanth okungenani iphakela ngokwengxenye abamele izilwane ezisuka phansi olwandle. Ukubheka futhi kufakazela uhlobo mayelana nokuba khona komsebenzi we-electroreceptive wesitho se-rostral ezinhlanzini. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukubona izinto ezisemanzini ngensimu yabo kagesi.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngenxa yokujula kwendawo yasolwandle yalezi zinhlanzi, kuncane okwaziwayo ngemvelo yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Okwamanje, kucace bha ukuthi ama-coelacanths ayizinhlanzi ze-viviparous. Yize phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi inhlanzi ikhiqiza amaqanda asevele avundiswa owesilisa. Leli qiniso liqinisekisile ukuba khona kwamaqanda kowesifazane obanjiwe. Usayizi weqanda elilodwa wawulingana nebhola lethenisi.
Kuyathakazelisa!Owesifazane oyedwa uvame ukuzala ama-fry ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwangama-26 ngasikhathi sinye. Usayizi wenye yezingane ze-coelacanth usukela kumasentimitha angama-36 kuye kwangama-38. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, asevele enamazinyo akhule kahle, amaphiko nezikali.
Ngemuva kokuzalwa, umbungu ngamunye unesikhwama esikhulu se-yolk esinamathiselwe esifubeni, esisinikeza izakhi zomzimba ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ezigabeni zakamuva zokuthuthuka, lapho ukunikezwa kwe-yolk sekuphelile, isikhwama se-yolk sangaphandle sibonakala sicindezelwe futhi sikhishwa emgodini womzimba.
Isikhathi sokumitha sowesifazane cishe siyizinyanga eziyi-13. Ngakho-ke, kungacatshangwa ukuthi abesifazane bangabeletha kuphela njalo ngonyaka wesibili noma wesithathu.
Izitha zemvelo
Oshaka babhekwa njengezitha zemvelo ze-coelacanth.
Inani lokuhweba
Inhlanzi yeCoelacanth ayikulungele ukudliwa ngabantu... Kodwa-ke, ukubamba kwayo sekuyisikhathi eside kube inkinga yangempela kuma-ichthyologists. Abadobi, befuna ukuheha abathengi nezivakashi, bayibamba ukuze bakhe izilwane ezihlonishwayo eziqoqelwe ezizimele. Lokhu kudale umonakalo ongalungiseki kubantu. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje, i-coelacanth ayifakwanga kwinzuzo yezokuhweba emhlabeni futhi ibhalwe kuRed Book.
Abadobi baseGreater Comoro Island nabo babeke ukuvinjelwa kokuzithandela kokudoba ezindaweni lapho ama-coelacanths (noma “gombessa” njengoba aziwa khona endaweni) akhona, abalulekile ekusindiseni izilwane ezihluke kakhulu kuleli. Inhloso yokuhlenga ama-coelacanths futhi ifaka phakathi ukwabiwa kwemishini yokudoba kubadobi ezindaweni ezingafanele indawo yokuhlala ye-coelacanth, kanye nokuvumela ukuthi ubuyisele izinhlanzi ezibanjwe ngengozi ezindaweni zazo zemvelo. Kube nezimpawu ezikhuthazayo muva nje ukuthi abantu
IComoros yenza ukuqapha okusondele kuzo zonke izinhlanzi ezikhona zalezi zinhlobo. ILatimeria inenani eliyingqayizivele kunazo zonke emhlabeni wanamuhla wesayensi, ekuvumela ukuthi ubuyisele ngokunembile isithombe sezwe esasikhona eminyakeni eyizigidi edlule. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-coelacanths asabhekwa njengezinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokutadisha.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izinhlanzi zibalwa njengezisengozini ohlwini olubomvu. Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN lunikeze inhlanzi i-coelacanth esimweni seCritical Threat. ILatimeria chalumnae ibhalwe njengeNgcuphe (Isigaba I Supplement) ngaphansi kweCITES.
Okwamanje asikho isilinganiso sangempela sabantu be-coelacanth... Ubukhulu besibalo sabantu kunzima kakhulu ukulinganisa uma kunikezwa izindawo ezijulile zezinhlobo. Kunemininingwane engabhaliwe ekhombisa ukwehla okukhulu kwabantu baseComoros ngeminyaka yama-1990. Lokhu kwehla ngeshwa kubangelwe ukufakwa kwezinhlanzi olayini bezinhlanzi ngabadobi bendawo abazingela ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zasolwandle olujulile. Ukubanjwa (noma ngengozi) kwabesifazane esigabeni sokuzala kuzisongela kakhulu.
