I-Archeopteryx yisilonda somgogodla esingasekho esivela esikhathini seLate Jurassic. Ngokwempilo ye-morphological, lesi silwane sihlala endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi iphakathi phakathi kwezinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngokusho kososayensi, i-Archeopteryx yaphila eminyakeni eyi-150-147 yezigidi edlule.
Incazelo ye-Archeopteryx
Konke okutholakele, ngandlela-thile noma okunye okuhlobene ne-Archeopteryx engasekho, kuhlobene nezindawo eziseduze naseSolnhofen eningizimu yeJalimane... Isikhathi eside, nangaphambi kokutholwa kokunye, okutholwe kamuva nje, ososayensi basebenzise ukwakha kabusha ukubonakala kokhokho abavamile bezinyoni.
Ukubukeka
Isakhiwo samathambo e-Archeopteryx imvamisa siqhathaniswa nengxenye yamathambo ezinyoni zesimanje, kanye nama-deinonychosaurs, okwakungokwama-theropod dinosaurs, okuyizihlobo eziseduze kakhulu zezinyoni ngokwesimo se-phylogenetic. Ukhakhayi lwe-vertebrate engasekho lwalunamazinyo ayindilinga, afana kakhulu nezimo zezingwenya ezivamile. Amathambo we-premaxillary we-Archeopteryx awazange abonakale ngokuhlangana, futhi imihlathi yawo engezansi nangaphezulu yayingenayo i-ramfoteca noma i-corneous sheath, ngakho-ke isilwane sasingenawo umlomo.
I-foramen enkulu ye-occipital ixhume umgodi we-cranial kanye nomsele we-vertebral, owawutholakala ngemuva kogebhezi. I-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeletho yayiyi-biconcave ngemuva nangaphandle, futhi futhi yayingenazo izindawo zokubopha izihlalo. I-sacral vertebrae ye-Archeopteryx ayizange ihlangane, futhi isigaba se-sacral vertebral simelwe ngama-vertebrae amahlanu. Kwasungulwa umsila omude namathambo omude ngama-vertebrae angama-caudal amaningi angabonakali e-Archeopteryx.
Izimbambo ze-Archeopteryx zazingenazo izinqubo ezimise okwegwegwe, futhi ubukhona bezimbambo ze-ventral, ezijwayelekile zezilwane ezihuquzelayo, azitholakali ezinyonini zanamuhla. Ama-clavicles esilwane akhula ndawonye futhi akha imfoloko. Kwakungekho ukuhlangana emathanjeni e-ilium, e-pubic, nase-sciatic pelvic. Amathambo asenkantini abheke ngemuva kancane futhi aphela kwisandiso se- "boot". I-distal iphela emathanjeni e-pubic ahlanganisiwe, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwe-symphysis enkulu ye-pubic, engekho ngokuphelele ezinyonini zanamuhla.
Amaphondo angaphambili amade we-Archeopteryx aphela ezinzwaneni ezintathu ezakhiwe kahle ezakhiwe ngama-phalanges amaningana. Iminwe yayinezinzipho ezigoqwe ngokuqinile nezinkulu. Izihlakala ze-Archeopteryx zazinethambo okuthiwa yi-lunate, kanti amanye amathambo we-metacarpus nesihlakala awazange ahlangane ebhakedeni. Imilenze yangemuva yesilwane esingasekho yabonakala ngokuba khona kwe-tibia eyakhiwe yi-tibia ne-tibia yobude obulinganayo obulinganayo, kepha itarsus yayingekho. Ucwaningo lwezinhlobo ze-Eissstadt neLondon zavumela izazi ze-paleontologists ukuthi zithole ukuthi isithupha saphikisana neminye iminwe yezitho zangemuva.
Umdwebo wokuqala wekhophi yaseBerlin, owenziwe umdwebi ongaziwa emuva ngonyaka we-1878-1879, wakhombisa ngokusobala ukuphrinta kwezimpaphe, okwakwenza ukuthi kuthiwe i-Archeopteryx yinyoni. Noma kunjalo, izinsalela zezinyoni ezinemibhalo yezimpaphe ziyivelakancane kakhulu, futhi ukulondolozwa kwazo kwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuba khona kwelitshe le-lithographic ezindaweni ezitholwayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukulondolozwa kwezimpaphe namathambo ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zesilwane esingasekho akufani, futhi okufundisa kakhulu yizibonelo zaseBerlin naseLondon. Izimpaphe ze-Archeopteryx ngokuya ngezici ezisemqoka zihambelana nenqwaba yezinyoni ezingasekho nezanamuhla.
I-Archeopteryx yayinomsila, indiza kanye nezimpaphe zemigqa ezazimboze umzimba wesilwane.... Izimpaphe zomsila nezindiza zakhiwa yizo zonke izakhi zesici sezimpaphe zezinyoni zanamuhla, kufaka phakathi i-feather shaft, kanye ne-barbs nezingwegwe ezisuka kuzo. Izimpaphe zokundiza ze-Archeopteryx zibonakaliswa yi-asymmetry yewebhu, kuyilapho izimpaphe zomsila wezilwane zingabonakali kalula njenge-asymmetry. Kwakungekho futhi isixha esihlukanisiwe sezimpaphe zezithupha ezazibekwe ngaphambili. Kwakungekho zimpawu zokuphapha ekhanda nasengxenyeni engenhla yentamo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, intamo, ikhanda nomsila kwakugobile phansi.
Isici esihlukile sogebhezi lwama-pterosaurs, ezinye izinyoni kanye nama-theropods amelwe ama-meninges amancane nezinsimbi ezincane ezine-venous, ezenza ukuthi kuhlolwe ngokunembile i-surface morphology, ivolumu nobukhulu bobuchopho obabunabamele abangasekho bala taxa enjalo. Ososayensi e-University of Texas bakwazile ukwenza ubuchopho obuhle kakhulu bokwakha kabusha isilwane kuze kube manje besebenzisa i-X-ray tomography emuva ku-2004.
Umthamo wobuchopho we-Archeopteryx ucishe uphindwe kathathu kulowo wezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezilinganayo. Ama-hemispheres we-cerebral mancane ngokulingana futhi awazungezwanga ngamapheshana anamafutha. Ukuma kwama-lobes okubukwa kobuchopho kujwayelekile kuzo zonke izinyoni zesimanje, kanti ama-lobes abonakalayo atholakala ngaphambili kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka kobuchopho be-Archeopteryx kulandela ubukhona bezimpawu zezinyoni nezirhubuluzayo, kanye nosayizi owandayo we-cerebellum kanye ne-lobes ebonakalayo, kungenzeka, kwakuwuhlobo lokuzijwayeza ukundiza ngempumelelo kwezilwane ezinjalo.
I-cerebellum yesilwane esinjalo esingasekho inkulu ngokuqhathaniswa kunanoma imaphi ama-theropods ahlobene, kepha incane ngokuphawulekayo kunalezo zonke izinyoni zesimanje. Imisele engemuva neyangaphakathi engemuva yesimo sesiyingi itholakala endaweni ejwayelekile yanoma yimaphi ama-archosaurs, kepha umsele wangaphakathi ongaphakathi womoya ubonakala ngokunwebeka okuphawulekayo nokugobeka kolunye uhlangothi.
Ubukhulu be-Archeopteryx
I-Archeopteryx lithofraphica evela ekilasini Izinyoni, i-oda i-Archeopteryx kanye nomndeni we-Archeopteryx wawunobude bomzimba ngaphakathi kwama-35 cm ngobukhulu obunga-320-400 g.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
I-Archeopteryx yayingabanikazi bama-collarbones ahlanganisiwe nomzimba ogcwele izimpaphe, ngakho-ke kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi isilwane esinjalo singandiza, noma okungenani sishebe kahle kakhulu. Cishe, ezingalweni zayo ezinde kakhulu, i-Archeopteryx yagijima ngokushesha ebusweni bomhlaba, kuze kube yilapho izivuseleli zomoya zithatha umzimba wayo.
Ngenxa yobukhona bezimpaphe, i-Archeopteryx kungenzeka ukuthi yayisebenza kakhulu ekugcineni ukushisa komzimba kunokundiza. Amaphiko esilwane esinjalo angasebenza njengohlobo lwamanetha asetshenziselwa ukubamba zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane. Kucatshangwa ukuthi i-Archeopteryx ingakhuphuka ezihlahleni ezinde kakhulu isebenzisa izipho ezisemaphikweni azo ngale njongo. Isilwane esinjalo cishe sachitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yaso ezihlahleni.
Isikhathi sokuphila kanye ne-dimorphism yezocansi
Ngaphandle kwezinsalela ezimbalwa ezitholakele nezigcinwe kahle ze-Archeopteryx, akunakwenzeka ukusungula ngokuthembekile ubukhona be-dimorphism yezocansi kanye nesikhathi esiphakathi sokuphila kwalesi silwane esingasekho okwamanje.
Umlando wokutholwa
Kuze kube manje, kutholakale izibonelo eziyishumi nambili kuphela zamathambo ze-Archeopteryx nokuphrinta izimpaphe. Lokhu okutholakele kwesilwane kungokwesigaba samatshe amatshe amatshe amancanyana enkathi yeLate Jurassic.
Ukuthola Okukhiye Okuhlobene ne-Extinct Archeopteryx:
- uphaphe lwesilwane lwatholakala ngo-1861 ngaseSolnhofen. Lokhu okutholakele kuchazwe ngo-1861 ngusosayensi uHermann von Mayer. Manje le nsiba igcinwe ngokucophelela eBerlin Museum of Natural History;
- isampula laseLondon elingenakhanda (holotype, BMNH 37001), elatholakala ngo-1861 ngaseLangenaltime, lachazwa eminyakeni emibili kamuva nguRichard Owen. Manje lokhu okutholakele kukhonjisiwe eLondon Museum of Natural History, kanti ikhanda elilahlekile labuyiselwa nguRichard Owen;
- isampula laseBerlin lesilwane (HMN 1880) latholakala ngo-1876-1877 eBlumenberg, ngase-Eichstät. UJacob Niemeyer ukwazile ukushintshanisa izinsalela ngenkomo, kanti isampulu uqobo lwayo yachazwa eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kamuva nguWilhelm Dames. Manje izinsalela zigcinwa eBerlin Museum of Natural History;
- isidumbu sesifanekiso sakwaMaxberg (S5) satholwa ngokusobala ngonyaka we-1956-1958 ngaseLangenaltime futhi sachazwa ngo-1959 ngusosayensi uFlorian Geller. Ukufundwa okuningiliziwe kungokukaJohn Ostrom. Isikhathi esithile le khophi ibikhonjiswa ekuvezweni kweMaxberg Museum, ngemuva kwalokho yabuyiselwa kumnikazi. Kwakungemva kokushona komqoqi lapho kwenzeka khona ukucabanga ukuthi izinsalela zesilwane esingasekho zathengiswa ngasese ngumnikazi noma zebiwa;
- I-Harlem noma i-Teyler specimen (i-TM 6428) yatholwa ngaseRydenburg ngo-1855, futhi yachazwa eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva ngusosayensi uMeyer njenge-Pterodactylus crassipes. Cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, ukuhlelwa kabusha kwenziwa nguJohn Ostrom. Manje izinsalela ziseNetherlands, eMnyuziyamu waseTeyler;
- I-Eichstät animal specimen (JM 2257), eyatholakala cishe ngo-1951-1955 ngaseWorkerszell, yachazwa nguPeter Welnhofer ngo-1974. Manje lesi sibonelo siseJurassic Museum yase-Eichshtet futhi siyinhloko encane kunazo zonke, kodwa egcinwe kahle;
- I-specimen yaseMunich noma i-Solnhofen-Aktien-Verein ene-sternum (S6) yatholwa ngo-1991 ngaseLangenalheim futhi yachazwa nguWelnhofer ngo-1993. Ikhophi manje iseMunich Paleontological Museum;
- isifanekiso se-ashhofen sesilwane (BSP 1999) satholakala eminyakeni yama-60s yekhulu elidlule ngase-Eichstät futhi sachazwa nguWelnhofer ngo-1988. Okutholakele kugcinwa eMnyuziyamu we-Burgomaster Müller futhi kungenzeka kube ngeyabazukulu base-Wellnhoferia;
- Isiqephu sezingcezu zikaMüllerian, esatholakala ngo-1997, manje sesiseMüllerian Museum.
- Isifanekiso se-thermopoly yesilwane (i-WDC-CSG-100) sitholakale eJalimane futhi sagcinwa isikhathi eside ngumqoqi wangasese. Lokhu okutholakele kuhlukaniswa yinhloko nezinyawo ezigcinwe kahle.
Ngo-1997, uMauser wathola umyalezo mayelana nokutholakala kwesicucu esivela kumqoqi wangasese. Kuze kube manje, le khophi ayikahlukaniswa, futhi imininingwane yayo nendawo yomnikazi ayikadalulwa.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-Archeopteryx kukholakala ukuthi yayisehlathini elishisayo.
Ukudla kwe-Archeopteryx
Imihlathi emikhulu kakhulu ye-Archeopteryx yayihlonyiswe ngamazinyo amaningi futhi abukhali kakhulu, ayengahloselwe ukugaya ukudla komthombo wezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, i-Archeopteryx yayingezona izidalwa ezidlayo, ngoba inani elikhulu lezidalwa eziphilayo zaleso sikhathi lalilikhulu kakhulu futhi lalingazisebenzisi njengezisulu.
Ngokusho kososayensi, isisekelo sokudla kwe-Archeopteryx kwakuyizo zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane, inani nezinhlobonhlobo zazo ezazinkulu kakhulu esikhathini seMesozoic. Cishe, i-Archeopteryx yakwazi ukudubula kalula inyamazane yayo ngamaphiko noma ngosizo lwezidladla ezinde, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho ukudla kwaqoqwa yilezo zinambuzane ngqo ebusweni bomhlaba.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Umzimba ka-Archeopteryx wawumbozwe ngongqimba oluminyene kakhulu lwezimpaphe.... Akungabazeki ukuthi i-Archeopteryx yayingeyesigaba sezilwane ezinegazi elifudumele. Kungalesi sizathu abacwaningi bephakamisa ukuthi, kanye nezinye izinyoni zesimanje, lezi zilwane esezivele zingasekho zifukamela amaqanda abekwe ezindlekweni ezihlelwe ngaphambilini.
Izidleke zazibekwa emadwaleni nasezihlahleni ezinokuphakama okwanele, okwakwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuvikela inzalo yazo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Amawundlu azelwe akakwazanga ukuzinakekela ngokushesha futhi ayefana ngokufana nabazali bawo, futhi umehluko wawungosayizi abancane kuphela. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi amaphuphu e-Archeopteryx, njengenzalo yezinyoni zanamuhla, azalwa engenazo izimpaphe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuntuleka kwezimpaphe kwavimbela i-Archeopteryx ekubeni izimele ngokuphelele emasontweni okuqala empilo yabo, ngakho-ke amawundlu ayedinga ukunakekelwa kwabazali ababenohlobo oluthile lwesazela sabazali.
Izitha zemvelo
Izwe lasendulo lalihlala ezinhlotsheni eziningi eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ezinkulu ngokwanele zama-dinosaurs ezidla inyama, ngakho-ke i-Archeopteryx yayinezinombolo eziningi zezitha zemvelo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yekhono labo lokuhamba ngokushesha, ukukhuphuka izihlahla ezide, nokuhlela noma ukundiza kahle, i-Archeopteryx kwakungeyona into elula kakhulu.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Triceratops (i-Latin Triceratops)
- I-Diplodocus (Latin Diplodocus)
- I-Spinosaurus (lat. Spinosaurus)
- IVelociraptor (lat. Velociraptor)
Ososayensi bavame ukufaka i-pterosaurs kuphela ezitheni ezinkulu zemvelo ze-Archeopteryx yanoma yimuphi ubudala. Izibankwa ezinjalo ezindizayo ezinamaphiko anombhede zikwazi ukuzingela noma iziphi izilwane ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi nendawo.
