Isibankwa "spiny" esingasekho esigama linguStegosaurus saba wuphawu lweColorado (USA) ngo-1982 futhi sisabhekwa njengesinye sezibankwakazi ezazidume kakhulu kuleplanethi yethu.
Incazelo ye-stegosaurus
Iyaziwa ngomsila wayo osikiwe kanye nezihlangu zamathambo eziphumayo ezihamba ngemuva.... Uphahla lwesibankwa (uStegosaurus) - obizwa ngokuthi yi-monster monster ngumtholi waso, uhlanganisa amagama amabili esiGreki (στέγος "roof" nelithi lizαῦρος "lizard"). Ama-Stegosaurs ahlukaniswa njengama-ornithischians futhi amele uhlobo lwama-dinosaurs adla kakhulu ahlala esikhathini seJurassic, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-155-145 edlule.
Ukubukeka
UStegosaurus wamangaza umcabango hhayi kuphela nge-bony "mohawk" eyathwesa umqhele, kodwa futhi nangokwakheka kwayo okungalingani - ikhanda lalilahlekile cishe ngemuva komzimba omkhulu. Ikhanda elincane elinesifonyo esikhonjiwe lahlala entanyeni ende, futhi imihlathi emifushane emikhulu yaphela ngoqhwaku olune-horny. Kwakunomugqa owodwa wamazinyo asebenzayo ngenkuthalo emlonyeni, okuthi, njengoba ayegugile, ashintshela kwamanye, ayehlala ngokujula emgodini womlomo.
Ukuma kwamazinyo kufakazele ubunjalo bokuncamelayo kokudla - izinhlobonhlobo zezimila. Izindonga zangaphambili ezinamandla nezimfushane zazineminwe emi-5, ngokungafani nalezi ezinemilenze emithathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitho zangemuva zazide kakhulu futhi ziqinile, okusho ukuthi i-stegosaurus ingaphakamisa futhi incike kuyo lapho idla. Umsila ubuhlotshiswe ngama-spikes amane amakhulu ukuphakama u-0.60-0.9 m.
Ipuleti
Ukwakheka kwamathambo okukhombe ngesimo samacembe amakhulu kubhekwa njengesici esiteleka kakhulu seStegosaurus. Inani lamapuleti lalihluka lisuka ku-17 liye ku-22, kanti amakhulu kunawo onke (ama-60 * 60 cm) abekwe eduze kwezinqulu. Bonke labo ababebandakanyeka ekuhlukanisweni kwe-stegosaurus bavuma ukuthi amapuleti ahamba ngemuva ngemigqa emi-2, kodwa baphikisana ngendawo yabo (parallel noma amazombe).
USolwazi Charles Marsh, owathola i-stegosaurus, waqiniseka isikhathi eside ukuthi izihlangu ze-horny zaziwuhlobo lwegobolondo lokuzivikela, okungafani negobolondo lofudu, elalingambozi umzimba wonke, kodwa umhlane kuphela.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ososayensi bayishiya le nguqulo ngawo-1970, bathola ukuthi imihlobiso yezimpondo yayigcwele imithambo yegazi nokushisa komzimba okulawulwayo. Lokho wukuthi, babedlala indima yama-thermoregulators, njengezindlebe zezindlovu noma oseyili be-spinosaurus ne-dimetrodon.
Ngendlela, kwakuyile mbono eyasiza ukusungula ukuthi amapuleti amathambo awazange afane, kepha anamachopho we-stegosaurus ngephethini lokuhlola.
Ubukhulu be-Stegosaurus
I-infraorder yama-stegosaurs, kanye nesigcilikisha sophahla uqobo, kufaka phakathi i-centrosaurus ne-hesperosaurus, efana neyokuqala kwi-morphology ne-physiology, kepha ingaphansi ngosayizi. I-stegosaurus endala yakhula yafika ku-7-9 m ubude futhi yafika ku-4 m (kufaka phakathi amapuleti) ukuphakama, enesisindo esingaba amathani ama-3-5.
Ubuchopho
Lesi silo esinamathani amaningi sasinokhakhayi oluncane, oluncane, olilingana nenja enkulu, lapho kwabekwa khona i-medulla enesisindo esingu-70 g (njenge-walnut enkulu).
Okubalulekile! Ubuchopho be-stegosaurus buthathwa njengobuncane phakathi kwawo wonke ama-dinosaurs, uma sibheka isilinganiso sobuchopho nomzimba. UProfesa C. Marsh, owaba ngowokuqala ukuthola i-anatomical dissonance ecacile, uthathe isinqumo sokuthi ama-stegosaurs mancane amathuba okuthi akhanye ngobuhlakani, azilinganisela emakhonweni empilo alula.
Yebo, empeleni, izinqubo zokucabanga ezijulile zazingasizi ngalutho kule mifino: i-stegosaurus ayizange ibhale izingcaphuno, kodwa yayihlafuna kuphela, yalala, yakopishwa futhi ngezikhathi ezithile yazivikela ezitheni. Kuyiqiniso, ukulwa kwakusadinga ubuhlakani obuncane, noma ngabe kusezingeni lokucabanga, futhi izazi ze-paleontologists zanquma ukubeka lo msebenzi ebuchosheni obukhulu be-sacral.
Ukuqina kweSacral
UMarsh wakuthola esifundeni se-pelvic futhi wasikisela ukuthi kulapha lapho izicubu eziyinhloko zobuchopho ze-stegosaurus zagxila khona, zaphindwa ka-20 kunobuchopho. Izazi eziningi ze-paleontologists zasekela uC. Marsh ngokuxhuma le ngxenye yomgogodla (owasusa umthwalo ekhanda) nemicabango ye-stegosaurus. Kamuva, kwavela ukuthi ukukhukhulwa kwesici esifundeni se-sacrum kwakubonwa kuma-sauropods amaningi, nasezintanjeni zezinyoni zanamuhla. Manje sekufakazelwe ukuthi kule ngxenye yekholomu lomgogodla kukhona umzimba we-glycogen onikezela i-glycogen ohlelweni lwezinzwa, kepha ayikhuthazi ukusebenza kwengqondo nganoma iyiphi indlela.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Abanye ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo bakholelwa ukuthi ama-stegosaurs ayeyizilwane zomphakathi futhi ayehlala emihlambini, abanye (bebhekisa ekusakazekeni kwezinsalela) bathi isibankwa sophahla sasikhona sodwa. Ekuqaleni, uSolwazi Marsh wabeka i-stegosaurus njenge-dinosaur eyi-bipedal ngenxa yokuthi izitho zangemuva zedinosaur zazinamandla futhi zicishe ziphindwe kabili kunalezo zangaphambili.
Kuyathakazelisa! UMarsh wabe esenqaba le nguqulo, ethambekele esiphethweni esihlukile - ama-stegosaurs ahamba ngempela ngemilenze yawo yangemuva isikhashana, okwadala ukwehla kwezingaphambili, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baphinde bawela kuzo zozine.
Ukuhamba ngezitho ezine, ama-stegosaurs, uma kunesidingo, ayema ngemilenze yawo yangemuva ukuze aqhephuke amaqabunga emagatsheni amade. Abanye ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo bakholelwa ukuthi ama-stegosaurs, angenabo ubuchopho obuthuthukile, angaziphonsa kunoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo esifike emkhakheni wabo wokubona.
Ngokunokwenzeka, ama-ornithosaurs (ama-dryosaurs nama-otnielia) azulazula ezithendeni zawo, edla izinambuzane ezichotshozwe ngokungazi ngama-stegosaurs. Futhi ngamacwecwe - babengasabisa izilwane ezidla ezinye (ngokubabaza ukukhulisa i-stegosaurus), zisetshenziswe emidlalweni yokukhwelana, noma bamane bakhombe abantu bezinhlobo zabo phakathi kwezinye izibankwakazi ezidla ubhedu.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ama-stegosaurs ahlala isikhathi esingakanani.
Izinhlobo ze-Stegosaurus
Zintathu kuphela izinhlobo ezitholakele kuhlobo lwe-Stegosaurus (okusele kuphakamisa ukungabaza phakathi kwama-paleontologists):
- I-Stegosaurus ungulatus - Kuchazwe ngo-1879 kusuka kumacwecwe, izingxenye zomsila onezinsipho eziyi-8, namathambo ezinyawo atholakala eWyoming. Amathambo eS. Ungulatus 1910, abekiwe ePeabody Museum, abuye avuselelwa ngalezi zinsalela;
- I-Stegosaurus stenops - kuchazwe ngo-1887 kusuka emathanjeni acishe aphelele ngogebhezi, atholakala ngonyaka ngaphambili eColorado. Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswa ngokususelwa ezingcezwini zabantu abadala abangama-50 nezinsizwa ezimbiwe e-Utah, Wyoming naseColorado. Ngo-2013 yathathwa njengeholotype eyinhloko yohlobo lwe-Stegosaurus;
- I-Stegosaurus sulcatus - kuchazwe emathanjeni angaphelele ngo-1887. Ihluke kwezinye izinhlobo ezimbili ngameva amakhulu ngokungajwayelekile akhula ethangeni / ehlombe. Phambilini bekucatshangwa ukuthi isipikili besisemsileni.
Izinhlobo ezifanayo, noma ezingaziwa, ze-stegosaurus zifaka:
- Stegosaurus ungulatus;
- Stegosaurus sulcatus;
- UStegosaurus seeleyanus;
- I-Stegosaurus laticeps;
- I-Stegosaurus affinis;
- Stegosaurus madagascariensis;
- I-Stegosaurus priscus;
- UStegosaurus marshi.
Umlando wokutholwa
Umhlaba ufunde nge-stegosaurus sibonga uprofesa wase-Yale University uCharles Marsh, owathola amathambo esilwane esingaziwa yisayensi ngesikhathi kumbiwa ngo-1877 eColorado (enyakatho yedolobha laseMorrison).
Ama-Stegosaurs emhlabeni wesayensi
Kwakungamathambo e-stegosaurus, ngokunembile i-stegosaurus armatus, lapho isazi se-paleontologist sathatha uhlobo lwasendulo lofudu... Usosayensi wayedukiswe yizihlangu ze-dorsal dorsal, azithatha njengezingxenye ze-carapace ephukile. Kusukela lapho, umsebenzi kule ndawo awuzange ume, futhi izinsalela ezintsha zama-dinosaurs asephelile ezinhlobo ezifanayo ne-Stegosaurus Armatus, kodwa ngokuhluka okuncane esakhiweni samathambo, ziye zalahlwa ngaphezulu.
C. Marsh wasebenza ubusuku nemini, kwathi iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili (kusuka ngo-1879 kuya ku-1887) wachaza izinhlobo eziyisithupha ze-stegosaurus, ethembele ezingcezwini ezihlakazekile zamathambo namathambo. Ngo-1891, umphakathi wanikezwa ukwakhiwa kabusha kokuqala kophahla, okwakhiwa kabusha yi-paleontologist phakathi neminyaka eminingana.
Okubalulekile! Ngo-1902, esinye isazi se-paleontologist saseMelika uFrederick Lucas sashaya umbono kaCharles Marsh wokuthi izingcwecwe zasemuva ze-stegosaurus zakha uhlobo lwophahla lwamatshe futhi zazimane ziyigobolondo elingathuthuki.
Wabeka umbono wakhe, owawuthi ama-shield-petals (aqondiswe ngamaceleni abukhali) ahamba nomgogodla ngemigqa emi-2 ukusuka ekhanda kuye emsileni, lapho aphela khona ngemigogodla emikhulu. KwakunguLucas futhi owavuma ukuthi izingcwecwe ezibanzi zivikela iqolo le-stegosaurus ekuhlaselweni okuvela phezulu, kufaka phakathi ukuhlaselwa yizibankwa ezinamaphiko.
Kuyiqiniso, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, uLucas wawulungisa umbono wakhe wendawo izingqimba ezazikhona, eqagela ukuthi zishintshana ngephethini yamabhodi okuhlola, futhi azihambanga ngezinhlu ezimbili ezifanayo (njengoba ayecabanga ngaphambili). Ngo-1910, cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kwalesi sitatimende, kwaba nokuphikisana nosolwazi waseYale University, uRichard Lall, owathi ukuhleleka kwamapuleti kwakungeyona impilo yonke, kepha kwabangelwa ukuhanjiswa kwezinsalela ezisemhlabathini.
Kuyathakazelisa! ULall waba ngumhlanganyeli onentshisekelo ekwakhiweni kabusha kwe-stegosaurus okokuqala ePeabody Museum of Natural History, futhi waphikelela ekuhlelweni okulinganayo kwezivikelo zamathambo (ngokususelwa kumbono wokuqala kaLucas).
Ngo-1914, esinye isazi, uCharles Gilmore, sangena empikiswaneni, sathi ukuhleleka kwe-chess kwamabhodi angemuva kungokwemvelo ngokuphelele. UGilmore uhlaziye amathambo amaningana ophahla lwendlu nokungcwatshwa kwabo emhlabathini, engatholi bufakazi bokuthi amapuleti agudlulwa ngaphansi kwethonya lezinto ezithile zangaphandle.
Izingxoxo ezinde zesayensi, ezathatha cishe iminyaka engama-50, zaphela ekunqobeni okungenamibandela kukaC.Gilmore noF.Lucas - ngo-1924, kwenziwa izichibiyelo kwikhophi eyakhiwe kabusha yePeabody Museum, futhi lesi sithambo se-stegosaurus sithathwa njengesilungile kuze kube namuhla. Njengamanje, i-stegosaurus ibhekwa mhlawumbe njenge-dinosaur edume kakhulu futhi ebonakalayo yesikhathi seJurassic, noma ngabe izazi ze-paleontologists zivame kakhulu ukuthola izinsalela ezigcinwe kahle zalesi siqhwaga esingasekho.
Ama-stegosaurs eRussia
Ezweni lakithi, okuwukuphela kwesifanekiso se-stegosaurus kwatholakala ngo-2005 ngenxa yomsebenzi onzima ka-paleontologist uSergei Krasnolutsky, owemba indawo yaseNikolsky yama-vertebrates aseMiddle Jurassic (isifunda saseSharypovsky, iKrasnoyarsk Territory).
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinsalela ze-stegosaurus, ezineminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi eziyi-170 ubudala ngamazinga anzima, zitholwe emgodini ovulekile waseBerezovsky, izingxenyana zamalahle ezitholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-60-70. Izingcezu zamathambo zaziphakeme ngamamitha ayi-10 kunamalahle, okwathatha iminyaka engu-8 ukuthola ukubuyisela.
Ukuze amathambo, abuthakathaka ngezikhathi ezithile, angawi lapho kuthuthwa, ngalinye lawo lathelwa ngosimende enkwalini, kwathi lapho kuphela lapho lasuswa ngokucophelela esihlabathini. Elebhu, izinsalela zaziboshelwa ngeglu ekhethekile, phambilini ebezihlanze ngopulasitela. Kuthathe eminye iminyaka embalwa ukwakha kabusha ngokuphelele amathambo e-stegosaurus yaseRussia, ubude bayo babune futhi ukuphakama kwakuyimitha elilodwa nohhafu. Lesi sibonelo, esikhonjiswe eKrasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore (2014), sithathwa njengesisulu samathambo esiphelele kunazo zonke esitholakala eRussia, noma singenalo ugebhezi.
Ama-stegosaurs kwezobuciko
Isithombe sokuqala esidumile se-stegosaurus savela ngoNovemba 1884 emakhasini kamagazini wesayensi odumile waseMelika i-Scientific American. Umbhali wokuqoshwa okushicilelwe kwakungu-A. Tobin, owethula ngephutha i-stegosaurus njengesilwane esinentamo ende emilenzeni emibili, udonga lwalo lwalugcwele imiqolo yomsila, nomsila - onamapuleti emhlane.
Imibono yethu ngezinhlobo ezingasekho yathathwa ezithombeni zokuqala ezashicilelwa yi "Theodor Reichard Cocoa Company" yaseJalimane (1889). Le mifanekiso iqukethe izithombe ezisuka ku-1885-1910 ngabadwebi abambalwa, omunye wabo wayengusosayensi wemvelo odumile kanye noprofesa e-University of Berlin, uHeinrich Harder.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amakhadi aqoqwayo afakwa kusethi ebizwa ngokuthi "Tiere der Urwelt" (Izilwane Zomhlaba Wangaphambi Komlando), futhi asasetshenziswa njengezinto zokubhekisela namuhla njengezinkomba ezindala kakhulu nezinembe kakhulu zezilwane zangaphambi komlando, kufaka phakathi ama-dinosaurs.
Isithombe sokuqala se-stegosaurus, esenziwe ngu-paleoartist odumile uCharles Robert Knight (owaqala kusukela ekwakhiweni kabusha kwamathambo kaMarsh), sakhishwa kolunye lwezindaba ze-The Century Magazine ngo-1897. Umdwebo ofanayo wavela encwadini ethi Extinct Animals, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1906, isazi sezimbali uRay Lancaster.
Ngo-1912, isithombe se-stegosaurus esivela kuCharles Knight sabolekwa ngokungenamahloni nguMaple White, owathunywa ukuba ahlobise inoveli eqanjiwe yesayensi ka-Arthur Conan Doyle ethi The Lost World. Ku-cinematography, ukuvela kwe-stegosaurus enamahawu ama-dorsal double kuboniswe okokuqala kwifilimu ethi "King Kong", eyaqoshwa ngo-1933.
Indawo yokuhlala
Uma sikhuluma ngendawo yokwabiwa kwama-stegosaurs njengohlobo (hhayi i-infraorder enkulu enegama elifanayo), bese ihlanganisa lonke izwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Iningi lezinsalela zitholakale ezifundazweni ezinjenge:
- IColorado;
- Utah;
- Oklahoma;
- I-Wyoming.
Izinsalela zesilwane esingasekho zasakazeka endaweni enkulu lapho i-United States yanamuhla ikhona, kepha ezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene zitholakale e-Afrika nase-Eurasia. Ngalezo zikhathi ezikude, iNyakatho Melika yayiyipharadesi langempela lama-dinosaurs: emahlathini aminyene asezindaweni ezishisayo, ama-herbaceous ferns, izitshalo ze-ginkgo nama-cycads (afana kakhulu nezintende zesimanje) akhula ngobuningi.
Ukudla kwe-Stegosaurus
Izintwala zophahla kwakuyizidinosaurs ezivamile ezidla imifino, kodwa zazizizwa zingaphansi kwamanye ama-ornithisch, ayenemihlathi eyayihamba ezindizeni ezihlukene nokuhlelwa kwamazinyo okwenzelwe ukuhlafuna izitshalo. Imihlathi ye-stegosaurus yahamba yaya ohlangothini olulodwa, futhi amazinyo amancane ayengakulungele ikakhulukazi ukuhlafuna.
Ukudla kwama-stegosaurs kufaka:
- amafern;
- amahhashi;
- ama-lyes;
- ama-cycads.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-stegosaurus yayinezindlela ezi-2 zokuthola ukudla: kungaba ngokudla okungakhuli kahle (ezingeni lekhanda) amaqabunga / amahlumela, noma, imi ngezinyawo zayo zangemuva, ukuze ifike phezulu (ekuphakameni kwamagatsha ayisithupha).
Isika amahlamvu, i-stegosaurus ngobuchule yasebenzisa uqhwaku lwayo olunamandla olune-horny, yahlafuna futhi yagwinya imifino ngangokunokwenzeka, iyithumela esiswini, lapho uhambo lwaqala khona ukusebenza.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Kuyacaca ukuthi akekho noyedwa obuke imidlalo yokukhwelana yama-stegosaurs - ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo baphakamisa kuphela ukuthi isibankwa sophahla singaqhubeka kanjani nomjaho waso... Isimo sezulu esifudumele, ngokusho kososayensi, sithanda ukukhiqiza cishe unyaka wonke, okwathi ngokujwayelekile kwaqondana nokuzalaniswa kwezihuquzelayo zesimanje. Abesilisa, abalwela ukutholakala kwabesifazane, bahlunga ngobudlova ubudlelwane, bafinyelela ezimpini ezinegazi, lapho bobabili abafake izicelo balimala kanzima.
Ophumelele uwine ilungelo lokuqoma. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, insikazi evundisiwe yabeka amaqanda emgodini ongakambiwe, yambozwa ngesihlabathi yahamba. I-clutch yafudunyezwa yilanga elishisayo, futhi ekugcineni ama-stegosaurs amancane aqanduselwa ekukhanyeni, athola ukuphakama nesisindo ngokushesha ukuze ajoyine ngokushesha umhlambi wabazali. Abantu abadala bavikela abancane, bebafihla enkabeni yomhlambi uma kwenzeka besongelwa ngaphandle.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-stegosaurs, ikakhulukazi amancane nababuthakathaka, ayezingelwa ama-dinosaurs adla ukudla okunjalo, okwakudingeka alwe ngamabhangqa amabili omsila.
Kuyathakazelisa! Inhloso yokuvikela imiqolo isekelwa amaqiniso ama-2: cishe ama-10% ama-stegosaurs atholakele ayenokulimala komsila okungaqondakali, futhi izimbobo zabonakala emathanjeni / emathanjeni ama-allosaurs amaningi aqondana nobubanzi bezinsika ze-stegosaur.
Njengoba ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists zisola, amapuleti ayo omgogodla nawo asize ukuvikela ama-stegosaurus ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
Kuliqiniso, lezi zamuva bezingaqinile kakhulu futhi zashiya izinhlangothi zazo zivulekile, kepha ama-tyrannosaurs ahlakaniphile, lapho ebona izihlangu eziqhumayo, ngaphandle kokungabaza, angena kuzo.Ngenkathi izidumbu zizama ukubhekana namacwecwe, i-stegosaurus yathatha indawo yokuzivikela, imilenze ivulekile futhi iphakamisa umsila wayo osikiwe.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- I-Pterodactyl (isiLatin Pterodactylus)
- I-Megalodon (lat. Carcharodon megalodon)
Uma i-spike ihlaba umzimba noma i-vertebra, isitha esilimele sahlehla ngokuhlazisayo, futhi i-stegosaurus yaqhubeka nendlela yayo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi amapuleti, agwazwe ngemithambo yegazi, ngesikhathi sengozi aphenduka aba nsomi futhi aba njengelangabi. Izitha, zesaba umlilo wehlathi, zabaleka... Abanye abacwaningi bayaqiniseka ukuthi izingcwecwe zethambo le-stegosaurus zazisebenza ngemisebenzi eminingi, ngoba zihlanganisa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene.
