Impukane Isinambuzane esincela igazi okuyisifo esibalulekile sevektha futhi esingaba inkathazo enkulu. Amazeze izidumbu ezihlala ngaphandle komgcini (okungukuthi, zingama-ectoparasites). Njenge-ejenti eyinhloko edlulisa ukufa kwabantu abamnyama (isifo se-bubonic) ngeNkathi Ephakathi, babeyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ochungechungeni lwezehlakalo ezaholela ekufeni kwengxenye yesine yabantu baseYurophu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Bloch
Amazeze akha iqembu elincane lezinambuzane okungenzeka ukuthi zivela kukhokho uMecoptera (ofezela), abelana ngazo nezici ezithile. Womabili la maqembu anesisu esinameva, umehluko wocansi kwinani le-ganglia emgudwini we-ventral nerve, izindlala eziyisithupha zama-rectal, nohlobo olulula lwe-ovary.
Abesilisa banohlobo olufanayo lwesidoda, olwehlukile ohlotsheni lwe-arthropod, lapho i-flagellum noma umsila ongenayo indandatho yangaphandle yamathubu ayisishiyagalolunye etholakala ezungeze i-mitochondria (cell organelles). Izinsalela zamazeze ezitholakala e-Australia kuthiwa zineminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-200 ubudala. Eminye imikhakha yezinsalela eyaziwayo ivela e-Baltic amber (Oligocene) futhi ifana kakhulu namazeze “anamuhla”.
Ividiyo: Bloch
Ngenxa yokuthi amazeze akwazi ukweqa amabanga avundlile noma amile ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-200 ubude bomzimba wawo futhi athuthukise ukushesha kwamandla adonsela phansi angama-200, achazwe njengezinambuzane ezindiza ngezidladla zawo. Ezinye izinhlobo, ezihlala ezidlekeni eziphakeme ngaphezu komhlaba noma kwezinye izindawo ezingavamile, zikhasa kunokuba zigxume.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile kwamandla angavamile amazeze kwenzeka "emasekisini amazeze" lapho badonsa khona izinqola ezincane benze eminye imisebenzi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ubucwebe
Amazeze izinambuzane ezincane, ezingenazimpiko ezinama-cuticles aqinile anama-bristles amaningi futhi avame ukukama imiqolo ebanzi ebanzi. Amazeze amadala aqala ngosayizi kusuka ku-0.1 kuye ku-1 cm ubude. Izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2000 zezinhlobo zamazeze ziyaziwa, kepha lo myalo usemncane uma uqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu ezinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, kusakazeke kakhulu kwabanye, njengamazeze amagundane namazeze egundane, athwalwa ngabantu emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngokwemvelo, amazeze amadala ayiqembu elifanayo kodwa elehlukile, enokulungiswa okuningi okuthakazelisayo nezixhumanisi ezisobala ezimbalwa kwezinye izinhlobo. Umzimba ocindezelweyo ubavumela ukuthi basheshe badlule ezinweleni noma ezimpapheni zomgcini, ngenkathi izinqolobane ezibuyela emuva noma amakhekhe esebenza ukuwaqinisa ngaphakathi koboya, izinwele noma izimpaphe.
Imilomo yabo iguqulwa ukumunca igazi futhi ifaka izinaliti ezinama-spiky ezisiza zombili ekungeneni kwamazeze esikhunjeni somsingathi nasenamathisweni wezinhlobo ezichitha isikhathi eside zinamathele kumphathi (isb. Amazeze anamathelayo). Njengomthetho, amazeze ahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo anamehlo akhule kahle, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezikhubaza ukubungaza komhlaba (ngokwesibonelo, ama-moles) noma izilwane zasebusuku (ngokwesibonelo, amalulwane) anamehlo angakhuli kahle noma awanawo nhlobo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zamazeze yimilenze yokugxuma ekhule kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amafuza, njengezinambuzane eziningi ezifakwayo, alahlekelwe ngamaphiko awo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izingxenye zendlela yokundiza ziye zagcinwa zafakwa kohlelo lokugxuma.
Ezinambuzaneni ezindizayo, iphrotheyini enerabha eyaziwa ngokuthi i-resilin yakha i-hinge amaphiko anamathela ngayo emzimbeni. I-resilin ithatha ukucindezelwa nokuqina okwenziwe ngesikhathi sesiteleka sephiko ngalinye, futhi amandla agciniwe adluliselwa ngomphumela obuyile osiza ukuqala isiteleka ngasinye esilandelayo.
Amazeze, yize engenazimpiko, agcina ukuqina kwawo kubambo lapho imilenze inamathiselwe khona emzimbeni. Lapho izigaxa zigobhoza, amapayipi okunwebeka ayacindezelwa futhi agcinwa kulesi simo ngomshini olawulwa yimisipha. Esikhathini esingaphambi kokugxuma, imisipha yokubamba iyakhululeka futhi amandla asezingxenyeni ze-resilin adluliselwa ngemilenze. Lokhu kudala umthelela wokuphokophela isigubhu nonyawo ngalunye emhlabathini futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwenze ukuthi amazenze agxume.
Ihlala kuphi le flea?
Isithombe: Ikati zigcwele
Izinhlobo zemifino yomdabu zitholakala ezindaweni ezibandayo, ezipholile nezishisayo. Amazeze, ikakhulukazi i-Xenopsylla cheopis, athathwa njengabathwali abakhulu be-murine (endemic) typhus, isifo somuntu. Umthombo wokutheleleka ngamagundane namagundane. Amazeze athathwa njengabalulekile ekugcinweni nasekusabalaleni kwezifo eziningi ezilinganiselwe endaweni kumagundane nakwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, kufaka phakathi i-tularemia kanye ne-encephalitis yasentwasahlobo-ehlobo.
Amazeze adlulisa i-myxomatosis, isifo esibangelwa amagciwane onogwaja esisetshenziswa ngamabomu ukulawula onogwaja ezindaweni lapho ziyizinambuzane eziyingozi (isib. Australia). Amazeze kungenzeka ukuthi athwala izikelemu ze-canine filarial futhi asebenza njengomsingathi ophakathi we-tapeworm ovamile (iDipylidium caninum) wezinja namakati, kwesinye isikhathi nezingane. Uma zigcwele kakhulu, izilwane zingalimala kanzima noma zibulawe ukulunywa ngamazeze futhi, ngenxa yalokho, zilahlekelwe yigazi. Amazeze angenwa yi-parasitism evela kwizibungu zangaphandle, izibungu zangaphakathi ze-nematode, kanye nokutheleleka ngamagciwane, ukhunta kanye neprotozoan.
Imaze eyinsikazi engenayo ingena esikhunjeni sayo, ikakhulukazi emilenzeni, futhi ihlala emqubeni owakhelene nayo. Ukulunywa okunamandla kuhambisana nokuthuthuka nokwanda kwe-cyst, ngoba isisu se-flea ekhulelwe sikhula size sibe ngukhokho; ukutheleleka kwesibili kungaba yinkinga enkulu.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona amazenze nokuthi angabhekana kanjani nawo. Ake sibone ukuthi badlani.
Yini edliwa yizenze?
Isithombe: Impukane esilwaneni
Amazeze adla kuphela igazi lezilwane ezincelisayo (kubandakanya nabantu), kanye nezinyoni. Ukugcwala kwamazeze kungaholela ekuvukeleni kwesikhumba okunzima kanye nokushaywa okunzima. Yize izilwane eziningi zithola ukungatheleleki okuncane ngemuva kokuquleka okuphikelelayo noma okuphindaphindiwe, abantu (ikakhulukazi abantu) kwesinye isikhathi bangakhuthazeka ngemuva kokuchayeka futhi bahlakulele ukungezwani komzimba.
Izinhlobo ezihlasela abantu nemfuyo zifaka:
- ikati zigcwele (Ctenocephalides felis);
- lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izele labantu (Pulex irritans);
- inja (Ctenocephalides canis);
- intambo enamathelayo (Echidnophaga gallinacea);
- amazenze angena ngaphakathi (amaTunga penetrans);
- i-European chicken flea (Ceratophyllus gallinae), engakhubaza izinkukhu;
- inkukhu yasentshonalanga (Ceratophyllus niger) e-United States.
Amanye amazeze, adla ikakhulu amagundane noma izinyoni, kwesinye isikhathi ahlasela abantu, ikakhulukazi uma kungekho mngane wawo ojwayelekile. Lapho amagundane ebulawa yisifo se-bubonic, amazeze awo alambile, nawo angenwe yilesi sifo i-bacillus futhi efuna ukudla kwenye indawo, angadlulisela lesi sifo kubantu, ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni ezigcwele kakhulu amagundane.
Impukane yamagundane asempumalanga (i-Xenopsylla cheopis) iyisifo esisebenza ngempumelelo kunazo zonke lesi sifo, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi (isib. I-Nosopsyllus flaviatus, i-Xenopsylla brasiliensis, i-Pulex allerans) nayo ingadlulisela lesi sifo kubantu. Yize kunezifo zesifo ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezinye izindawo ezipholile, lesi sifo kubantu singalawulwa ngokuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kanye nemithi elwa namagciwane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isifo esiwumshayabhuqe (isifo sasemahlathini) yisifo esidlangile phakathi kwamakhulu ezinhlobo zamagundane asendle emhlabeni wonke, asekelwa kulezi zindawo ngamazeze aqeda lezi zilwane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100 zamazeze zingatheleleka ngesifo i-bacillus, kanti ezinye izinhlobo eziyi-10 zingabathwali bohlobo lwakudala lwesifo sasemadolobheni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ukwanda kwezinambuzane
Amanye amafuza (ngokwesibonelo, amazeze onogwaja) acacisiwe ekukhetheni ababungazi, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zikhubaza izilwane ezincelisayo ezahlukahlukene. Impukane yekati ayitheleleli nje kuphela ikati elifuywayo, kepha izinja, izimpungushe, ama-mongoose, ama-possum, izingwe nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, kufaka phakathi nabantu, uma imikhosi yazo ejwayelekile ingatholakali.
Izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlobene zivame ukukhubaza amazeze, nawo ahlobene ngokwawo. Ngakho-ke, iziqongo zikanogwaja (Ochotona) ezihlala ezintabeni ezinamadwala zitheleleka ngemikhakha emibili eyinqayizivele yamazeze, atholakala eziqongweni zezintaba zase-Asia, okukhombisa ubudlelwano obuseduze be-phylogenetic phakathi kwalezi zingosi ezihlukaniswe ngokwendawo. Izintelezi zezinyoni zisanda kujwayela ukusingathwa kwazo. Zinezici eziningana ezifanayo, okunye okusobala kakhulu ukwanda kwenani lama-combs ngaphezulu kwesifuba, okusebenzela ukubambelela ngaphakathi kwezimpaphe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinkawu azondli ngamazeze, namahhashi nokudla okuningi akwenzi ukudla. Iqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo kakhulu ngamagundane. Umkhuba wabo wokwakha izidleke emigodini ukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu. Izilwane ezingenakhaya elihlala njalo zivame ukuthwala amazeze ambalwa.
Yize bobabili abazala ngobulili ngokuhaha nangokuphindaphindiwe bedla igazi, baphila isikhathi esihlukile, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ngubani ophethe. Isibonelo, umvundla onogwaja ungaphila izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye emazingeni okushisa eduze kwendawo eqandayo ngaphandle kokudla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Impukane encane
Imininingwane yomjikelezo wempilo itholakala ngezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zezinhlanzi. Zinezigaba ezine zempilo - iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi, nomuntu omdala. Amaqanda amhlophe okweqanda amhlophe abekwa emzimbeni, esidlekeni, noma endaweni yokuhlala isilwane esibambile.
Isibungu sincane futhi asinamlenze futhi sondla imfucumfucu engokwemvelo efana nendle eyomile, izingcezu ezomisiwe zesikhumba, izibungu ezifile, noma igazi elomisiwe elitholakala esidlekeni somgcini. Amazeze abantu abadala asheshe adlulise igazi, elimunce amathumbu emathunjini ukukhiqiza indle yokondla izingane zabo, okudingekayo ekuguqulweni ngempumelelo kwezinhlobo ezithile zezibungu.
Ngemuva kwemixhantathu emithathu (ezimweni ezingavamile, ezimbili), isibungu sithukulula umucu kasilika, ofaka imfucumfucu evela esidlekeni bese ungena esiteji sikaphaphethi. Isiphungumangathi siphenduka sibe sesimdala ezinsukwini noma ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Ezinye izinhlobo zingangena esimweni sokuthuthuka ekugcineni kwesigaba se-pupal futhi ngeke zivuthwe kuze kufike umphathi. Ngokuya ngohlobo noma izimo zezemvelo, isikhathi esidingekayo kumjikelezo wokuphila ophelele we-flea siyahluka kusuka emavikini amabili kuye ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoIsikhathi sempilo yabantu abadala sisuka emavikini ambalwa (isib. Echidnophaga gallinacea) kuye onyakeni noma ngaphezulu (Pulex allerans).
Umjikelezo wempilo wezinambuzane zaseYurophu (Spilopsyllus cuniculi) nomsingathi wayo uvumelaniswe kahle. Ukukhula kocansi kwamazeze abesilisa nabesifazane kungaphansi kokulawulwa okuqondile kwamahomoni ezocansi onogwaja. Ngakho-ke, amaqanda e-flea lensikazi akhula ngempumelelo kuphela uma ondla unogwaja okhulelwe.
Lapho kuzalwa onogwaja abancane, bobabili ubulili bamazeze bavuthwa futhi bashiye umama baye emaphuphu nasidlekeni, lapho belandelana khona futhi bazalela amaqanda, ngaleyo ndlela banikeze izibungu zamazeze indawo efanelekayo yokuthuthuka. Uma ama-hormone ocansi onogwaja besifazane elawulwa ngokungeyikho ngokwethulwa kwe-synthetic progestin (izindlela zokuvimbela inzalo), ukukhula kwezintokazi zesifazane nakho kuyama.
Yize icala elifanayo phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi lingakaziwa, kubhaliwe ukuthi amazeze amagundane awavundisi kangako lapho ondliwa ngamagundane ezingane kunabazali bawo, nokuthi imaze yegundane (Leptopsylla segnis) ivundile kakhulu lapho ikhuliswa kakhulu emikhakheni yomndeni. kunamagundane amadala ngamanye. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi imiphumela yamahomoni okusingathwa yande kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe.
Izitha zemvelo zamazeze
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ubucwebe
Izitha zamazeze ngabantu abazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuziqeda. Lapho usebenza ngamazeze, kuhle ukwelapha zombili izidleke zomninindlu noma indawo yokungcola, okuyindawo yokuzalanisa amazenze, kanye nomgcini ophethwe yileli gciwane, njengoba izigaba zesibungu kanye neziphuphu zivame ukukhula kude nomzimba womninindlu.
Ezilwaneni ezinegciwane, sebenzisa uthuli lokuhweba, isifutho noma i-erosoli equkethe isibulali zinambuzane noma isilawuli sokukhula. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izifunda amazeze angazweli emithini yokubulala izinambuzane futhi kudingeka izinto ezintsha. Ukulawula izibungu namazeze amadala kude nomninimzi, izibulala-zinambuzane noma izilawuli zokukhula zingasetshenziswa ezibayeni nasezikhoselweni zezilwane ezithintekile. Izinto ezixoshayo zingasebenza ngempumelelo ekuvikeleni ukuhlaselwa kwamazeze.
Umjikelezo wempilo uyaphazanyiswa lapho amazinga okushisa ehla ngaphansi kuka-21 degrees Celsius noma ukwehla ngokweqile komswakama kwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ukugeza ukugeza okubandayo noma ukushiya izinto ngaphandle ngesikhathi sokushisa okubandayo kungasiza ekulawuleni ukubhebhetheka kwamazeze ngenkathi kusetshenziswa ezinye izindlela.
Izindlela zokuvimbela zingasiza ukugwema ukuqubuka nokucasuka ezifuywayo. Kulula ukuvimbela amazenze kunokuqeda lesi sifo. Kungathatha izinyanga ezifika kwezingu-6 ukususa ngokuphelele amazeze, njengoba izigaba ezahlukahlukene zomjikelezo wempukane zingaphikelela ezindaweni ezifihliwe zasekhaya nezilwane ezifuywayo, kugweme ukufinyelela esikhaleni noma kwezinye izinyathelo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zokuziqeda.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Bloch
Yize ukuhlukaniswa kwentela kwamaqembu akhiqizayo kusekelwe enhlanganisweni yezici ezingenasisekelo zokuziphatha, zibonisa umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwamaqembu. Ezingeni lomndeni noma elejwayelekile, ukuhlukaniswa kususelwa ikakhulu ekubunjweni kwekhanda nesifuba, indawo yama-combs, ukuguqulwa kwesitho sokukopisha besilisa nezitho zokuzala zabesifazane, i-chaetotaxy ejwayelekile (isikhundla se-bristle), nezinye izici.
Inani lamakhemikhali namuhla lingahlukaniswa libe yimikhaya eminingana, inani eliqondile lincike ohlelweni lokuhlukaniswa olusetshenzisiwe. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lubona imindeni emikhulu eyi-10, kufaka phakathi iPulicoidea, iMalacopsylloidea, iCeratophylloidea, iCoptopsylloidea, i-Ancistropsylloidea, iPygiopsylloidea, iMacropsylloidea, iStephanocircidoidea, iVermipsylloidea, neHystrichopsylloidea.
Ezinye izinhlelo zingabona imindeni emihlanu noma eyisishiyagalombili. Uhlelo oluyinhloko luchaza imindeni emihlanu yokuqala yohlelo lokuqala olwahlongozwa ngo-1982 nguFrancis Gerard Albert Maria Smith. Kamuva, abanye ochwepheshe bathembele kulolu hlelo, bethula amaqembu amasha noma bahlanganisa amaqembu akhona ngokuya ngokufana noma umehluko ezakhiweni zesisu, ikhanda nesifuba.
Lolu hlelo lubukeka kanjena:
- superfamily Pulicoidea. Kufaka phakathi amazeze ekati nezinja, amazeze egundane asempumalanga, amazeze anamathelayo namazeze abantu, amazeze angene, izinyoni kanye namazeze onogwaja. Kufaka phakathi umndeni wePulicidae, nohlobo uPulex, Xenopsylla, Tunga, nabanye;
- umkhaya omkhulu Malacopsylloidea. Onke amafuza kulo mndeni omkhulu atholakala kumagundane. Kufaka phakathi imindeni emi-2, iMalacopsyllidae neRhopalopsyllidae;
- superfamily Ceratophylloidea. Amazeze kulo mndeni omkhulu atholakala kumagundane nasemalulwaneni. Wonke amafuza angenazo izinhlanganisela zezimpawu ezibalwe kweminye imikhakha emikhulu emi-3 angaphansi kweCeratophylloidea, okubandakanya imindeni eyi-12;
- superfamily Vermipsylloidea. Lawa ngamazeze adlayo. Umndeni omkhulu uqukethe umndeni owodwa i-Vermipsyllidae;
- superfamily Hystrichopsylloidea. Lawa iningi lamazeze agundayo. Zijwayelekile kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Kufaka phakathi imindeni emibili, iHystrichopyllidae neCtenophthalmidae.
Impukane kungenye yezinambuzane ezivame kakhulu emakati, izinja nakwezinye izilwane ezifuywayo. Ikakhulukazi, kukholakala ukuthi wonke amakati nenja azohlushwa yizikhunta esikhathini esithile ezimpilweni zabo. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi amakhaza awakhululeki, futhi angacasula kakhulu isilwane sakho futhi awenze angajabuli kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, ukulwa okuqhubekayo kuyenziwa ngokumelene namazeze.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/20/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 08/20/2019 ngo-23: 02
