Emndenini wonke omkhulu wezingwejeje, mhlawumbe yi-chipmunks enokubukeka okuhle kakhulu nokukhangayo. Ngaphandle kobudlelwano obusondelene nemmmot kanye ne-squirrel yasemhlabathini, i-chipmunk isabukeka kakhulu njengesikwele esincane.
Incazelo ye-chipmunk
Igama lesayensi lohlobo lweTamias lubuyela empandeni yasendulo yamaGrikhi i- τᾰμίᾱς, ekhomba ekusindiseni / ekuzuzeni futhi ihunyushwe ngokuthi "umphathi wendlu". Umbhalo waseRussia udonsela kuhlobo lwesiTatar "boryndyk", futhi ngokusho kwenguqulo yesibili, kuya enguqulweni yaseMari "uromdok".
Ukubukeka
I-chipmunk ifana ne-squirrel ngombala wayo oyisisekelo oyisisekelo (phezulu ngokubomvu-mpunga nesisu esimhlophe ngokumpunga), umsila omude (opholile kancane kunesikwele) nokwakheka komzimba. Ngisho nezinyawo ezishiywe yi-chipmunk eqhweni zihlukile kunesikwele kuphela ngosayizi. Abesilisa bavame ukuba bakhulu kunabesifazane. Igundane elidala likhula lifike ku-13-17 cm futhi linesisindo esingama-100-125 amagremu. Umsila (osuka ku-9 kuye ku-13 cm) nge- "comb" encane uhlale umude ngaphezu kwengxenye yomzimba.
I-chipmunk, njengamagundane amaningi, inezikhwama ezinamahloni ezinkulu ezibonakala lapho zifaka ukudla kuzo.... Izindlebe ezicocekile zibonakala ekhanda. Amehlo acwebezelayo amise okwe-alimondi abuka eduze.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izinhlobo ze-chipmunks (ezingama-25 zazo manje zichaziwe) zifana kakhulu ngokubukeka nangemikhuba, kepha ziyahlukahluka ngosayizi nokuhlukahluka kombala.
Izitho zangemuva ziphakeme kunezingaphambili; izinwele ezincanyana zikhula ematheni. Ibhantshi lifushane, ne-awn ebuthakathaka. Ijazi lasebusika lihlukile kwengubo yasehlobo kuphela ngamandla aphansi ephethini emnyama. Umbala wangemuva wendabuko unombala onsundu ngokumpunga noma obomvu. Kuqhathaniswa nayo yimivimbo emi-5 emnyama egudla igquma cishe ukuya emsileni. Kwesinye isikhathi kuzalwa abantu abamhlophe, kodwa hhayi ama-albino.
Indlela yokuphila ye-Chipmunk
Lo ngumuntu ozimele ngokweqile, ovumela umlingani ukuthi asondele kuye kuphela ngenkathi yesizini. Ngezinye izikhathi, i-chipmunk ihlala futhi iphakele yodwa, ihlahle indawo yayo (amahektha ayi-1-3) ifuna ukudla. Kubhekwa njengesilwane esihlala phansi, esingajwayelekile ukusuka ku-0.1-0.2 km kude nezindlu. Kodwa ezinye izilwane zihamba uhambo olude, zifinyelela ku-1.5 km ngesikhathi sokukhwelana kanye no-1-2.5 km lapho kugcinwa ukudla.
Ukhuphuka kahle ezihlahleni bese endiza esuka komunye aye komunye ebangeni elifinyelela ku-6 m, ngobuciko weqa phansi esuka eziqongweni zamamitha ayi-10. Uma kunesidingo, isilwane sihamba ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-12 ngehora. Imvamisa ihlala emigodini, kepha yakha izidleke emigodini phakathi kwamatshe, kanye nasemigodini ephansi kanye neziqu ezibolile. Umgodi wasehlobo uyikamelo elilodwa ekujuleni kwengxenye yemitha (kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela ku-0.7 m), lapho inkambo ethambekele khona iholela khona.
Kuyathakazelisa! Emgodini wobusika, inani lamakamelo ayisiyingi liphindaphindwe kabili: elingezansi (elinokujula kwamamitha ayi-0.7-1.3) linikezwa igumbi lokugcina, eliphezulu (elingaphansi kuka-0.5-0.9 m) liguqulelwa ekamelweni lokulala ebusika nasewadini lokuzalwa.
Ngesimo sezulu esibandayo, i-chipmunk izigoqa ibe yibhola futhi ilale ubusuku bonke, ivuke yenelise indlala iphinde ilale futhi. Indlela yokuphuma ebusika iboshwe ngesimo sezulu. Phambilini kunamanye, amagundane ayavuka, imisele yawo yakhelwe emithambekeni enelanga, okungabavimbeli ukuthi babuye ngaphansi komhlaba ngesankahlu esibandayo esingazelelwe. Lapha balinde ukuqala kwezinsuku ezifudumele, eziqiniswa yizinsalela zezinto ezisetshenziswayo.
Umgodi usebenza njengendawo yokukhosela ngenkathi yezimvula, kepha ngosuku olucwathile ehlobo, i-chipmunk ishiya ikhaya layo kusenesikhathi, ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga, ukuze ingapheli amandla lapho kushisa... Ngemuva kokucasha emgodini, izilwane ziphinde zivele futhi zifune ukudla ngaphambi kokushona kwelanga. Emini, kuphela labo chipmunks abaye bahlala emahlathini aminyene anomthunzi abangafihli ngaphansi komhlaba.
Isikhathi sokuphila
U-Chipmunk ekuthunjweni uhlala isikhathi eside kabili kunasendle - cishe iminyaka eyi-8.5. Eminye imithombo ibiza bmayelanaisibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke yiminyaka eyi-10. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izilwane zikhishwa cishe iminyaka eyi-3-4.
Ukuthengwa kokuphakelwa kokudla
Ama-Chipmunks enza isitokofela ngendlela efanelekile ngokulindela ukulala isikhathi eside, enganeliswa yizipho zehlathi nokungena ezitshalweni zezolimo. Akumangalisi ukuthi igundane lihlukaniswa njengesilokazane esiyingozi kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi kulezo zindawo lapho amasimu ahlangana namahlathi: nangu ama-chipmunks evuna okusanhlamvu kokugcina.
Eminyakeni edlule, isilwane sakha izindlela zaso zokuvuna okusanhlamvu, okubukeka kanjena:
- Uma isinkwa singekho kakhulu, i-chipmunk ithola isiqu esiqinile bese iyasithatha, igxume iye phezulu.
- Isiqu siyagoba, bese kuthi igundane ligudle ngalo, liyibambe ngezidladla lize lifinyelele endlebeni.
- Ukuluma indlebe bese ukhetha izinhlamvu kuwo masinyane, uwafake ezikhwameni zezihlathi.
- Ezitshalweni eziminyene (lapho kungenakwenzeka khona ukutshekisa utshani), i-chipmunk iluma izingxenye zayo kusuka ngezansi ize ifinyelele endlebeni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Yonke into ekhula ehlathini nokuthi yini igundane eliyintshontshayo eziqeshini ezilinyiwe ingena kuma-chipmunk pantries: amakhowe, amantongomane, ama-acorn, ama-apula, imbewu yasendle, ubhekilanga, amajikijolo, ukolweni, i-buckwheat, i-oats, ifilakisi nokuningi.
Lonke uhla lwemikhiqizo aluvamile ukwethulwa emgodini owodwa, kepha ukukhethwa kwabo kuhlala kumangalisa. Njengomnikazi oshisekayo, i-chipmunk ihlunga izinto ngohlobo, izihlukanise ngotshani obomile noma ngamaqabunga. Isisindo esiphelele sokulungiselela ukudla kwasebusika kwegundane elilodwa ngu-5-6 kg.
Indawo yokuhlala
Iningi lezinhlobo ezingama-25 zohlobo lweTamias zihlala eNyakatho Melika, kanti yinye kuphela iTamias sibiricus (i-Asia, aka Siberian chipmunk) etholakala eRussia, ngokunembile, enyakatho yengxenye yayo yaseYurophu, i-Urals, eSiberia naseFar East. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chipmunk yaseSiberia yabonakala esiqhingini saseHokkaido, eChina, eNhlonhlweni YaseKorea, kanye nasezifundazweni ezisenyakatho zeYurophu.
Ama-subgenus amathathu ama-chipmunks ahlukaniswa:
- ISiberia / i-Asia - ifaka uhlobo kuphela lweTamias sibiricus;
- I-Eastern American - futhi emelwe uhlobo olulodwa, iTamias striatus;
- I-Neotamias - inezinhlobo ezingama-23 ezihlala entshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika.
Izinduku, ezifakwe kuma-subgenus amabili okugcina, zilwenze lonke iNyakatho Melika kusukela enkabeni yeMexico kuya e-Arctic Circle. I-chipmunk yase-East American, njengoba igama liphakamisa, ihlala empumalanga yezwekazi laseMelika. Amagundane asendle aphumelele ukweqa emapulazini anoboya asezimpandeni ezifundeni eziningana emaphakathi neYurophu.
Okubalulekile! I-chipmunk esempumalanga ivumelane nokuhlala phakathi kwama-rock placers namatshe, ezinye izinhlobo zikhetha amahlathi (coniferous, mixed and deciduous).
Izilwane zigwema izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi kanye nezindawo ezivulekile namahlathi amade lapho kungekho khona iziqu noma izihlahla ezisencane... Kuhle uma kunezihlahla ezindala ehlathini, zithweswe umqhele onamandla, kepha hhayi amahlathi amade impela e-willow, bird cherry noma birch azokwenza. Ama-Chipmunks angatholakala nasemikhakheni ehlane ehlane, lapho kune-windbreak / izinkuni ezifile, ezigodini zemifula, emaphethelweni amahlathi kanye nasezihlahleni eziningi zehlathi.
Ukudla kwe-Chipmunk
Imenyu yamagundane ilawulwa ukudla kwezitshalo, ngezikhathi ezithile kulekelelwa ngamaprotheni ezilwane.
Ukwakheka cishe kokuphakelayo kwe-chipmunk:
- imbewu / izihlahla zezihlahla kanye namahlumela amancane;
- imbewu yezitshalo zezolimo futhi ngezikhathi ezithile amahlumela abo;
- amajikijolo namakhowe;
- imbewu yamakhambi nezihlahla;
- ama-acorn namantongomane;
- izinambuzane;
- izibungu nama-molluscs;
- amaqanda ezinyoni.
Iqiniso lokuthi ama-chipmunks azulazula eduze kuzotshelwa izinsalela zesici sokudla - izigaxa ezigayiwe zama-conifers namantongomane e-hazel / cedar.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuthi bekuyi-chipmunk ebizitika lapha, hhayi i-squirrel, kuzokhonjiswa ngemikhondo emincane, kanye nogwayi abashiywe nguye - "izinhlamvu" ezinde ezinde eziyizinqwaba, ezifana ne-barberry.
Ukufisa kokudla kwamagundane akukhawulelwanga ezimileni zasendle. Uma usensimini nasezivandeni, uhlukanisa ukudla kwakhe namasiko anjenge:
- okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu;
- ukolweni;
- okufana nokolweni;
- uphizi nefilakisi;
- amabhilikosi nama-plums;
- ubhekilanga;
- ukhukhamba.
Uma ukutholakala kokudla kuba yindlala, ama-chipmunks ayofuna ukudla emasimini angomakhelwane nasezivandeni zemifino. Ngokucekela phansi izitshalo, zidala umonakalo omkhulu kubalimi. Sekutholakele ukuthi ukufuduka kwabantu abaningi ngokungajwayelekile kuvame ukubangelwa ukungavuni kahle kwalolu hlobo lokudla, njengembewu yemisedari.
Izitha zemvelo
I-chipmunk inezitha eziningi zemvelo kanye nabancintisana nokudla. Owokuqala uhlanganisa bonke abamele umndeni we-weasel (abahlala eduze kwamagundane), kanye ne:
- impungushe;
- impisi;
- inja ye-raccoon;
- izinyoni ezidla ezinye;
- izinja / amakati ezifuywayo;
- izinyoka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhere kanye nesable, kubheka izimpahla ze-chipmunk, ungazidli nje kuphela, kodwa ne-rodent uqobo (uma ingenaso isikhathi sokucasha). Isuka kulowo oyilandelayo, i-chipmunk ethukile indizela esihlahleni noma icashe ngokhuni olufile. Abancintisana nokudla kukaChipmunk (ngokukhishwa kwamantongomane, ama-acorn nembewu) yile:
- amagundane e-murine;
- inyoni;
- Ibhere laseHimalaya / nsundu;
- ingwejeje;
- izingwejeje zomhlaba ezinomsila omude;
- jay;
- isiqophamithi esinamabala amakhulu;
- i-nutcracker.
Akekho emndenini omkhulu we-squirrels onekhono lobuciko bokusayina umsindo njenge-chipmunk.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lapho esengozini, uvame ukukhipha impempe ye-monosyllabic noma i-trill ebukhali. Angaphinde anikeze imisindo eyinkimbinkimbi yezigaba ezimbili, isibonelo, "brown brown" noma "hook-hook".
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana kunqunyelwe ukuphela kobusika busika futhi iwa, njengomthetho, ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. U-Rut uqala izinsuku ezingama-2-4 ngemuva kokuba abesifazane bephume ebusika futhi bangahlala isikhathi eside uma indawo ingafudumele ngokwanele futhi kuvunguza umoya obandayo.
Abesifazane, abakulungele ukukhwelana, bafaka amakhwela abo "okugxoba" abawacelayo. Abafakizicelo abaningana bajaha umakoti oyedwa, behlula u-200-300 m, bathathwa yizwi elimemayo. Emzabalazweni wenhliziyo yale ntokazi, bayagijimisana, balwa ngama-duels amafushane.
Insikazi izala izingane izinsuku ezingama-30-32, izala ama-4-10 anqunu futhi angaboni izimpumputhe anesisindo esingu-4 g lilinye... Izinwele zikhula ngokushesha, futhi ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, ama-chipmunks amancane aphenduka amakhophi wabazali bawo abanemigqa. Ngemuva kwelinye isonto (ngosuku lwamashumi amabili), izingane ziqala ukubona kahle, kuthi lapho zinezinyanga eziyisithupha, ziphuke ebeleni likanina, ziqale ukukhasa ziphume emgodini. Ukuqala kwempilo ezimele kwenzeka lapho unenyanga eyodwa nohhafu, kepha ukuthomba kwenzeka cishe unyaka.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kuyaziwa ukuthi iTamias sibiricus ifakiwe kwiRed Book yaseRussia futhi ingaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso. Kunemininingwane emincane kwezinye izinhlobo, kepha kunezifundo ngokwakhiwa kweminyaka yabantu, ezihambisana namandla okuzala.
Okubalulekile! Inani neminyaka yobudala emfuyweni kuhlala kunqunywa ngesivuno sefolishi eyinhloko: isibonelo, eminyakeni eminingi inani labantu (ngokwindla) liyingxenye yesitoko esincane, eminyakeni emile - inani lezilwane ezisencane lehla laya ku-5.8%.
Isibonelo, emahlathini aseWestern Sayan, ubukhulu obukhulu be-chipmunks (ama-20 nge-sq. Km) eyodwa yaphawulwa emahlathini omsedari otshani obude. ENorth-Eastern Altai, inani eliphakeme kakhulu lezilwane larekhodwa ku-cedar-fir taiga - izilwane ezingama-47 ngesikwele. km ekuphumeni kwezilwane ezisencane emigodini kanye nama-225 ngesikwele. km ngokubonakala kwezilwane ezincane. Kwezinye izinhlobo zehlathi (ezihlanganisiwe nezinqunyiwe) ama-chipmunks abhekwa kakhulu: kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-27 (enabantu abadala), kusuka ku-9 kuye ku-71 (ngokungezwa kwentsha). Inani elincane lama-chipmunks liphawulwa emahlathini amancane anamaqabunga amancane: 1-3 ngesikwele. km ngoJuni, 2-4 ngesikwele. km ekupheleni kukaMeyi - Agasti.
Ukugcina i-chipmunk ekhaya
Kuyinto elula ukuqala efulethini ngezizathu eziningana:
- i-chipmunk iyalala ebusuku futhi ivuke emini;
- udla noma yiziphi izimila;
- ukuhlanzeka (ikheji kufanele lihlanzwe kanye ngesonto);
- ayinalo iphunga "legundane" elingathandeki.
Ukuphela kwento okufanele ugxile kuyo ukukhetha ikheji evulekile, ubukhulu bayo (obuzobekwa ngabashadikazi) obuyoba ngale ndlela elandelayo: 1 m ubude, 0.6 m ububanzi no-1.6 m ukuphakama. Uma kunesilwane esisodwa kuphela, imingcele ye-cage ithobekile kakhulu - 100 * 60 * 80 cm. Ama-Chipmunks agijima kakhulu futhi athanda ukukhuphuka, ngakho-ke afaka amagatsha ngaphakathi. Kungcono ukuthenga ikheji ngezinduku ezifakwe nge-nickel (ngezikhathi ezingekho ngaphezu kuka-1.5 cm).
Okubalulekile! Indlu yokulala (15 * 15 * 15) ibekwa ehokweni lapho ama-chipmunks ekugcineni ezinzile endlini yakho futhi angesabi abantu.
Kungcono uma phansi ehhokweni kuhoxiswa. I-Peat noma i-sawdust izosebenza njengokulala. Ihhoko ifakwe i-feeder, isiphuzo esizenzakalelayo nesondo eligijimayo (kusuka ku-18 cm ububanzi). Izinduku zikhishwa ngezikhathi ezithile zokuhamba ukuze kugwenywe ukunyakaza okufanayo (kusuka phansi kuye odongeni, ukusuka lapho kuye ophahleni naphansi). Ngesikhathi sohambo oluzungeza igumbi, i-chipmunk iyabhekelwa ukuze ingahlafune lutho oluyingozi. Izintambo zifihliwe.
Ihhoko libekwa ekhoneni elinomthunzi, njengoba izilwane zibulawa ukushisa ngokweqile... Kungakhethwa abesifazane ababili noma abobulili obuhlukile (ngokuzalanisa) ngababili, kepha hhayi abesilisa aba-2, uma kungenjalo ukulwa akunakugwenywa. Izithelo ziyahlanzwa futhi imifino ihlanzwa kahle ukususa izibulala-zinambuzane. Izintethe, amakhilikithi, ama-slugs kanye nezibungu zokudla zinikezwa kabili ngesonto. Ama-chipmunks nawo athanda amaqanda, inkukhu ebilisiwe, i-cottage shizi enamafutha aphansi kanye ne-yogurt ngaphandle kwezithasiselo.
