I-stellateon stellate (Acipenser stellatus) ingenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu ze-sturgeon, eyaziwa ngokukhiqiza i-caviar kanye ne-beluga ne-sturgeon. I-Sevruga yaziwa nangokuthi i-star sturgeon ngenxa yamacwecwe amathambo we-stellar emzimbeni wayo. Le nhlanzi ibhalwe ohlwini olusengozini enkulu. ISevruga ayiwavumeli amazinga aphansi e-oxygen, ngakho-ke i-oxygenation eyengeziwe phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo ibalulekile kuyo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Sevryuga
Igama elijwayelekile lalesi silwane "star sturgeon". Igama lesayensi "stellatus" igama lesiLatini elisho "ukumbozwa ngezinkanyezi." Leli gama lisho amapuleti amathambo amise okwenkanyezi amboza umzimba walesi silwane.
Ividiyo: Sveruga
I-sturgeon, okungokwayo i-stellate sturgeon, ingenye yemindeni emidala kunazo zonke yezinhlanzi ezinamathambo, ezalwa nemifula eshisayo, enamazinga aphakathi nendawo nangaphansi komhlaba, amachibi nezindawo ezisogwini lwase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Zihlukaniswa yimizimba yazo emide, ukungabi nezikali nobukhulu obukhulu obungavamile: ama-sturgeon kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-3 m ubude ajwayelekile, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zikhula zifike ku-5.5 m. Iningi lama-sturgeon angabahlinzeki abangaphansi kwe-anadromous, bazala phezulu futhi badle emifuleni i-deltas futhi imilomo yomfula. Ngenkathi amanye engamanzi ahlanzekile ngokuphelele, bambalwa kakhulu abaphumela olwandle oluvulekile ngaphandle kwezindawo ezisogwini.
ISevruga ibhukuda emanzini angenasawoti apholile, amanzi anosawoti nolwandle. Idla izinhlanzi, ama-molluscs, ama-crustaceans kanye nezikelemu. Ihlala kakhulu emigodini yoLwandle Olumnyama neCaspian naseLwandle i-Azov. Inani labantu elikhulu lisendaweni yaseVolga-Caspian. Kunemijikelezo emibili yokuzala yalezi zinhlobo. Ezinye izinhlanzi zizalela ebusika kanti ezinye zizalela entwasahlobo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani i-sevruga
Izici ezijwayelekile ze-sturgeon zimi kanje:
- isisekelo samathambo akuwona umgogodla, kepha i-notilord ye-cartilaginous;
- umphetho womgogodla ukude nekhanda;
- izibungu zikhula isikhathi eside, zondla ngezinto eziqukethwe esikhwameni se-yolk;
- imisebe engaphambili yomphiko wepectoral iva;
- emzimbeni (ngemuva, esiswini, ezinhlangothini) kunemigqa yemikhondo emikhulu ekhonjiwe. Phakathi kwabo, isilwane simbozwe ngamathambo amancane amathambo, ama-granules.
ISevruga yinhlanzi ebalulekile yokuhweba. Inezinhlobo ezimbili - ubusika nentwasahlobo. Ihlukile kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlanzi zomndeni wama-sturgeon ngokubukeka. Isici esivelele se-stellate sturgeon ngamakhala aso angajwayelekile angobude benkemba. Ibunzi lale nhlanzi ligqame kakhulu, izimpondo ezincanyana nezibushelelezi azifinyeleli emlonyeni, udebe lwangezansi aluthuthukisiwe kahle.
Umzimba we-stellate sturgeon, njengekhala, uhlanganisiwe, ohlangothini ngalunye nangemuva umbozwe izihlangu, uvalwe ngokuqinile komunye nomunye. Umzimba wale nhlanzi unombala obomvu ngokunsundu ngombala omncane o-bluish-black ngemuva nasemaceleni ngomugqa omhlophe esiswini.
ISevruga yinhlanzi encane ezacile, ehlukaniswa kalula ngumlomo wayo, ende, ezacile futhi eqondile. Amahawu asemaceleni mancane. Lezi zici zihlukanisa i-stellate sturgeon ne-sturgeon, etholakale emanzini aseFinland eminyakeni yamuva. Ngemuva kwe-stellate sturgeon kumnyama okotshani ngokuluhlaza noma nsundu, isisu siphaphathekile. Izikwele ezisemaceleni ziphaphathekile. ISevruga incane ngosayizi kuma-sturgeon amaningi. Isisindo sayo esimaphakathi cishe siyi-7-10 kg, kepha abanye abantu bafinyelela ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamitha ama-2 kanye nesisindo esingu-80 kg.
Ihlala kuphi i-sturgeon enezinkanyezi?
Isithombe: Sevruga eRussia
USevruga uhlala eCaspian, Azov, Black kanye nase-Aegean Seas, lapho engena khona emithanjeni, kubandakanya iDanube. Lezi zinhlobo azivamile ukutholakala eDanube Ephakathi nangenhla, kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile izinhlanzi ezifudukela phezulu ziye eKomarno, eBratislava, e-Austria noma naseJalimane. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala ngamanani amancane oLwandle i-Aegean kanye ne-Adriatic, kanye nase-Aral Sea, lapho yathathwa khona isuka oLwandle iCaspian ngo-1933.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala kwabantu, ama-stellate sturgeon nawo angena emithanjeni yeLower Danube, njengemifula iPrut, iSiret, i-Olt neZhiul. EMiddle Danube, yathuthela eMfuleni iTisu (kuze kufike eTokaj) nasezindaweni eziphansi zemifula yayo, imifula iMaros neKörös, kanye nomlomo woMfula iZagyva, izindawo ezingezansi zemifula iDrava neSava kanye nomlomo woMfula iMorava.
Ngenxa yokulawulwa nokuvinjelwa kwemifula, indawo ye-stellate sturgeon emadolobheni aseCaspian, Azov naseBlack Black yehle kakhulu. Indawo yezindawo zokuzalela incishiswe kakhulu, futhi imizila nesikhathi sokufuduka kushintshile. Njengamanje, abantu abaningi eMfuleni iDanube bathuthela emadamini e-Iron Gate kuphela.
ISevruga imvamisa itholakala emanzini angajulile olwandle lolwandle nasezindaweni eziyizicaba zemifula. Izilwane ezincane ze-benthic zingumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kubantu abadala, kanti iplankton ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekondleni ezigabeni zokuqala zesibungu.
Manje uyazi lapho i-stellate sturgeon ihlala khona. Ake sithole ukuthi le nhlanzi idlani.
Idlani i-sturgeon enezinkanyezi?
Isithombe: Sevruga olwandle
Izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ezivame kakhulu zama-sturgeon, kufaka phakathi i-stellate sturgeon, zivuza uthuli emachibini nasemifuleni, zidla kakhulu i-crayfish, imfanzi, iminenke, izitshalo, izinambuzane zasemanzini, izibungu, izibungu ze-silt nama-molluscs.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ISevruga iyeka ukudla ngokushesha nje lapho iqala ukufuduka. Ngemuva kokuzala, ibuyela olwandle ngokushesha, lapho iqala khona ukudla futhi.
I-Sevruga ingondli abasezingeni eliphansi kakhulu ngoba inezimpondo ezizwelayo kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimpumulo zazo ukuthola izilwane ezingezansi nomlomo wazo omude futhi oqhuqayo ukumunca inyamazane yazo. Umgogodla wamathumbu we-stellate sturgeons nawo uhlukile kakhulu, ngoba izindonga zesisu sabo se-pyloric zixinaniswe nesitho esifana nesesisu, amathumbu abantu abadala ane-epithelium esebenza nge-ciliated, futhi amathumbu abo endlu yangemuva akhula abe ama-valve wokuvunguza.
Ama-sturgeon okuzenzela, atholakala emachibini azimele, adinga amavithamini, uwoyela, amaminerali kanye namaprotheni okungenani angama-40% (iningi elisuka kufulawa wezinhlanzi). Phakathi kwamavithamini ancibilika ngamafutha, adinga amavithamini A, D, E, noK. Amavithamini abo ancibilikiswa ngamanzi afaka i-B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6, B5, B3 (niacin), B12, H, C (ascorbic acid), ne-folic acid.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Stellate sturgeon fish
Yize i-stellate sturgeon kugxilwe kuyo njenge-aquaculture njengomthombo obalulekile wamaqanda, kunokuntuleka okukhulu kolwazi mayelana nebhayoloji nokuziphatha kwalolu hlobo endle (ibanga lasekhaya, ukuhlanganiswa, ulaka, isibonelo), kanye nezici eziningi zezolimo (ubudlova, ukunothisa imvelo imvelo, ingcindezi kanye nokuhlaba). Ukuntuleka kolwazi akugcini nje ngokubanzima kakhulu ekuhloleni isimo senhlalakahle yakhe, kepha futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi cishe noma yiliphi ithemba lokuthuthuka kwalo.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-sturgeon zingamapulasitiki amakhulu maqondana nokuzala okudala. Imikhakha eminingi yokuzala yenzeka lapho uhlobo olulodwa lunamaqembu acace ngokugqagqana azala ohlelweni olufanayo lomfula, esikubiza ngokuthi "ukuzala okuphindwe kabili". Amaqembu okuzala achazwa njengemijaho yokuzala yasentwasahlobo kanye ne-heal.
Amaqembu ahlukanisayo okuzala achazwe ngezinhlobo eziningana zama-sturgeon emhlabeni jikelele. Ukuzala kabili kwenzeka ezinhlotsheni eziningi zama-sturgeon zase-Eurasia. Ezilwandle eziMnyama nezaseCaspian kunezinhlobo eziningi ezinemijaho yasentwasahlobo neye-heal: i-beluga, i-Russian sturgeon, ameva, i-stellate sturgeon, i-sterlet. Iqembu lasentwasahlobo lingena emfuleni ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo ngama-gonads acishe avuthiwe futhi azala ngemuva nje kokungena emfuleni. Iqembu le-heme lingena emfuleni ngasikhathi sinye noma ngokushesha ngemuva kweqembu lasentwasahlobo, kepha ngama-oocyte angavuthiwe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Sevryugi ovela eRed Book
Lolu hlobo luzalela osebeni lwemifula olugcwala izikhukhula zasentwasahlobo nangaphezulu kwaphansi kwamatshe esiteshi ngemisinga esheshayo. Amaqanda abekwa emibhedeni yamatshe asakazekile, amatshe amatshe kanye nohlalu oluhlanganiswe nezingcezu zegobolondo nesihlabathi esiqatha. Izimo ezifanele zokuzalela zifaka amazinga aphezulu okugeleza namabhodlela amatshe ahlanzekile. Ukwehla kwezinga lokugeleza ngemuva kokuzala kanye nokukhula kwamaqanda kungaholela ekwandeni kokulahleka kombungu. EMfuleni iDanube, ukuzala kwenzeka kusukela ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni emazingeni okushisa asukela ku-17 kuya ku-23 ° C. Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngemikhuba yokuzala yalolu hlobo.
Ngemuva kokuchamuselwa, izibungu ze-stellate sturgeon zihlala hhayi kuphela ezingxenyeni eziphansi neziphakathi zamanzi omfula, kodwa futhi nangaphezulu. Bakhukhuleka behla ngomfula, futhi amandla abo okuhambisa akhula ngenkuthalo ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka okulandelayo. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinsizwa eziseduze neDanube kuthonyelwa ukuphakelwa kokudla, okwamanje kanye nobuxhakaxhaka. Bafudukela ezansi nomfula ngokujula kwamamitha ama-4 kuye kwayi-6.Isikhathi sokuphila emfuleni siqala ngoMeyi kuya ku-Okthoba, kanti ukudla okusebenzayo kuqala lapho izibungu zifinyelela ku-18-20 mm.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ISevruga ingafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha ama-2 ubude neminyaka yobudala engama-35. Kwabesilisa nabesifazane ukuvuthwa, kuthatha iminyaka efika kwengu-6 kuya kwengu-10, ngokulandelana. Izinsikazi zingabeka amaqanda aphakathi kuka-70,000 no-430,000, kuya ngosayizi wawo.
Njengamanye ama-sturgeon, i-stellate sturgeon ingena eMfuleni iDanube ukuze izale cishe unyaka wonke, kepha kunezikhathi ezimbili eziphakeme. Le nqubo iqala ngoMashi ekushiseni kwamanzi okungu-8 kuye ku-11 ° C, ifinyelela umfutho wayo omkhulu ngo-Ephreli futhi iqhubeke kuze kube nguMeyi. Ukufuduka kwesibili, okukhulu kakhulu kuqala ngo-Agasti futhi kuyaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-Okthoba. Lezi zinhlobo zithanda ukuhlala endaweni efudumele kunezinye i-Danube sturgeon, futhi ukuzala kwayo kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa amanzi aphakeme kunalawo atholakala ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwezinye izinhlobo.
Izitha zemvelo ze-stellate sturgeon
Isithombe: Sevryuga
Izitha ze-sevruga ngabantu. Ukuthomba okwedlule (iminyaka eyi-6-10) kubenza babe sengozini enkulu yokudoba ngokweqile. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani labo emigodini emikhulu lehle ngama-70% kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule. Ngawo-1990, inani lokudoba eliphelele lakhula kakhulu ngenxa yokudoba okungekho emthethweni okwakungakaze kwenzeke. Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho eVolga-Caspian Basin kukodwa kulinganiselwa ukuthi kube izikhathi eziphindwe kayishumi kuya kweziyi-12 komkhawulo osemthethweni.
Umthethonqubo wokugeleza komfula kanye nokudoba ngokweqile yizizathu eziyinhloko zokwehla kwamanani ama-stellate strongeon ngekhulu lama-20. Kuphela eVolga-Caspian umcengezi, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kulinganiselwa ku-10-12 izikhathi ezingaphezu kokubanjwa okungokomthetho. Isimo esifanayo senzeka eMfuleni i-Amur. Ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nokuzingela ngokungemthetho kuholele ekwehlisweni okukhulu kokubanjwa okuphelele kwezomthetho emhlabeni futhi ikakhulukazi emgodini omkhulu we-stellate sturgeon - uLwandle iCaspian.
I-Caviar amaqanda ama-sturgeon angenalutho. Kuma-gourmets amaningi, i-caviar, ebizwa ngokuthi "amapharele amnyama", iwukudla okumnandi kokudla. Izinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu ze-sturgeon zentengiso zikhiqiza i-caviar ekhethekile: i-beluga, i-sturgeon (i-Russian sturgeon) ne-stellate sturgeon (i-star sturgeon). Umbala nobungako bamaqanda kuya ngohlobo nesigaba sokuvuthwa kwamaqanda.
Namuhla i-Iran neRussia yibo abathengisa kakhulu i-caviar, cishe ama-80% akhiqizwa yizinhlobo ezintathu zama-sturgeon oLwandle iCaspian: i-Russian sturgeon (20% yemakethe), i-stellate sturgeon (28%) ne-Persian sturgeon (29%). Futhi, izinkinga ze-stellate sturgeon zidalwa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, amadamu, ukubhujiswa nokuqhekeka kwemifula yemvelo nezindawo zokuhlala, ezithinta imizila yokufuduka nezindawo zokudla nokuzalanisa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Stellate sturgeon fish
ISevruga ibilokhu iyisakhamuzi esingajwayelekile eMiddle and Upper Danube futhi manje iqothulwe eDanube engenhla kanye nengxenye yesiHungary neSlovak eseMiddle Danube, ngoba bambalwa kuphela abantu abakwaziyo ukudlula emachibini emadamini e-Iron Gate. Isifanekiso sokugcina esaziwayo esigabeni sesiSlovak sathathwa eKomarno ngoFebhuwari 20, 1926, kwathi esokugcina esigabeni saseHungary sabhaliswa eMojács ngo-1965.
Ngokusho kweRed Book, i-stellate sturgeon isongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukuvinjelwa nokucekelwa phansi kwemifula kanye nemvelo. Kodwa-ke, ngokokubheka kwanamuhla kweDanube, kuseduze nokuqothulwa. Isimo sabantu esikhona njengamanje, esike saphazanyiswa kakhulu ukudoba ngokweqile esikhathini esedlule, nokuthi indawo okuzalelwa kuyo izikhala yayikuphi ngqo. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukwenza ngempumelelo izindlela zokongiwa kwalezi zinhlobo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-sturgeon angama-55,000 atholakala eLwandle lwase-Azov ngo-1990 ngenxa yokungcola. Ukwehla okungama-87% kokudotshwa kwezentengiselwano emhlabeni kukhombisa ukwehla kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
I-Wild sturgeon (i-sturgeon ejwayelekile, i-Atlantic sturgeon, iBaltic sturgeon, i-European sea sturgeon) ayizange idotshwe ogwini lwaseFinland kusukela ngawo-1930. Izinhlobo ezinamathuba amaningi okungena olwandle eFinland yi-stellateon stellate. Zingabuye zinyamalale njengoba amasampula agciniwe efa. Ama-Sturgeon aphila isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke le nqubo izothatha isikhathi esithile.
Ukuvikelwa kweSevruga
Isithombe: Sevruga ovela kwiRed Book
Cishe zonke izinhlobo zama-sturgeon zihlukaniswa njengezisengozini. Inyama namaqanda abo abaluleke kakhulu (eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-caviar) kuholele ekudobeni ngokweqile nokuncipha kwabantu be-sturgeon. Ukuthuthukiswa komfula kanye nokungcola nakho kube nomthelela ekwehleni kwabantu. I-European sea sturgeon, eyake yaba khona kakhulu eJalimane, yanyamalala eminyakeni engaba yikhulu edlule. Lezi zinhlobo kulindeleke ukuba zibuyele emifuleni yaseGerman ngamaphrojekthi wokuphinda angeniswe.
Isu Lomhlaba Wonke Lokulwa Nokuqothulwa KwamaSturgeons lichaza izinkomba ezisemqoka zomsebenzi wokongiwa kwama-sturgeon eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo.
Lelisu ligxile ku:
- ukulwa nokuxhashazwa ngokweqile;
- ukubuyiselwa kwendawo yokuhlala umjikelezo wempilo;
- ukulondolozwa kwesitoko se-sturgeon;
- ukuhlinzeka ukuxhumana.
I-WWF ibandakanyeka emisebenzini yokongiwa kwendawo ezifundeni nakwamanye amazwe ahlukahlukene. Izenzo eziqondene nezwe zifaka phakathi izenzo e-Austria (imininingwane ngesiJalimane), iBulgaria (isiBulgaria), iNetherlands (i-Dutch), iRomania (isiRomania), iRussia noMfula i-Amur (iRussia) ne-Ukraine (i-Ukraine).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-WWF iyasebenza ku:
- iDanube River Basin enomsebenzi okhethekile wokulwa nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwama-sturgeon eDanube;
- ukubuyiselwa kwemifudlana engokwemvelo yoMfula iSt. John eCanada.
I-stellateon stellate Ingabe ingenye yezinhlobo zama-sturgeon ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni. Lezi zidlakela zamanzi zasendulo zibhekene nezinsongo eziningi ekusindeni kwazo. Yize bephila eMhlabeni izigidi zeminyaka, ama-stellgeon stellate njengamanje asengozini yokudoba ngokweqile nokuphazanyiswa kwendawo yawo yemvelo. ISevruga isengozini.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/16/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.08.2019 ngo-21: 38
