Ngokushesha nje lapho izazi zebhayoloji zingagaguli igama elithi pterodactyl (idayinaso endizayo, isibankwa esindizayo, ngisho nodrako ondizayo), bayavuma ukuthi wayeyisilwane esihuquzelayo sokuqala esinamaphiko futhi, mhlawumbe, ukhokho wezinyoni zanamuhla.
Incazelo ye-pterodactyl
Igama lesiLatini elithi Pterodactylus libuyela ezimpandeni zesiGreki, elihunyushwe ngokuthi "umunwe onamaphiko": i-pterodactyl yalithola leli gama kusukela kuzwane lwesine olwehlukaniswe kakhulu lwezingalo zangaphambili, lapho iphiko lesikhumba lalinanyathiselwe khona. I-Pterodactyl ingeye-genus / suborder, okuyingxenye ye-oda elikhulu lama-pterosaurs, futhi ayithathwa njenge-pterosaur yokuqala echazwe nje kuphela, kepha futhi iyisibankwa ezindizayo esishiwo kakhulu emlandweni we-paleontology.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
I-pterodactyl yayibukeka kancane njengesilwane esihuquzelayo kunenyoni eyindilinga enomlomo omkhulu (onjengepheku) namaphiko amakhulu... I-Pterodactylus antiquus (inhlobo yokuqala neyaziwayo edume kakhulu) yayingashayi ngosayizi - amaphiko ayo ayimitha elilodwa. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-pterodactyls, ngokusho kwezazi ze-paleontologists ezahlaziya izinsalela zamathambo ezingaphezu kuka-30 (amathambo aphelele nezicucu), zazincane kakhulu. I-digitalwing yabantu abadala yayinokhakhayi olude noluzacile, olunemihlathi emincane, eqondile, lapho kwakhula khona amazinyo enaliti ayindilinga (abacwaningi babala ama-90).
Amazinyo amakhulu kakhulu ngaphambili futhi kancane kancane aba mancane maqondana nomphimbo. Ukhakhayi nemihlathi ye-pterodactyl (ngokungafani nezinhlobo ezihlobene nayo) beziqondile futhi azigoqelanga phezulu. Ikhanda lahlala entanyeni eguquguqukayo, evulekile, lapho kwakungekho khona izimbambo zomlomo wesibeletho, kepha ama-vertebrae womlomo wesibeletho abonwa. Ngemuva kwekhanda kwakuhlotshiswe ngomgogodla ophakeme wesikhumba, owakhula njengoba i-pterodactyl ikhula. Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obukhulu, amaphiko edijithali ahamba kahle - leli thuba lanikezwa ngamathambo alula futhi angenalutho, lapho amaphiko abanzi ahlanganiswa khona.
Okubalulekile! Iphiko laliyisibaya esikhulu esikhumba (esifana nephiko lelulwane), elaligxiliswe kuzwaneni lwesine nasemathanjeni esihlakaleni. Izitho zangemuva (ezinamathambo ahlanganisiwe omlenze ongezansi) zazingaphansi ngobude kwezingaphambili, lapho ingxenye yawela kuzwane lwesine, ithwetshulwe uzipho olude.
Iminwe endizayo yayigoqiwe, ulwelwesi lwephiko lwalunemisipha emincane, embozwe isikhumba esekelwa yimiphetho ye-keratin ngaphandle nemicu ye-collagen ngaphakathi. Umzimba we-pterodactyl wawumbozwe ukukhanya phansi futhi wanikeza umbono wokuthi ucishe ube nesisindo (ngemuva kwesizinda samaphiko anamandla nekhanda elikhulu). Kuliqiniso, akubona bonke abalingisi ababonisa i-pterodactyl enomzimba omncane - ngokwesibonelo, uJohann Hermann (1800) wamdweba kakhulu.
Imibono iyehluka ngomsila: ezinye izazi ze-paleontologists ziyaqiniseka ukuthi ekuqaleni yayincane kakhulu futhi ayizange idlale ndima, kuyilapho abanye bekhuluma ngomsila omuhle ohloniphekile owanyamalala enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Abalandeli bemfundiso yesibili bakhuluma ngokubaluleka komsila, lapho i-pterodactyl yaqondisa khona emoyeni - ihamba, yehla khona manjalo noma inyuka ngokushesha. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo "zisola" ubuchopho ngokufa komsila, ukukhula kwawo okwaholela ekwehliseni nasekunyamalaleni kwenqubo yomsila.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ama-Pterodactyls ahlukaniswa njengezilwane ezihleleke kakhulu, okusikisela ukuthi bahola indlela yokuphila nokuhlangana. Kusangabazeka ukuthi ama-pterodactyls angabhakuzisa amaphiko awo ngempumelelo, ngenkathi ukuzulazula kwamahhala kungangabazeki - ukugeleza komoya okuvolumetric kusekela kalula ulwelwesi olungasindi lwamaphiko aluliwe. Okungenzeka ukuthi, amaphiko eminwe abe nekhono ngokuphelele kumakhenikha wokundiza okushaya phezulu, okwakusenehlukile kwezinyoni zesimanje. Ngendlela yokundiza, i-pterodactyl mhlawumbe yayifana ne-albatross, ishaya kahle amaphiko ayo ku-arc emfushane, kepha igwema ukunyakaza okungazelelwe.
Indiza ebhabha ngezikhathi ezithile iphazanyiswe ukuhambisa phezulu kwamahhala. Udinga nje ukunaka ukuthi i-albatross ayinayo intamo ende nenhloko enkulu, yingakho isithombe sokuhamba kwayo singeke sahlangana ngo-100% nokundiza kwe-pterodactyl. Esinye isihloko esinempikiswano (ngamakamu amabili abaphikisi) ukuthi ngabe kwakulula yini ukuthi ipterodactyl isuke endaweni eyisicaba. Ikhempu yokuqala ayinakungabaza ukuthi isicilikisi esinamaphiko sisuka kalula endaweni ebushelelezi, kufaka phakathi nolwandle.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abaphikisi babo baphikelela ngokuthi i-pterodactyl idinga ukuphakama okuthile (idwala, iwa noma isihlahla) ukuqala, lapho yakhuphuka khona ngezidladla zayo eziqinile, yadudulwa, yehla phansi, yasakaza amaphiko ayo, yabe isiphuthuma phezulu.
Ngokuvamile, iphiko lomunwe lakhuphuka kahle kunoma yimaphi amagquma nezihlahla, kepha lahamba kancane futhi ngokungahambi kahle ezweni elilinganiselwe: amaphiko agoqiwe neminwe egobile eyayisebenza njengokusekelwa okungathandeki kwamphazamisa.
Ukubhukuda kwanikezwa kangcono kakhulu - ulwelwesi ezinyaweni lwaphenduka lwaba amaphiko, okubonga ukwethulwa kwalo kwakushesha futhi kusebenza kahle... Ukubona okubukhali kwasiza ukuhamba ngokushesha lapho kuseshwa inyamazane - i-pterodactyl yabona lapho kuhamba khona izikole zezinhlanzi ezikhazimulayo. Ngendlela, kwakusesibhakabhakeni lapho ama-pterodactyls ezizwa ephephile, yingakho abelala (njengamalulwane) emoyeni: ngamakhanda abo ebheke phansi, bebambe uthango lwegatsha / olunamadwala ngezidladla zabo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ama-pterodactyls ayeyizilwane ezinegazi elifudumele (futhi mhlawumbe nokhokho bezinyoni zanamuhla), isikhathi sabo sokuphila kufanele sibalwe ngokufana nesikhathi sokuphila sezinyoni zanamuhla, ezilingana ngosayizi nezinhlobo ezingasekho. Kulokhu, kufanele uthembele kudatha ezinkozi noma amanqe aphila iminyaka engama-20-40, futhi kwesinye isikhathi iminyaka engama-70.
Umlando wokutholwa
Amathambo okuqala we-pterodactyl atholakala eJalimane (izwe laseBavaria), noma kunalokho, ematsheni amatshe amatshe aseSolnhofen, akude buduze ne-Eichshtet.
Umlando wokukhohlisa
Ngo-1780, izinsalela zesilo esingaziwa yisayensi zanezelwa eqoqweni lika-Count Friedrich Ferdinand, kwathi eminyakeni emine kamuva, zachazwa nguCosmo-Alessandro Collini, isazi-mlando saseFrance kanye nonobhala wabasebenzi bakaVoltaire. UCollini wengamele umnyango wezomlando wemvelo (Naturalienkabinett), ovulwe esigodlweni sikaCharles Theodore, okhethiweyo waseBavaria. Isidalwa semivubukulo saziwa njengokutholwa kokuqala okurekhodiwe kokubili i-pterodactyl (ngomqondo omncane) kanye ne-pterosaur (ngendlela ejwayelekile).
Kuyathakazelisa! Kukhona nolunye uhlaka lwamathambo oluzisholo ukuthi lungolokuqala - okuthiwa "isampuli likaPester", olwahlukaniswa ngo-1779. Kodwa lezi zinsalela ekuqaleni zazibangelwa uhlobo olungasekho lwama-crustaceans.
UCollini, owaqala ukuchaza lo mbukiso ovela kuNatalialienkabinett, akazange afune ukubona isilwane esindizayo ku-pterodactyl (ngenkani esenqaba ukufana namalulwane nezinyoni), kepha waphikelela ekutheni kungokwezilwane zasemanzini. Umbono wezilwane zasemanzini, ama-pterosaurs, ubesekelwa isikhathi esithile.
Ngo-1830, kwavela udaba lwesazi sezilwane saseJalimane uJohann Wagler mayelana nezinye izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, lwanezelwa ngomfanekiso we-pterodactyl, amaphiko asetshenziswa njengamaphiko. UWagler wadlulela phambili wafaka i-pterodactyl (kanye namanye ama-vertebrate asemanzini) esigabeni esikhethekile i- "Gryphi", esiphakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo nezinyoni..
Umbono kaHermann
Isazi sezilwane saseFrance uJean Herman saqagela ukuthi uzwane lwesine lwaludingeka yi-pterodactyl ukubamba ulwelwesi lwephiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, entwasahlobo ka-1800 kwakunguJean Hermann owazisa isazi semvelo saseFrance uGeorges Cuvier ngobukhona bezinsalela (ezichazwe nguCollini), esaba ukuthi amasosha kaNapoleon azowayisa eParis. Incwadi, ebhalelwe uCuvier, ibiqukethe nencazelo yombhali yamathambo, ephelezelwa ngumfanekiso - umdwebo omnyama nomhlophe wesidalwa esinamaphiko avulekile, ayindilinga, asuka emunweni wendandatho kuye emaqakaleni anoboya.
Ngokuya ngesimo samalulwane, uHerman wabeka ulwelwesi phakathi kwentamo nesihlakala, yize kungekho zingcezu zolwelwesi / izinwele kusampula uqobo lwayo. UHerman wayengenalo ithuba lokuzihlolela mathupha izinsalela, kepha wathi lesi silwane esingasekho senziwa yizilwane ezincelisayo. Ngokuvamile, uCuvier uvumelane nencazelo yesithombe esihlongozwe nguHermann, futhi, eseyinciphisile phambilini, ebusika buka-1800 waze washicilela amanothi akhe. Kuliqiniso, ngokungafani noHermann, uCuvier ubeke lesi silwane esingasekho njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngo-1852, i-pterodactyl yethusi kwakufanele ihlobise ingadi yezitshalo eParis, kodwa iphrojekthi yamiswa ngokuzumayo. Izithombe ze-pterodactyls zafakwa, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka emibili (1854) hhayi eFrance, kepha eNgilandi - eCrystal Palace, eyakhiwe eHyde Park (eLondon).
I-pterodactyl eqanjwe igama
Ngo-1809, umphakathi wajwayelana nencazelo eningiliziwe yesigcilikisha esinamaphiko esivela eCuvier, lapho anikeza khona igama lokuqala isayensi igama elithi Ptero-Dactyle, elisuselwa ezimpandeni zesiGreki elithi πτερο (wing) no-andκτδάλος (umunwe). Ngasikhathi sinye, uCuvier wabhubhisa ukucabanga kukaJohann Friedrich Blumenbach mayelana nezinhlobo zezinyoni ezisogwini. Ngalesosikhathi, kwavela ukuthi izinsalela zazingathunjwa yibutho laseFrance, kodwa zaziphethwe ngumzimba womzimba waseJalimane uSamuel Thomas Semmering. Uhlole izinsalela waze wafunda inothi langomhla ka-12/31/1810, elalikhuluma ngokunyamalala kwabo, kanti futhi ngoJanuwari 1811 uSemmering waqinisekisa uCuvier ukuthi lokho okutholakele kwakungaphelele.
Ngo-1812, umJalimane washicilela eyakhe inkulumo, lapho achaza khona lesi silwane njengesilwane esiphakathi nendawo phakathi kwelulwane nenyoni, wasiqamba ngokuthi i-Ornithocephalus antiquus (eyayiphethwe izinyoni zasendulo).
UCuvier uphikise uSemmering ku-athikili ephikisayo, ethi izinsalela ngezezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Ngo-1817, kwavulwa isampuli yesibili ye-pterodactyl endaweni yediphozi yaseSolnhofen, okwathi (ngenxa yesifinyezo sayo esifushane) iSömmering ebizwa nge-Ornithocephalus brevirostris.
Okubalulekile! Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, ngo-1815, isazi sezilwane saseMelika uConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, ngokusekelwe emisebenzini kaGeorges Cuvier, waphakamisa ukuthi kusetshenziswe igama elithi Pterodactylus ukukhombisa uhlobo.
Kakade esikhathini sethu, konke okutholakele okucutshunguliwe kuhlolisiswe ngokuphelele (kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene), futhi imiphumela yocwaningo yashicilelwa ngo-2004. Ososayensi bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi kukhona uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwe-pterodactyl - Pterodactylus antiquus.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-Pterodactyls avele ekupheleni kwesikhathi seJurassic (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-152.1-150.8 edlule) futhi aqothulwa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-145 edlule, esivele isesikhathini seCretaceous. Kuliqiniso, ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ukuphela kweJurassic kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1 kamuva (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-144 eyedlule), okusho ukuthi isibankwa esindizayo saphila futhi safa esikhathini seJurassic.
Kuyathakazelisa! Iningi lalezi zinsalela zitholakale ematsheni aseSolnhofen (eJalimane), kuncane endaweni yezifunda eziningi zaseYurophu nakwamanye amazwekazi amathathu (i-Afrika, i-Australia neMelika).
Okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi ama-pterodactyls ayevamile kuwo wonke umhlaba.... Izingcezu zamathambo e-pterodactyl zitholakale naseRussia, osebeni lweVolga (2005)
Ukudla kwe-Pterodactyl
Ukubuyisela impilo yansuku zonke ye-pterodactyl, izazi ze-paleontologists zafika esiphethweni ngokuphila kwayo okungaphuthumanga phakathi kwezilwandle nemifula, kugcwele izinhlanzi nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ezilungele isisu. Ngenxa yamehlo aso abukhali, isibankwa esindizayo sabona kude ukuthi izikole zezinhlanzi zidlala kanjani emanzini, izibankwa nezilwane eziphila emanzini, lapho kucasha khona izidalwa zasemanzini nezinambuzane ezinkulu.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-pterodactyl kwakuyizinhlanzi, ezincane nezinkulu, kuya ngeminyaka / usayizi womzingeli uqobo. I-pterodactyl ebulawa yindlala yahlela ebusweni besiziba futhi yahlwitha isisulu esinganaki ngemihlathi yaso emide, lapho kwakucishe kube nzima ukuphuma khona - sasibanjwe ngokuqinile ngamazinyo enaliti abukhali.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukuya esidlekeni, ama-pterodactyls, njengezilwane ezijwayelekile zenhlalo, akha amakoloni amaningi. Izidleke zazakhiwe eduze nemizimba yamanzi yemvelo, imvamisa kakhulu emaweni asogwini lolwandle. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziphakamisa ukuthi izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezindizayo zazinomsebenzi wokuzala, bese zinakekela inzalo, zondle amaphuphu ngezinhlanzi, zifundise amakhono okundiza, njalonjalo.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- I-Megalodon (lat. Carcharodon megalodon)
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-Pterodactyls ngezikhathi ezithile aba yizisulu zezilwane zasendulo, zombili zomhlaba namaphiko... Phakathi kwalaba bokugcina, kwakukhona nezihlobo eziseduze ze-pterodactyl, i-ramphorhynchia (i-pterosaurs enomsila omude). Ukwehlela emhlabeni, ama-pterodactyls (ngenxa yokuhamba kancane nobuvila) aba isisulu esilula sama-dinosaurs adla kakhulu. Usongo luqhamuke kuma-Compsognaths amadala (izinhlobo ezincane zama-dinosaurs) nakuma-dinosaurs afana nesibankwa (theropods).
