Ojakalase yigama elenziwe jikelele elihlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu noma ezine zabamele abomndeni we-canine (Canidae) futhi abahlala e-Afrika nase-Asia, nasengxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Europe.
Incazelo kaJakalase
Izilwane ezincelisayo ezidliwayo ezivela emndenini we-canine (i-canine) kanye nohlobo lwempisi (lat. Canis) ziye zathi ukwehluka kwezinhlobo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ukutholakala kwezilwane zekhanda elimise okwekhanda hhayi okukhulu ngomlomo obukhali kujwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo.... Ubude besilinganiso sogebhezi, njengomthetho, abukho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-17 kuya kweziyi-19. Ama-canines abukhali, makhulu futhi aqinile, mancane, kepha aguqulelwe kahle ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Iris yamehlo anombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo noma ansundu. Izindlebe zimile, zibekwe zahlukaniswa, zincane kancane.
Ukubukeka
Ojakalasi bamaphakathi impela kubamele umndeni we-canine (canine), futhi ngesakhiwo somzimba wabo isilwane esincelisayo sifana nenja encane ephelelwe yisikhathi:
- Ujakalasi omthende - ifana nezimpungushe ezinemibala emnyama ngokubukeka, futhi umehluko omkhulu isifonyo esifushane nesibanzi. Imigqa ekhanyayo ihamba ezinhlangothini, okunikeze igama lesilwane isilwane. Ingxenye engenhla yomzimba iba nsundu ngokumpunga, futhi umsila unombala omnyama ngethiphu emhlophe. Amazinyo ezinhlobo zinamandla kakhulu futhi athuthukiswe kahle kuwo wonke izimpungushe. Esifundeni sendunu nasesifubeni, kunezindlala ezikhethekile zephunga;
- Ijakalasi elimnyama elimnyama - iyehluka ngombala obomvu-mpunga ngezinwele ezimnyama ngemuva, ezakha uhlobo "lwendwangu yesali emnyama", enabela emsileni. Le ndwangu yesali iyisici esivelele sezinhlobo. Abantu abadala banobude bomzimba obungu-75-81 cm, nobude bomsila obungu-30 cm bese ukuphakama kubuna ngo-50 cm.Isisindo esimaphakathi sifinyelela ku-12-13 kg;
- Impungushe ejwayelekile - yisilwane esincane, esifana nokubukeka kwempisi encishisiwe. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba ngaphandle komsila cishe singama-75-80 cm, futhi ukuphakama komuntu omdala emahlombe, njengomthetho, akweqi isigamu semitha. Isisindo esiphezulu sejakalasi kaningi siyahluka phakathi kuka-8-10 kg. Umbala ojwayelekile woboya ubumpunga, ngokuba khona komthunzi obomvu, ophuzi noma obomvu. Endaweni engemuva nasezinhlangothini, umbala ojwayelekile uphenduka amathoni amnyama, nasendaweni yesisu nomphimbo, umbala ophuzi okhanyayo unqoba;
- Impungushe yase-Ethiopia - yisilwane esinobuso obude futhi esinemilenze emide, esivele ngendlela ejwayelekile emndenini. Umbala woboya ubomvu ngombala obomvu, ngombala okhanyayo noma omhlophe omhlophe, isifuba esimhlophe nohlangothi lwangaphakathi lwezitho. Abanye abantu babonakala nangokuba khona kwamabala akhanyayo kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Ingxenye engenhla yomsila nangemuva kwezindlebe kumnyama. Isisindo esijwayelekile sowesilisa omdala singu-15-16 kg, kanti leso sowesifazane singeqi ku-12-13 kg. Ukuphakama kwesilwane emahlombe kungaphakathi kwama-60 cm.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umbala wejakalasi wehluka kakhulu kuye ngezici zesifunda sokuhlala, kepha uboya basehlobo buvame ukuqina futhi bufushane kunezinwele zasebusika, futhi bunombala obomvu kakhudlwana.
Ojakalasi molt kabili ngonyaka: entwasahlobo nasekwindla, futhi ijazi labantu abaphilile liguquka cishe emasontweni ambalwa.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Umehluko omkhulu ophakathi kwempungushe enezintambo yindlela yayo yokuphila yasebusuku, futhi indawo enkulu yokuzingela inikezwa izilwane ezimbili. Kodwa-ke, isimilo salezi zilwane okwamanje asifundeki kabi, ngenxa yokuzifihla nokungabethembi abantu.
Izimpungushe ezivamile zisesigabeni sezilwane ezihlala phansi ezingakwenzi ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile ezithile zonyaka. Kwesinye isikhathi abameleli bezinhlobo bayakwazi ukuya kude ngokwanele ezindaweni zabo ezihlala njalo befuna ukudla okulula, futhi bavame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinokulahleka okukhulu kwemfuyo noma ama-ungulates asendle amakhulu ngokwanele abavumela ukuthi badle izidumbu.
Izimpungushe zase-Ethiopia ziyizilwane ezidla izinyoni. Abantu base-Oromo, abahlala engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Ethiopia, baqamba igama lesilo esinobuqili kangaka ngokuthi "impungushe yehhashi", okungenxa yemikhuba yesilwane esincelisayo kanye nekhono laso lokuhamba nezinkomo ezikhulelwe kanye nezimbuzi ukuze zizitike ngamaphanta alahliwe ngokushesha ngemuva kokubeletha. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, lolu hlobo luyindawo futhi luyinkosikazi eyodwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimpungushe ezinamabhande amnyama zikhohliseka kalula, zixhumana kalula nabantu futhi zijwayele abantu ngokushesha, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi ziba yizilwane ezinokuthanjiswa.
Izilwane ezincane, njengomthetho, zihlala endaweni yokuzalwa kwazo, lapho abantu abangu-2-8 behlangene emhlambini. Abesifazane bashiya insimu yokuzalwa kwabo kusenesikhathi ngokwanele, okuhambisana nokuphakama kwamanani wabesilisa kwezinye izindawo.
Zingaki izimpungushe ezihlala
Isikhathi sokuphila ezimweni zemvelo zezimpungushe ezinemishwe akuvamile ukuba seqe iminyaka eyishumi nambili, kanti ujakalase ojwayelekile endaweni yemvelo angaphila iminyaka engaba yishumi nane. Amanye ama-subspecies wejakalasi nawo ahlala eminyakeni eyishumi kuya kweyishumi nambili.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Usayizi womzimba womuntu omdala uvame ukubhekwa njengezimpawu zokufiphala kocansi ezimpungushe. Isibonelo, abesilisa bempungushe enemigqa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane abavuthiwe ngokocansi balolu hlobo.
Izinhlobo zikaJakalasi
Yize ukufana kwangaphandle kuphawuleka impela, ojakalasi okungezona zonke izinhlobo zinobuhlobo obuseduze nomunye nomunye:
- Impungushe emthende (Canis adustus), emelwe yi-subspecies C.a. bweha, C.a. i-centralis, C.a. kaffensis noCa. lateralis;
- Ijakalasi elimnyama elimnyama (i-Canis mesomelas), elimele abancane i-C.m. mesomelas no C.m. schmidti;
- Impungushe yase-Asiya noma ejwayelekile (i-Canis aureus), emelwe yi-subspecies uC. maeoticus noCa aureus;
- Impungushe yase-Ethiopia (i-Canis simensis) - njengamanje ingeyezinhlobo eziyivelakancane emndenini weCanis.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yocwaningo lwakamuva lwezakhi zofuzo, ososayensi bakwazile ukufakazela ukuthi zonke izimpungushe zase-Ethiopia zivela empisi ejwayelekile.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izimpungushe ezinemigqa nezimnyama, ezisondelene kakhulu, zikwazile ukuhlukana nezimpisi nezinye izinja zasendle zase-Eurasia nezase-Afrika cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisithupha noma eziyisikhombisa edlule.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izimpungushe ezinemigqa zisabalele kuyo yonke iNingizimu ne-Afrika Ephakathi, lapho abamele lezi zinhlobo bethanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinezihlahla kanye nezingadi eduze kwendawo yokuhlala abantu. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, ujakalase onemigqa uvame ukusondelana nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, kepha uvame kakhulu kunezizukulwane zawo. Izimpungushe ezinomhlane omnyama zitholakala eNingizimu Afrika, futhi ziyatholakala nasogwini olusempumalanga yezwekazi, kusukela eCape of Good Hope kuya eNamibia.
Izimpungushe ezivamile zihlala ezindaweni eziningi. Kuwo wonke ubude bebanga, isilwane esinjalo sithanda izindawo ezikhule kakhulu ngezihlahla, imibhede yomhlanga eduze nemizimba yamanzi, amasistimu wokuvuselela kabusha alahliwe anenqwaba yemisele kanye namaphoyisa omhlanga. Ezintabeni, abamele lezi zinhlobo bakhuphukela ekuphakameni okungekho ngaphezu kwama-2,500 m, nasezintabeni isilwane asivamile kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, ukuba khona kwemizimba yamanzi endaweni ehlala ujakalasi ovamile kufiseleka kakhulu kunesici esiyimpoqo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ojakalasi bayakwazi ukubekezelela kalula imibuso yamazinga aphansi okushisa ize iye ku-35 ° C, kepha abakwazi ngokuphelele ukudlulela ekusibekeleni kweqhwa okujule kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ebusika obuneqhwa, umhlaseli uhamba kuphela ezindleleni ezinyathelwa abantu noma izilwane ezinkulu.
Ububanzi nendawo okuhlala kuyo ujakalase waseTopiya uhlukaniswe waba ngabantu abayisikhombisa abahlukene, abahlanu babo abatholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho yoqhekeko lwase-Ethiopia, kanti ezimbili ezinkulu zisengxenyeni eseningizimu, kubandakanya yonke indawo yase-Ethiopia. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izimpungushe zase-Ethiopia zikhethekile kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Izilwane ezinjalo zihlala kuphela ezindaweni ezingenamithi ezisezingeni eliphakeme lamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezintathu noma ngaphezulu nangaphezulu, ezihlala ezindaweni eziphakemeyo zezintaba.
Ukudla kukajakalasi
Ukudla okuvamile kukakhokho onemigqa kuvezwa izithelo nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, kufaka phakathi amagundane, kanye nezinye izinambuzane. Umdlalo omkhulu kunawo wonke ongadliwa yimpungushe unogwaja. Noma kunjalo, isici esiyinhloko sejackal enemigqa ukungabikho kwesidumbu esiningi ekudleni - isilwane sikhetha izinambuzane futhi siyizilwane eziphilayo.
Impungushe ejwayelekile isilwane esicishe sibe omnivorous esithanda ukondla ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlwile.... I-Carrion ibaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwalesi silwane. Abantu abadala bazimisele kakhulu ukubamba izinyoni nezilwane ezahlukahlukene, badle izibankwa, izinyoka namaxoxo, iminenke, badle izinambuzane eziningi, kufaka phakathi izintethe kanye nezibungu ezahlukahlukene. Izimpungushe zibheka izinhlanzi ezifile eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi, kanti ebusika obunzima kakhulu zizingela izinyoni zasemanzini. I-Carrion idliwa yizimpungushe kanye namanqe.
Izimpungushe zivame ukuzingela zodwa noma ngababili. Kulokhu, isilwane esisodwa sishayela inyamazane, kanti eyesibili iyayibulala. Ngenxa yokugxuma okuphezulu, isilwane esincelisayo siyakwazi ukubamba izinyoni esezikhuphukele emoyeni. Ngokuvamile, ama-pheasants nama-warblers ahlushwa ukuhlaselwa yizimpungushe. Abantu abadala badla ngenkuthalo inani elikhulu lamajikijolo nezithelo, futhi ngokuhlala eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu, lesi silwane sinethuba lokudla udoti ezinqwabeni zikadoti nezindawo zokulahla udoti ngemfucuza yasekhaya.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimpungushe zinomsindo omkhulu futhi zinamazwi amakhulu, futhi ngaphambi kokuphuma ziye kozingela, isilwane esinjalo sikhipha ukuhewula okuphawulekayo, okusikhumbuza ukukhala okuphezulu nokuhayizayo, okusheshe kuthathwe yibo bonke abanye abantu abaseduze.
Cishe i-95% yokudla okuphelele kwebhubesi le-Ethiopia limelwe ngamagundane. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zithatha kakhulu izimpukane ezinkulu zase-Afrika nezinye, ngobukhulu obukhulu, abamele umndeni wakwaBathyergidae. Amagundane nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamagundane azivamile ukuba izisulu zempungushe yaseTopiya. Kwesinye isikhathi isilwane esincelisayo esidlayo sibamba amahagu namazinyane. Isisulu silandelwa ezindaweni ezivulekile, kanti amacala okuzingelwa kwezilwane ezifuywayo manje aseyivelakancane kakhulu.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokuzala sezimpungushe ezinemigqa ngqo sincike ekubekweni kwezindawo okusatshalaliswa kuzo, kanti isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihlala izinsuku ezibalelwa kwezingama-57-70, ngemuva kwalokho kuzalwa imidlwane emithathu noma emine ngenkathi yemvula. Izimpungushe ezinemigqa zenza umhhume wazo ezindundumeni zomuhlwa noma zisebenzise imigodi emidala ye-aardvark ngale njongo. Kwesinye isikhathi ujakalasi wesifazane uzimba umgodi yedwa.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemuva kokuzalwa kwamathole, owesilisa uqobo lwakhe unikeza owesifazane owondlayo ukudla. Isikhathi sokuncelisa ubisi sithatha cishe isonto elilodwa nohhafu, ngemuva kwalokho insikazi iyahamba iyozingela kanye nendoda bese zondla inzalo yazo ekhulayo ndawonye. Izimpungushe ezinemigqa yizilwane ezinomfazi oyedwa ezihlala ngababili.
Amabili wezimpungushe ezivamile akhiwa unomphela impilo yonke, futhi abesilisa babamba iqhaza elibonakalayo ezinhlelweni zokuhlela umgodi nokukhulisa amantshontsho abo. Ukushisa kwesifazane kwenzeka kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kaJanuwari kuya kuFebhuwari noma Mashi. Ngesikhathi semikhuba, izimpungushe zihhewula kakhulu futhi zinomsindo. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-60-63, kanti imidlwane izalwa ngasekupheleni kukaMashi noma ngaphambi kwehlobo. Imidlwane yesifazane emgodini ihlelwe endaweni engahambeki.
Amantshontsho anikezwa ubisi aze afike ezinyangeni ezimbili noma ezintathu ubudala, kodwa lapho cishe amasonto amathathu ubudala, insikazi iqala ukondla amazinyane ayo, ibuyise ukudla okuginyiwe. Ngokuqala kwekwindla, abantu abasha bazimela, ngakho-ke bayahamba ngokuzingela bodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane... Abesifazane bavuthwa ngokocansi ngonyaka, nabesilisa eminyakeni emibili.
Kuyathakazelisa! Impungushe ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili inezinyanga eziyisithupha kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili, kodwa abantu abasha bashiya umndeni unyaka owodwa kuphela.
Ukukhwelana kubameli bezinhlobo ezingavamile zebhokwe e-Ethiopia kwenzeka ngendlela ethile yonyaka, ngo-Agasti-Septhemba, kanti inzalo izalwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Ku-udoti, njengomthetho, kukhona imidlwane engu-2-6 eyondliwa yiwo wonke amalungu epakethe.
Ngaphakathi kwephakeji, kuphela ama-alpha pair avame ukuzala, amelwe ngumholi nowesifazane wakhe ovuthiwe ngokocansi. Izilwane ezisencane ziqala ukuhamba namalungu epakethe kusukela kuphela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, futhi izilwane zikhula ngokuphelele lapho sezineminyaka emibili.
Izitha zemvelo
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwejakalase lunezitha eziningi zemvelo. Kwisilwane sasendle esincane futhi esibuthakathaka uma kuqhathaniswa, cishe noma iziphi izilwane ezidla ngosayizi ophakathi nendawo nabakhulu zingaba yingozi. Isibonelo, umhlangano nezimpisi, lapho indawo yazo ehlala khona ihlangana nendawo yokuhlala yezimpungushe, ayihambeli kahle eyokugcina. Eduze nemijondolo, izimpungushe zingalunywa ngisho yizinja ezijwayelekile zasegcekeni.
Ukuzingela lesi silwane esincelisayo kunomthelela ekwehlisweni kwesibalo sejakalasi esimnyama. Uboya balolu hlobo buthambile futhi buminyene, ngakho-ke, eNingizimu Afrika, izikhumba (i-psovina) zezimpungushe ezinamabhande amnyama zisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kokhaphethi boboya (okuthiwa i-kaross). Ukukhula kwamathambo, kwesinye isikhathi okutholakala kugebhezi lwezimpungushe ezivamile futhi kuthwala izinwele ezinde, kubhekwa ezingxenyeni eziningi zaseNdiya njengekhubalo elingcono kakhulu, elibizwa ngokuthi "izimpondo zempungushe".
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kubantu abayisikhombisa bejakalase yaseTopiya, munye kuphela, ohlala ezintabeni zaseBale, onabantu abangaphezu kwekhulu, futhi inani eliphelele lalesi silwane njengamanje cishe liyizilwane ezindala ezingamakhulu ayisithupha. Izici ezinamandla kakhulu ezisongela ubukhona bezinhlobo ezithile zincane kakhulu ububanzi. Okungabalulekanga kangako ekunciphiseni inani eliphelele lempungushe yaseTopiya, ehlukaniswe njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, nazo zonke izinhlobo zezifo ezidliwayo ezingenwa yizinja ezifuywayo ezigulayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isidalwa sijwayele ukuhlala endaweni yezintaba eziphakeme kuphela ezinesimo sezulu esipholile, futhi indawo yezindawo ezinjalo isiyancipha ngaphansi kwemiphumela emibi yokushisa komhlaba.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, izimpungushe zaseTopiya zizingelwa ngabantu bama-ethnos, ngoba izindawo zokuphulukisa ezingakholeki kuthiwa zibangelwa isibindi salesi silwane esincelisayo. Impungushe yase-Ethiopia njengamanje ibhalwe emakhasini eRed Book njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ukusatshalaliswa ngempumelelo kukakhokho ojwayelekile kuchazwa ngomsebenzi ophakeme wokufuduka kwesilwane, kanye namandla aso okusebenzisa ngenkuthalo izindawo ezahlukene ze-anthropogenic.
Kodwa-ke, esikhathini esithile esidlule, ezinye izinhlobo ezincane zezimpungushe zazingavamile.... Isibonelo, eSerbia nase-Albania, futhi kusukela ngo-1962 nasensimini yaseBulgaria, ukuzingela ujakalasi ovamile kwakungavunyelwe. Namuhla, inani lesilwane esincelisayo elinikezwe isimo esifanele "Ngaphandle kwengozi", ngenxa yokuguquguquka nokuguquguquka okuphezulu kwesilwane ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zokuhlala.
