Leli kati lasendle laziwa ngokungazihlanganisi kwalo ngokweqile - ikati likaPallas alithanjiswanga, lihlala eduze komuntu iminyaka eminingi. Ngisho namakati ekati kaPallas azalelwe ekuthunjweni awalokothi abe nethambo.
Incazelo kaPallas
Kwatholakala futhi kwethulwa emhlabeni yisazi semvelo esingumJalimane uPeter Palass, owathola umhlaseli ngo-1776 eduze noLwandle iCaspian, okuyisilwane esathola igama laso eliphakathi - ikati likaPallas (ikati le-pallas). Kula magama amabili esayensi iFelis manul ne-Otocolobus manul, elesibili liyadida, okusho ukuthi “indlebe embi” ngesiGreki (otos - indlebe, ne kolobot - kubi).
Ukubukeka
Ikati likaPallas libhekwa njengekati elincane kunawo wonke ahlala esikhaleni esadlula iSoviet... Ngobude bayo obuyisigamu semitha nesisindo esingu-2-5 kg, ibizofana nekati elijwayelekile, ukube bekungekhona ukubukeka kwayo okunzima noboya obuluhlaza, obunika ubukhulu obukhulu ngokweqile. Sekukonke, ikati likaPallas libukeka liminyene kakhulu: umbono ugcwaliswa yimilenze emifushane ewugqinsi kanye nomsila omningi, hhayi omude ikakhulukazi (amasentimitha angama-23-31). Izinzwani zigobile ngokuqinile.
Ngokusho komunye wemibono, ikati likaPallas lihlobene kakhulu namakati asePheresiya, anezinhlaka ezifanayo eziyindilinga, izinwele ezinoboya nokuma kwekhanda (okuyisicaba) okungajwayelekile. Ezinhlangothini zalo kunezindlebe ezibanzi nezinwele ezinde ezigijimela ezinhlangothini.
Ikati likaPallas alinawo ama-30 (njengama-feline amaningi), kodwa linamazinyo angama-28, lapho imicu iphindwe kathathu kunekati elifuywayo. Amehlo afakelwe ulwelwesi oluthuthukisiwe lwe-nicticing: asebenza njengejwabu leso lesithathu, evikela i-cornea ekomeni nasekulimaleni. Ikati likaPallas laduma ngokubuka okubukhali kwamehlo amakhulu aluhlaza okotshani, lapho kunabekwa khona imivimbo emi-2 emnyama ezihlathini. Enye iphelela ezansi kwendlebe, enye iphelela entanyeni (ngaphansi kwendlebe).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ubuntofontofo obumnandi bekati likaPallas, uma kuqhathaniswa nalo lonke ikati, buchazwa ngobude bezinwele (7 cm) kanye nobuningi bokuhluma kwabo - izinkulungwane eziyi-9 ku-1 sq. cm.
Amakati kaPallas ahluka ngosayizi nombala, kuya ngohlobo lwama-subspecies (okukodwa kokuthathu) nendawo yokuhlala:
- I-Otocolobus manul manul - inombala ojwayelekile (uhlala ebangeni eliningi kakhulu, kepha uvame kakhulu eMongolia nasentshonalanga yeChina);
- I-Otocolobus manul ferruginea - ivelele ngombala o-red ocher onemigqa ebomvu ebonakalayo (ihlala e-Uzbekistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan nasePakistan);
- I-Otocolobus manul nigripecta - ikhombisa umbala ompunga, ithola i-silvery-grey hue ebusika (ihlala eKashmir, Tibet naseNepal).
Umbala wasebusika ojwayelekile wakhiwa ngomphunga okhanyayo ompunga futhi okhanyayo, lapho izinwele ezimpunga zinemikhawulo emhlophe. Imilenze nesisu kubomvu ngokubomvu kunangemuva, lapho kunwetshwa khona imivimbo emnyama eyisi-6, yehlela ezinhlangothini. Umsila uphinde ufakwe imigqa eminingana (kufika ku-7) enqamulelayo futhi uphela ngothiphu omnyama.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ikati likaPallas, njengamakati amaningi, lihlala lodwa futhi lihlala lodwa, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukufuduka okude. Izindawo zokuzingela zesilisa "zingumnikazi" kuze kufike kumamitha-skwele amane. km., lapho ahlomisa khona umhume, ekhetha izindawo ezifihlekile phakathi kwamatshe noma emifantwini. Imvamisa ihlala emigodini yezimbila (ama-tarbagans) nezimpungushe, noma izimbe eyayo, emihosheni ekude nangaphansi kwamawa. Ingxenye yobusuku iphumula emgodini, ithatha isikhathi esimnyama sosuku sokuzingela.
Kuvela kaningi ngemuva kokushona kwelanga, entathakusa, noma ntambama uma kwenzeka ehlobo. Ifuna ukudla, ikati likaPallas liphuma emgodini lingadluli ku-0.1-1 km, lihlola amasimu aseduze, i-steppe namatshe. Indlela yokunyakaza ifana nempungushe, kulayini oqondile nethrekhi kuthrekhi, kepha ngesikhawu esihlukile phakathi kwamathrekhi azungezile (12-15 cm).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ku-arsenal yezimpawu zemisindo ye-manul - ukukhala okubukhali nokuduma okuhoshozelayo. Ikati likaPallas, ngokungafani namanye amakati, alazi nhlobo ukuhayiza.
Isidalwa asikubekezeleli ukuhlaselwa kwesikhala somuntu siqu - kulokhu, kuba nolaka ngokweqile futhi sisebenzise amazinyo amade abukhali.
Mangaki manul ahlala
Ngokwezibalo ezinzima, endle, ikati likaPallas alihlali njalo kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-11-12 ubudala, kepha linethuba lokuphila isikhathi eside uma lingena epaki yezilwane. Ngakho-ke, e-Zoo yaseMoscow, elinye lamakati e-pallas laphila iminyaka eyi-18. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikati likaPallas laliwuphawu lwezilwane zasenhlokodolobha kusukela ngonyaka we-1987 kuya kowezi-2014, kanti isithombe sekati siboniswe emnyango omkhulu. Kodwa umlando wezinhlobo zezilwane waqala ekuqaleni kakhulu, kusukela ngo-1949, lapho kuvela ikati lokuqala likaPallas lapha.
Kusukela ngo-1957, izilwane bezilokhu zikhonjiswa unomphela, futhi kusukela ngo-1975, izidlova seziqala ukuzala njalo. Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu, zingu-140 izinyane lekati esezelwe kule-zoo, hhayi zonke ezisinde zaze zaba mdala, kodwa yikati "laseMoscow" likaPallas eligcwalise ukuqoqwa kwama-zoo aseMelika nawaseYurophu. I-Zoo yaseMoscow ibhekwa njengomholi enanini lekati elazalwa likaPallas, naphezu kobunzima bokuzala kabusha nokubagcina bethunjiwe.
Okubalulekile! Lapho indawo yokuhlala iguquka, ikati likaPallas lihlangabezana nengcindezi enkulu, ethinta amasosha omzimba kanye nempilo jikelele. Abantu abaningi, bangena endaweni engajwayelekile, bafa ngenxa yezifo ezibulalayo.
Kusesekuseni kakhulu ukuthi kungakhulunywa ngokuzala okuzinzile kwekati likaPallas ema-zoo, yize amanye awo ekude nesizukulwane sokuqala sezilwane ezizingelayo ezizalelwe ekuthunjweni. Kunama-daredevils azama ukugcina ikati likaPallas ezindlini ezizimele nasemafulethini, akhohliswa ukufana kwangaphandle nekati. Kepha kunezinto eziningi kakhulu ezenza ukuvalelwa ekhaya kungenzeki:
- ukungabekezelelani emazingeni okushisa aphakeme (uboya obukhulu benzelwe amaqhwa amakhulu, kuze kufike ku-50 degrees);
- ukwenqaba ukudla okungajwayelekile;
- ukwehla okukhulu kokuzivikela nokungangenwa yizifo.
Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, i-manul inenkani futhi iyanele. Akasoze aphenduke waba mnene futhi ngeke axhumane nabantu ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eminingi.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ikati iPallas lisakazeke ngokwanele - e-Asia Ephakathi naphakathi, eningizimu yeSiberia (kusukela ogwini loLwandle iCaspian kuya eTransbaikalia). Ikati likaPallas lihlala eTranscaucasia, eMongolia, eNtshonalanga yeChina naseTibet, kanye nase-Afghanistan, Iran nasePakistan.
Okubalulekile! Eminyakeni yamuva nje, indawo yekati likaPallas, ecishe yaqothulwa ngokuphelele emathafeni avulekile, isiphenduke izingcezu, yaphenduka izindawo ezingazodwa.
Ezweni lethu, kunezindawo ezintathu ezinjalo (empumalanga, iTrans-Baikal neTuva-Altai), futhi alikho igebe phakathi kwesibili nesithathu:
- empumalanga - ama-steppes wesifunda saseChita (phakathi kweShilka ne-Argun) kuya e-Onon entshonalanga;
- I-Transbaikal - ngaphakathi kwemingcele yehlathi-asemaqeleni namathafa aseBuryatia (Dzhida, Selenginsky nase-Ivolginsky) kuya kububanzi be-Ulan-Ude;
- I-Tuva-Altai - eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTyva neAltai.
Ikati likaPallas lifuna izindawo ezinamadwala nezindawo ezibanzi ezinezihlahlana, lapho angacasha khona emini, yingakho eboshelwe ezindaweni ezithile - amagquma amancane, izintaba (ezinamathafa ahlangene) nezintaba zezintaba, amagquma nezinsika zemiqhele. Nomaphi lapho ikati likaPallas lihlala khona, kunesimo sezulu esishisayo sezwekazi elinamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu ebusika (kuze kufike ku -50 ° C) neqhwa elingajulile.
Pallas ikati yokudla
Imenyu yekati le-pallas ayimangali ngezinhlobonhlobo zayo - lawa amagundane amancane futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinyoni ezincane. Ukutshala ama-steppes omhlaba wezolimo (ngokubamba imfuyo) kubukeka kukabili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, amagundane azama ukushiya lezi zindawo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, aqala ukuqoqana eduze kwamakamu emfuyo futhi atholwa ngokushesha yikati likaPallas.
Imenyu yendabuko kaPallas ifaka izilwane ezinjenge:
- ama-voles nama-gerbils;
- ama-hamsters nama-gopher;
- tolai hares;
- izimbila (ezisencane);
- ama-pikas;
- amapharawu kanye namaphewu;
- ama-lark nezinye izinyoni ezakha izidleke zazo emhlabathini;
- izinambuzane (ehlobo).
Ikati likaPallas lilinda isisulu eduze kwemigodi noma amatshe: uma umgodi ungashoni, uklwebha ngeshwa lakhe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngekwindla (ngo-Okthoba-Novemba), ikati lesifiso sikaPallas liyakhula. Zidla kabili nengxenye ngaphezulu futhi zikhuluphale ngokungalawuleki. Ebusika (Disemba-Januwari), intshisekelo yokudla iyanyamalala, futhi izilwane zidla zonke izinsuku.
Kuma-zoo, amakati anikezwa inyama ngokuhlanganiswa nokusanhlamvu okuluhlaza kanye nesidlo sethambo, kepha izidumbu zamagundane / izigwaca, eziklanyelwe le njongo, zenziwa njengesidlo esithandayo. Ikati likaPallas londliwa kusihlwa.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ikati likaPallas lizala kanye ngonyaka... Umsele uwela ngoFebhuwari - Mashi. Ukubizwa kokukhwelana kowesilisa kufana nesiphambano esiphakathi kwegxolo elithulile nokukhala kwesikhova. I-estrus kowesifazane ayihlali isikhathi eside, cishe amahora angama-42. Ekuqaleni kwethala, abalingani abaningi babonisa isithakazelo kowesifazane olungele ukukhwelana, ngezikhathi ezithile aqale izimpi ezinodlame. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-66 kuye kwezingu-75 (60 ngokwesilinganiso), futhi amazinyane azelwe azalwa ngo-Ephreli-Meyi noma ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi-Juni. Ngokuvamile kukhona amawundlu angama-3-5 angaboni, kodwa angaba munye noma ayisikhombisa.
Ingane ngayinye esanda kuzalwa inesisindo esisuka ku-0.3 kuye ku-0.4 kg ngobude obungamasentimitha ayi-12. AmaKati avula amehlo awo ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-12 bese eshintsha izinwele zawo enezinyanga ezi-2 ubudala, lapho esevele enesisindo esingu-0.5-0.6 kg. Lapho zifika ezinyangeni eziyi-3-4, izilwane ezincane ziqala ukuzingela. Akuwona wonke amakati kaPallas amancane aphila iminyaka yobudala yokuzala, eqala ezinyangeni eziyishumi. Amakati amaningi afa ebuntwaneni ngenxa yezifo ezithathelwanayo eziyingozi.
Izitha zemvelo
Ikati likaPallas linabahlukumezi abaningi, izitha ezivulekile kanye nabancintisana nokudla. Lezi zokugcina zihlanganisa izinyoni ezidla inyama, i-corsac, i-polecat elula, ne-fox ejwayelekile.
Izitha zemvelo zikaPallas zifaka:
- izimpisi (ezisanda kuzalwa);
- izinja (zilahlekile futhi zeluse), zilinde ikati likaPallas eduze kwezibaya zemfuyo;
- izinyoni zontaka;
- izikhova;
- abazingeli abangekho emthethweni.
Ikati likaPallas liyasinda futhi alisheshe ukushesha ukugqashula ekuphishekeleni okunenjongo. Uzama ukubaleka ukuze afike emgodini osindisayo noma acashe phakathi kwamatshe, kepha uma i-maneuver ihluleka, uphendulela isifonyo sakhe ngasesitha (uhlala phansi noma alale phansi). Kulesi sikhundla, umhlaseli uba yisisulu esilula senja enkulu noma umzingeli. Ikati likaPallas lingamangala phakathi kobusuku, liphuphuthekiswe amalambu emoto: ikati aligijimi, kepha lizama ukufihla, okuvame ukumlahlekisela ngempilo yakhe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ikati likaPallas liyingcweti yangempela yokufihla futhi ifihle phansi. Ebona umuntu, umisa futhi ahlale amahora ngaphandle kokuhamba, ahlangane ngombala nezwe elizungezile.
Okubalulekile! Amandla okuphenduka angabonakali asebenze ikati likaPallas nokuhlukumezeka, okwenza ukutadisha / ukuvikelwa kohlobo lwazo kube umsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ikati iPallas alikacwaningisiswa kangako, futhi alaziwa inani eliqondile lezinhlobo zalo.
Ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, njengoba izazi zezinto eziphilayo zisikisela, inani eliphelele lekati likaPallas ezweni lethu lalisuka kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezintathu kuya kwezingu-3.65. Inani lekati liyaqhubeka ukwehla, kufaka phakathi ezindaweni ezivikelwe: kwezinye izindawo licishe lanyamalala ngokuphelele.
Kwezinye izindawo, ubukhulu bezilwane ezidlayo yizilwane ezindala ezingama-2.5-3 nge-10 km² ngayinye. Ukwehla kwabantu kuthonywe yizo zombili izici ze-anthropogenic nezinye:
- ukuzingela ngokungemthetho ngenxa yoboya;
- ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwamaluphu / izicupho zokubamba izimpungushe nezidleke;
- ukufuya izinja ngokukhululekile;
- ukuncishiswa kokuphakelwa kokudla (ngenxa yokwehla kokukhiqizwa kabusha kwamagundane, kufaka phakathi izimbila);
- ubusika obuneqhwa neqhwa elide;
- ukufa ngenxa yezifo.
Eminyakeni emihlanu eyedlule, indawo yemvelo ye-biosphere reserve "Daursky" yathola isibonelelo esivela kuRussia Geographical Society, eyabelwa uhlelo "Ukulondolozwa kwekati likaPallas eTransbaikalia. Inhloso yawo ukuthola ulwazi olusesikhathini ngezindawo zokuhlala nezindawo ezihamba ikati likaPallas, ukuhlola izinga lokusinda kwezilwane ezincane nezindala.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umuntu akakakafiki ezindaweni eziyintandokazi zekati lasePallas, ama-outliers namathafa anamadwala, okunikeza ithemba elincane ngokulondolozwa kohlobo.
Njengamanje, uFelis manul useRed Data Book of the Russian Federation, futhi ubuye afakwe kwiSithasiselo II seCITES Convention (1995) kanye nohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN kusimo “esiseduze kakhulu”. Ukuzingelwa kweManul akuvunyelwe yonke indawo.
