Lezi zinyoni zabanjwa ngabaseGibhithe lasendulo, basika izitsha kanye nezinto zokuthenga ezibizayo ngezimpaphe zokuqondisa nezindiza. Futhi mayelana. ECrete nase-Arabia, amanqe aqothulwa ngenxa yezikhumba, lapho kwakutholwa khona uboya bezimpaphe zikanokusho.
Incazelo Yentamo
Izinhlobo zamaGyps (amanqe, noma amanqe) yizinhlobo eziningana ezivela emndenini we-hawk, obizwa nangokuthi amanqe e-Old World... Ziyafana nezaseMelika (Amanqe Womhlaba Omusha), kepha azibhekwa njengezihlobo zazo. Futhi namanqe amnyama, afakwe emndenini owodwa namanqe, akha uhlobo oluhlukile i-Aegypius monachus.
Ukubukeka
Amanqe anokubukeka okumangazayo - ikhanda nentamo engenalutho, umzimba onezimpiko osindayo, uqhwaku oluhehayo oluhehayo nemilenze emikhulu eminyene. Kudingeka uqhwaku olunamandla ukuze kudwengulwe izidumbu khona lapho: inqe lineminwe ebuthakathaka, engashintshelwanga ukuhambisa inyamazane enkulu. Ukungabikho kwezimpaphe ekhanda nasentanyeni luhlobo lwenkohliso yezenhlanzeko esiza ukungcola kancane lapho udla. Indandatho yophaphe ezansi kwentamo inomsebenzi ofanayo - ukubamba igazi eligelezayo, ukuvikela umzimba ekungcolisweni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Wonke amanqe anesisu esinamandla kakhulu ne-goiter, esivumela ukuthi sidle kuze kufike ku-5 kg wokudla ngasikhathi sinye.
Amanqe e-Old World anemibala engaqondakali - amathoni amnyama, ampunga, ansundu nokumhlophe anqoba kulezi zimpaphe. Ngendlela, akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane ngombala, kanye neminye imininingwane yangaphandle, kufaka phakathi usayizi. Amanqe abantu abadala, njengenjwayelo, akhaphukhaphu kunabancane. Izinhlobo zihluka ngosayizi: ezinye azikhuli ngaphezu kwe-0.85 m futhi zinesisindo esingu-4-5 kg, kanti ezinye zikhula zifike ku-1.2 m bese zinesisindo esingu-10-12 kg. Amanqe anomsila omfushane, oyindilinga namaphiko amakhulu, abanzi, ubude bawo buphinda ka-2,5 ubude bomzimba.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Amanqe awajwayele ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile futhi ahlala phansi (ngokubodwa noma ngababili), ukujwayela izingosi ezihlala njalo. Ngezikhathi ezithile bahlasela izindawo eziseduze uma kutholakala isidumbu lapho. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukubamba, ama-diners amaningi (kufika ezinyonini ezingamakhulu amaningana). Bebulala isidumbu, amanqe cishe awalwi, kwesinye isikhathi axosha abancintisana nabo ngephiko elibukhali lephiko. Ukungabi nezingxabano kudlulela kwezinye izinyoni ezingahlobene nazo. Ukuzola nokulingana kusiza ukumelana namahora amaningi wokuzulazula lapho inqe lizulazula ngaphezu kwenhlabathi, libheke isisulu futhi libheke nabantu bakubo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amanqezi amaflaya amahle kakhulu, athola ukundiza okuvundlile kuze kufike kuma-65 km / h nasendizeni ebheke phezulu (yehle) - kuze kufike ku-120 km / h. Futhi ingenye yezinyoni ezikhuphuka kakhulu: kanye lapho inqe lase-Afrika lishayisana nelineni endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ayi-11.3.
Inqe lindiza kahle, kepha alikwazi ukusuka phansi, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokudla okunomsoco. Kulokhu, umuntu oyisiminzi uphoqeleka ukuthi aqede ukudla okweqile ngokukukhipha ngesikhathi sokusuka. Isivele isemoyeni, inqe lehlisela phansi ikhanda lalo, lidonsele entanyeni yalo futhi lisakaze kabanzi amaphiko alo okundiza ayinhloko, akhiqize amaphiko angavamile futhi ajulile. Kodwa-ke, isitayela sendiza esibhakuzayo asiyona into ejwayelekile entanyeni: kaningi ishintshela ukukhulula ezintantayo, kusetshenziswa imisinga yomoya ekhuphukayo.
Le nyoni iyakwazi ukumangala ngobuhlakani futhi yehlela phansi: kufanele uzame okuningi ukuthola inqe eligijimayo... Lapho zisuthi, amanqe ahlanza izimpaphe zawo, aphuze kakhulu futhi, uma kungenzeka, ageze. Ukususa amagciwane kanye nama-microorganisms, amanqe ageza ilanga - ahlala emagatsheni futhi akhukhumaze izimpaphe zawo ukuze ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kufinyelele esikhunjeni uqobo. Eholidini noma ekuboneni ukudla okudliwayo, izinyoni zikhipha imisindo ehewulayo, kepha lokhu zikwenza ngokweqile. Okukhuluma kakhulu phakathi kwamanqe yizinwele ezimhlophe.
Kuhlala isikhathi esingakanani amanqe
Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zilwane ziphila isikhathi eside (kokubili endalweni nasekuthunjweni), cishe iminyaka engama-50-55. U-Alfred Brehm ukhulume ngobungani obumangalisayo phakathi kwenqe griffon nenja endala, ebihlala nebhusha elithile. Ngemuva kokushona kwenja, bayinikela kunqe ukuba idwengulwe, kodwa inqe, noma selilambile, alizange limthinte umngani walo, lakhumbula ekhaya lashona ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili.
Izinhlobo zamabhodi eminwe
Izinhlobo zamaGyps zifaka izinhlobo ezi-8:
- AmaGyps africanus - inqe lase-Afrika;
- AmaGyps bengalensis - Inqe yaseBengal;
- AmaGyps fulvus - griffon vulture;
- AmaGyps indicus - amanqe aseNdiya;
- AmaGyps coprotheres - Inqe laseKapa;
- AmaGyps ruppellii - intamo kaRüppel;
- AmaGyps himalayensis - Inqe leqhwa
- AmaGyps tenuirostris - lezi zinhlobo ngaphambili zazithathwa njengezinsizakalo zaseNdiya.
Indawo yokuhlala
Inhlobo ngayinye inamathela ebangeni elithile, ngaphandle kokushiya umkhawulo wayo, ikhetha ukuhlala izindawo ezivulekile ezihlolwe - izingwadule, amathafa kanye nemithambeka yezintaba. Inqe lase-Afrika litholakala emathafeni, ema-savanna, emahlathini amancane eningizimu yeSahara, kanye naphakathi kwezihlahlana, ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi kanye namahlathi amancane eduze kwemifula. AmaGyps tenuirostris ahlala ezingxenyeni ze-India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar naseCambodia. Inqe laseHimalaya (kumai) likhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseCentral / Central Asia, lihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ama-2 kuye kuma-5.2, ngenhla komugqa ophezulu wehlathi.
Inqe laseBangal lihlala eSouth Asia (Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Nepal) futhi ngokwengxenye eSoutheast Asia. Izinyoni zithanda ukuhlala eduze kwabantu (ngisho nasemadolobheni amakhulu), lapho zizitholela khona ukudla okuningi.
Inqe laseNdiya lihlala entshonalanga yeNdiya naseningizimu-mpumalanga yePakistan. Izinhlobo zeCape Sif eningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Lapha, e-Afrika, kodwa enyakatho nasempumalanga yayo kuphela, inqe likaRüppel liyaphila.
IGriffon Vulture uhlala ezindaweni ezomile (izintaba nezindawo eziphansi) zaseNyakatho Afrika, e-Asia naseningizimu yeYurophu. Kwenzeka ezintabeni zaseCaucasus naseCrimea, lapho kunabantu abangabodwa. Ngekhulu le-19, amanqe anekhanda elimhlophe andiza esuka eCrimea aya eSivash. Namuhla, ama-seeps abonakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene ze-Kerch Peninsula: ezindaweni ezigcinwe eKaradad naseBlack Sea, kanye nasezifundeni zeBakhchisarai, Simferopol naseBelogorsk.
Ukudla kwamanqe
Lezi zinyoni zingabaqaphi abajwayelekile, zibheke inyamazane ngesikhathi sokuhlela isikhathi eside futhi zitshuza ngokushesha kuyo... Amanqe, ngokungafani namanqe e-New World, awahlomile ngemizwa yawo yokunuka, kepha ngamehlo abukhali, avumela ukuthi abone isilwane esibuhlungu.
Imenyu iqukethe izidumbu ezingafakwanga (kwasekuqaleni) nezinsalela zezinye izilwane ezincane. Ekudleni kwenqe:
- izimvu zezimbuzi nezimbuzi;
- izindlovu nezingwenya;
- i-wildebeest nama-llamas;
- izilwane ezincelisayo
- izimfudu (ezisanda kuzalwa) nezinhlanzi;
- amaqanda ezinyoni;
- izinambuzane.
Ezintabeni nasezingwadule, izinyoni zihlola indawo zisendaweni ephakeme noma zihamba nezilwane ezimemezele ukuthi zizingela abantu abangasetshenziswanga. Esimeni sesibili, amanqe kufanele alinde isilwane esisuthi ukuthi sihambe eceleni. Amanqe akajahi, futhi uma isilwane silimele, silinda ukufa kwaso kwemvelo bese kuqala ukudla.
Okubalulekile! Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo evamile, amanqe awamqedi isisulu, asondeze ukufa kwakhe. Uma "isitsha" ngokuzumayo sikhombisa izimpawu zokuphila, ibha izobuyela eceleni okwesikhashana.
Le nyoni ihlaba umgodi esiswini sesidumbu ngomlomo wayo bese inamathisela ikhanda layo ngaphakathi, iqhubeke nokudla kwakusihlwa. Ngemuva kokwanelisa indlala yokuqala, inqe likhipha amathumbu, liwadabule futhi liwagwinye. Amanqe adla ngobugovu futhi ngokushesha, aququda inyamazane enkulu emhlambini wezinyoni eziyishumi ngemizuzu eyi-10-20. Amanqe ezinhlobo eziningana avame ukuqoqelwa idili eduze kwesilwane esikhulu, ngenxa yokudla kwawo okwehlukile.
Ezinye zikhomba izingcezu zesidumbu esithambile (uginindela wenyama kanye nenyama), kanti ezinye zikhomba izingcezu eziqinile (uqwanga, amathambo, imisipha nesikhumba). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezincane azikwazi ukubhekana nezidumbu ezinkulu (ngokwesibonelo, indlovu enesikhumba sayo esijiyile), ngakho-ke zilinda izihlobo zazo ezinkulu. Ngendlela, ikhambi elithile lisiza ukumelana nobuthi be-cadaveric yamanqe - ijusi lesisu, eliqeda amandla onke amabhaktheriya, amagciwane kanye nobuthi. Kufakazelwe ukuthi amanqe ayakwazi ukuba neziteleka zendlala eziphoqelelwe isikhathi eside.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Amanqe ayedwa - imibhangqwana ihlala ithembekile kuze kube sekufeni komunye wabalingani. Kuyiqiniso, azifani ngokuzala, ukukhiqiza inzalo kanye ngonyaka, noma ngeminyaka emi-2.
Amanqe ahlala endaweni epholile yesimo sezulu anenkathi yokukhwelana ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Owesilisa uzama ukuguqula ikhanda lowesifazane nge-aerobatics. Uma ephumelela, ngemuva kwesikhashana iqanda elilodwa (elingavamisile ukubhangqwa ngababili) livela esidlekeni, kwesinye isikhathi libe namabhule ansundu. Isidleke samanqe, esakhiwe egqumeni (edwaleni noma esihlahleni) ukusivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, sibukeka njengenqwaba yamagatsha awugqinsi, lapho phansi kugcwele utshani.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ubaba wesikhathi esizayo naye ubandakanyekile kwinqubo yokufukamela, ethatha izinsuku ezingama-47-57. Abazali bafudumeza i-clutch ngokushintshana: ngenkathi enye inyoni ihleli esidlekeni, enye inyakaza ifuna ukudla. Lapho ushintsha "unogada", iqanda liphendulwa ngokucophelela.
Ichwane elichanyuswayo limbozwe yi-fluff emhlophe, ewa ngemuva kwenyanga, ishintshe ibe mhlophe ocher. Abazali bondla ingane ngokudla okugaywe uhhafu, bekuphinda bakwenze kusuka ku-goiter... Intshontsho lihlala esidlekeni isikhathi eside, likhuphuka ngephiko hhayi ngaphambi kwezinyanga eziyi-3-4, kepha ngisho nakule minyaka yobudala ayikwenqabeli ukondliwa ngabazali. Ukuzimela okugcwele enqekuni encane kuqala cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha, futhi ukuthomba kungakapheli iminyaka engama-4-7.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zemvelo zamanqe zibandakanya izimbangi zayo zokudla ezidla izidumbu - izimpungushe, izimpisi ezinamabala nezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama. Ukulwa nokugcina, inqe lizivikela ngophiko olubukhali lwephiko, oludluliselwa endaweni ebheke phezulu. Imvamisa, inyoni egxumayo ithola ukushaywa okubonakalayo futhi ihambe. Ngezimpungushe nezimpisi, kufanele uqale ukulwa, ungaxhumi amaphiko amakhulu kuphela, kodwa futhi noqhwaku oluqinile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Inani lamanqe aseMhlabeni Omdala lehle ngokuphawulekayo cishe kuzo zonke izifunda zendawo yalo. Lokhu kungenxa yezici ze-anthropogenic, ezisongela kakhulu ezithathwa njengokulungiswa kwamazinga ezempilo kwezolimo. Ngokwemithetho emisha, izinkomo eziwile kufanele ziqoqwe futhi zingcwatshwe, yize phambilini zazishiywa emadlelweni. Ngenxa yalokhu, isimo sabo senhlanzeko siyathuthuka, kepha ukutholakala kokudla kwezinyoni ezidla inyama, kufaka phakathi amanqe, kuyancipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani lama-ungulates asendle lehla unyaka nonyaka.
Ngokombono wezinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo, amanqe aseKumai, eKapa naseBangal manje asesimweni esiyingozi kakhulu. Inqe lase-Afrika liphinde lahlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa (ngokusho kwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature), yize kusatshalaliswa kabanzi inani labantu kulo lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika. ENtshonalanga Afrika, inani lezinhlobo lehle ngaphezu kuka-90%, kanti inani eliphelele lezinyoni lingamakhanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-270.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umsebenzi wezomnotho womuntu nawo kufanele usolwe ngokwehla kwenani lamanqe ase-Afrika, kufaka phakathi ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha / amadolobhana amasha endaweni yama-savanna, lapho kusuka khona izilwane ezincelisayo ezinganciphisi.
Amanqe ase-Afrika azingelwa ngabantu bendawo, abasebenzisela amasiko e-voodoo. Abantu ababukhoma bayabanjwa bathengiswe phesheya... Amanqe ase-Afrika kaningi abulawa wukushaqeka kukagesi, ahleli ezintanjeni ezinamandla amakhulu. Amanqe ase-Afrika abulawa wubuthi lapho izibulala-zinambuzane ezinobuthi (ngokwesibonelo, i-carbofuran) noma i-diclofenac, esetshenziswa odokotela bezilwane ukwelapha izinkomo, ingena emzimbeni wabo.
Olunye uhlobo olunezinombolo ezincipha kancane kancane i-griffon vulture. Le nyoni nayo ixoshwa ezindaweni zazo zendabuko ngabantu futhi ayinakho ukudla okujwayelekile (ungulates). Noma kunjalo, i-International Union for Conservation of Nature ayikazibheki izinhlobo ezisengozini, ingakunaki ukuncipha kobubanzi bayo kanye nenani labantu. Ezweni lethu, i-griffon vulture ayivamile, yingakho yafika emakhasini eRed Book of the Russian Federation.
