Ama-penguin, noma ama-penguin (i-Spheniscidae) angumndeni onenqwaba namuhla, amelwe yizinyoni zasolwandle ezingakwazi ukundiza, okuwukuphela kwezilwane zesimanje ezivela ku-Penguin-like (Sphenisciformes). Abamele abanjalo bomndeni bayakwazi ukubhukuda nokuntywila kahle, kepha abakwazi ukundiza nhlobo.
Incazelo yamaphengwini
Onke amaphengwini anomzimba ohlanjululwe, olungele ukuhamba mahhala endaweni yasemanzini... Ngenxa yemisipha ethuthukile nokwakheka kwamathambo, izilwane ziyakwazi ukusebenza ngokuzikhandla ngamaphiko azo ngaphansi kwamanzi, cishe njengezikulufu zangempela. Umehluko ophawuleka kakhulu ezinyonini ezingakwazi ukundiza ubukhona be-sternum ene-keel ebonakalayo nemisipha enamandla. Amathambo ehlombe nasengalweni anokuxhumeka okuqondile nokuqondile kuphela endololwaneni, okuzinzisa umsebenzi wamaphiko. Imisipha endaweni yesifuba iyakhiwa, ibalelwa ku-25-30% wesisindo somzimba esiphelele.
Amaphengwini ayehluka ngosayizi nangokwesisindo kuye ngezinhlobo. Isibonelo, ubude be-emperor penguin yabantu abadala bungu-118-130 cm futhi bunesisindo esingu-35-40 kg. Ama-penguin ahlukaniswa yizinsikazi ezimfishane kakhulu, ukuhlangana okungaguquki kwamadolo nemilenze esuswe ngokusobala ibuyela emuva, ngenxa yokuhamba okungajwayelekile kwesilwane esinjalo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amathambo wanoma iyiphi i-penguin anokufana okubonakalayo nezicubu zethambo lezilwane ezincelisayo ezifana namahlengethwa nezimpawu, ngakho-ke, awanazo ngokuphelele izimbotshana zangaphakathi eziyizici zezinyoni ezindizayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyoni yasolwandle ibonakaliswa ngokuba khona kwezinyawo ezimfishane ezinolwelwesi olukhethekile lokubhukuda. Umsila wawo wonke ama-penguin ufinyezwe ngokuphawulekayo, ngoba umsebenzi omkhulu wokuqondisa unikezwe imilenze. Futhi, umehluko ocacisiwe ovela kwabanye abamele izinyoni ubukhulu bamathambo ama-penguin.
Ukubukeka
Umzimba ophakwe kahle we-penguin ucindezelwe kancane kusuka ezinhlangothini, futhi ikhanda elingelikhulu kakhulu lesilwane lisentanyeni eguquguqukayo neselula, kunentamo emfushane. Inyoni yasolwandle inomlomo oqinile futhi obukhali. Izimpiko ziguqulwa zibe amaphiko ohlobo lokunwebeka. Umzimba wesilwane umbozwe izimpaphe eziningi ezincane, ezingafani, ezinjengezinwele. Cishe zonke izinhlobo zabantu abadala zinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ziphenduke izimpaphe ezimnyama ngemuva nesisu esimhlophe. Ngenkathi ye-molting ichithwa ingxenye enkulu yezimpaphe, ethinta kabi amandla okubhukuda.
Endaweni yabo yemvelo, ama-penguin achayeka ezimweni zemvelo, kodwa ezibizwa ngokuthi yizimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, ezichaza ezinye zezinto zokwakheka kwezinyoni zasolwandle. Ukufakwa kwe-Thermal kumelelwa ungqimba owanele wamafutha, ukushuba kwawo kungu-20-30 mm... Ngaphezulu kwamafutha omzimba kunezingqimba zezimpaphe ezingangeni manzi nezimfishane, eziqinisa kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugcinwa kokushisa kwenziwa lula yi "reverse flow principle," ehambisa ukushisa kusuka emithanjeni iye egazini elibandayo lama-venous, elinciphisa ukulahleka kokushisa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Emvelweni ongaphansi kwamanzi, amaphengwini awavamile ukwenza imisindo, kepha emhlabathini izinyoni zasolwandle ezinjalo ziyaxhumana ngosizo lokukhala okufana nemisindo yokuduma noma kwecilongo.
Amehlo e-penguin ahle kakhulu ekudonseni phansi, ane-cornea eyisicaba kanye ne-pupillary contractility, kepha emhlabeni inyoni yasolwandle ihlushwa i-myopia ethile. Ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kokwakheka kwe-pigment, kwenzeke ukuthola ukuthi ama-penguin angabona i-spectrum eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuhle kunakho konke, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi akwazi ukubona kahle imisebe ye-ultraviolet. Izindlebe azinakho ukwakheka kwangaphandle okucacile, kepha ngesikhathi sokuntywila, zimbozwe ziqinile ngezimpaphe ezikhethekile ezivimbela amanzi ukuthi angene ngaphakathi futhi zivimbele ukulimala kwengcindezi.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Amaphengwini angababhukudi abahle kakhulu, abakwazi ukwehlela ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-120-130, futhi futhi ahlanganisa kalula ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-20 noma ngaphezulu, ngenkathi enza isivinini esifinyelela ku-9-10 km / h. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, izinyoni zasolwandle zihamba cishe amakhilomitha ayi-1 000 ukusuka ogwini, zingena emanzini olwandle avulekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ama-penguin ahlala emakoloni nasemhlabeni ahlangana ngohlobo lwemihlambi, kufaka phakathi amashumi ngisho namakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu.
Ukuhamba emhlabathini, ama-penguin alala ngesisu bese ephusha ngezidladla zawo. Ngakho-ke, isilwane sihamba kalula ebusweni beqhwa noma eqhweni, sikhule ngesivinini esiphezulu se-6-7 km / h.
Ama-penguin ahlala isikhathi esingakanani
Isikhathi sokuphila samaphengwini emvelweni singahluka kusuka eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu kuya kwikota yekhulu.... Ngokuya ngemithetho yonke yokugcina nokunikeza ukunakekelwa okugcwele ekuthunjweni, le nkomba ingakhuphuka iye eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amathuba okusinda kwamaphengwini, kungakhathaleki ukuthi zinhloboni, ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila aphansi impela.
Izinhlobo zepenguin
Umndeni wePenguin uhlanganisa imikhakha eyisithupha nezinhlobo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili:
- Amaphengwini amakhulu (Ama-Arténodytes) - Izinyoni ezinezimpaphe ezimnyama nezimhlophe nombala wesici ophuzi ophuzi osawolintshi. Abamele lolu hlobo bakhulu ngokubonakalayo futhi bakhulu kakhulu kunanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo, abazakhi izidleke futhi bafukamele amaqanda ngaphakathi kwesibaya esikhethekile esiswini esiswini. Izinhlobo: I-Emperor penguin (Artёdytes fоrstеri) ne-King penguin (Artеnоdytes ratagonicus);
- Ama-penguin anezinwele zegolide (Ama-ЕudyрtesIyinyoni yasolwandle efinyelela ku-50-70 cm ngosayizi, enesigaxa sesici endaweni yekhanda. Lolu hlobo lumelelwa yizinhlobo eziyisithupha eziphilayo njengamanje: i-crested penguin (E. chrysosome), i-penguin esenyakatho (E. mosselyi), i-penguin enamafutha (E.rashyrhynchhus), i-Snair crested penguin (E. robustus), u-E. I-Great Crested Penguin (E. schlateri) neMacaroni Penguin (E. chrysolorhus);
- Amaphengwini amancane (I-ЕudyрtulaIngabe uhlobo oluhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili: i-penguin Encane, noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (Еudyрtula minоr) kanye ne-penguin enamaphiko amhlophe (i-yudyрtula albosignata). Abamele le genus banobukhulu obumaphakathi, abahlukile ngobude bomzimba kububanzi obungu-30-42 cm ngesisindo esilinganiselwe esingaba ikhilogremu elilodwa nohhafu;
- Amehlo aphuzi, noma iphengwini elihleobeye aziwe njengo Ama-Antipode penguin (Ama-Меgаdyрtes аntiроdеs) Ingabe iyinyoni okuwukuphela kohlobo olungasekho lwohlobo lweMegadyrte. Ukukhula komuntu ovuthiwe kungama-70-75 cm ngesisindo somzimba esingu-6-7 kg. Igama livela ebukhoneni bomugqa ophuzi ezungeze amehlo;
- Ama-penguin we-Chinstrap (Ama-PygoscelisIngabe uhlobo okwamanje lumelwe yizinhlobo ezintathu zanamuhla kuphela: i-Adélie penguin (iRygosselis adéliae), kanye neChinstrap penguin (iRygosselis antarctisa) kanye neGentoo penguin (iRygosselis papua);
- Ama-penguin abukekayo (SрhenisсusIngabe uhlobo oluhlanganisa izinhlobo ezine kuphela ezinokufana kwangaphandle ngombala nosayizi: Ama-penguin abonakalayo (iSрhenisсus dеmersus), ama-penguin aseGalapagos (Sрhenisсus mendisulus), ama-penguins aseHumboldt (Sрhеnisсus magellus m.
Abamele abakhulu banamuhla bamaPenguin ama-emperor penguin, kanti amancane kunawo wonke ama-Little Penguin, anokuphakama okungama-30-45 cm anesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-1.0-2.5 kg.
Indawo yokuhlala
Okhokho bama-penguin babehlala ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esilinganiselayo, kepha ngaleso sikhathi i-Antarctica yayingeyona iqhwa eliqinile. Ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wethu, izindawo zokuhlala zezilwane eziningi sezishintshile. Ukukhukhuleka kwamazwekazi kanye nokufuduswa kwe-Antarctica kuya eSouth Pole kudale ukufuduka kwabanye abamele izilwane, kepha kwakungu-penguin abakwazi ukuzivumelanisa kahle namakhaza.
Indawo yokuhlala yamaphengwini ulwandle oluvulekile eSouthern Hemisphere, amanzi asogwini e-Antarctica naseNew Zealand, eningizimu ye-Australia naseNingizimu Afrika, lonke ugu lwaseNingizimu Melika, kanye neziQhingi zaseGalapagos eduze nenkabazwe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Namuhla, indawo yokuhlala efudumele yamaphengwini wanamuhla itholakala kulayini we-equatorial we-Galapagos Islands.
Inyoni yasolwandle ithanda ukuphola, ngakho-ke, ezindaweni ezishisayo, izilwane ezinjalo zivela kuphela ngomsinga obandayo. Ingxenye ebalulekile yazo zonke izinhlobo zesimanje ihlala ebangeni kusuka ku-45 ° kuya ku-60 ° S latitude, futhi inani labantu elikhulu kakhulu lise-Antarctica naseziqhingini ezakhelene nalo.
Ukudla kwephengwini
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-penguin kuvezwa izinhlanzi, ama-crustaceans nama-plankton, kanye nama-cephalopods aphakathi nendawo... Izinyoni zasolwandle zijabulela ama-krill nama-anchovies, ama-sardine, i-Antarctic silverfish, izingwane ezincane nama-squid. Ngesikhathi esisodwa sokuzingela, iphengwini lingenza ama-dives angaba ngu-190-900, inani lawo elincike ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo, kanye nezimo zezulu endaweni yokuhlala kanye nezidingo zenani lokudla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abamele ama-penguin baphuza kakhulu amanzi anosawoti olwandle, futhi usawoti oweqile ukhishwa emzimbeni wesilwane ngokusebenzisa izindlala ezikhethekile ezisendaweni engaphezulu kweso.
Izinsimbi zomlomo wephengwini zisebenza ngokuya ngomgomo wepompo ojwayelekile, ngakho-ke, ngomlomo, inyamazane encane incela le nyoni kanye nenani lamanzi elanele. Ukubheka kukhombisa ukuthi ibanga elijwayelekile elihamba inyoni yasolwandle ngesikhathi sokudla kwalo lingamakhilomitha angama-26-27. Amaphengwini angachitha cishe ihora nesigamu ngosuku ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha amathathu.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ama-penguin isidleke, njengomthetho, emakoloni amakhulu, futhi bobabili abazali bahlanganyela ekufukameleni amaqanda nokondla amaphuphu. Ubudala bokumataniswa buxhomeke ngqo kuzici zezinhlobo nobulili besilwane. Isibonelo, ama-penguin amancane, amahle, amadonki nama-sub-Antarctic ahlangana okokuqala ngqa eneminyaka emibili, kanti ama-macaroni penguin ahlangana kuphela eneminyaka emihlanu.
KumaGalapagos, amaphengwini amancane kanye nezimbongolo, ukufukanyelwa kwamachwane kuyinto ejwayelekile unyaka wonke, kanti amaphengwini amancane kwezinye izimo ayakwazi ukwenza ngisho nokuhlangana okumbalwa kungakapheli unyaka owodwa. Izinhlobo eziningi ezihlala ezifundeni ezingaphansi kwe-Antarctic nase-Antarctic ziqala ukuzala entwasahlobo nasehlobo, kanti ama-emperor penguin abambelela kuphela ekuqaleni kwekwindla. Amachwane ajwayele ukujwayela imibuso yamazinga aphansi okushisa futhi ancamela ubusika emakoloni asenyakatho. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, abazali cishe abazondli izingane zabo, ngakho amaphuphu angancipha kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abesilisa bezinhlobo ezingaziwa ngokuhlala phansi bahlala ngesikhathi sokufukamela koloni ngaphambi kwezinsikazi, ezibavumela ukuthi bahlale endaweni ethile, ezosetshenziselwa ukwakha isidleke.
Indoda idonsela ukunakekela kowesifazane ngokukhipha izingcingo, kepha imvamisa izinyoni zasolwandle ezishade ngesizini edlule ziba ngabalingani... Kukhona nobudlelwano obusondelene kakhulu obukhulayo phakathi kwendlela yokukhetha umlingani nobunzima bokuziphatha komphakathi nosayizi wekoloni. Njengomthetho, kumakholoni amakhulu isiko lokukhwelana lingahambisana nokuheha okubonakalayo nokukhangayo, kuyilapho ama-penguin ahlala ezimileni eziminyene ekhetha ukuziphatha ngokuqonda nangokungabonakali.
Izitha zemvelo
Ama-penguin yizilwane ezihlala kakhulu endaweni engayodwa, ngakho-ke, abantu abadala emhlabeni, njengomthetho, abanazo izitha zemvelo. Noma kunjalo, izilwane ezincelisayo ezidliwayo ezivame ukungeniswa ngabantu, kufaka phakathi izinja namakati, ziyakwazi ukuba yingozi enkulu ngisho nasenyonini yasolwandle esikhulile.
Ngenhloso yokuzivikela, ama-penguin asebenzisa amaphiko okunwebeka kanye nomlomo ocijile, okuyizikhali ezisebenza ngempela.... Amachwane ashiywe enganakiwe ngabazali bawo avame ukuba yizisulu zezimbila (iProcellariidae). Ezinye izinhlobo zamaqhugwane zisebenzisa wonke amathuba ukuzitika ngamaqanda e-penguin.
Izimpawu ze-Leopard (Hydrurga lertonykh), izimpawu zase-Antarctic fur (Arctocerhalus), izingonyama zasolwandle zase-Australia (Neorhosa cinerea) kanye namabhubesi asolwandle aseNew Zealand (Phhosarctos hookerii), kanye ne-orcas ngamabhubesi asolwandle (Orsacinus) Zonke izinhlobo zezimpawu ezibalwe ngenhla zithanda ukugada amanzi angajulile eduze kwamakholoni amaningi, lapho ama-penguin engakwazi ukusebenzisa inzuzo enjalo yemvelo njengokuhamba okuphezulu. Ngokwezibalo zososayensi abaningi, cishe amaphesenti amahlanu enani eliphelele lama-Adélie penguin afela ezindaweni ezinjalo minyaka yonke.
Kuyathakazelisa! Okungenzeka kakhulu, ukuthi kukhona izidalwa zasemanzini lapho isizathu esiyinhloko sokwesaba kwemvelo okubonakala kungachazeki kwezinyoni zasolwandle mayelana nemvelo yasemanzini, lapho wonke amaphengwini nje ehlelwe ngokuphelele, amanga.
Ngaphambi kokungena noma ukungena emanzini, ama-penguin akhetha ukuya ngasogwini ngamaqembu amancane. Ngenkathi yokunyakaza okunjalo, izilwane ziyangabaza futhi ziveze ukunganaki, ngakho-ke kaningi le nqubo elula ihlala isigamu sehora. Kuphela ngemuva kokuba enye yalezi zinyoni zasolwandle ifune ukungena emanzini, bonke abanye abamele leli koloni bayacwila.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, izinhlobo ezintathu zamaphengwini zahlukaniswa njengezasengozini enkulu: ama-penguin (ama-yudyрtes sсlаteri), ama-penguin amahle kakhulu (ama-Меgаdyрtes аntirode) nama-penguin aseGalapagos (iSрhenisсulus me. Esikhathini esithile esidlule, ukubhujiswa kwawo wonke amakoloni ezinyoni zasolwandle kwenziwa ngumuntu. Abantu baqoqa amaqanda ngenhloso yokudla, futhi abantu abadala baqothulwa ukuthola amafutha angaphansi.
Okubalulekile! Namuhla, izinyoni zasolwandle zibhekene nezinye izingozi eziningi, kubandakanya ukulahleka kwendawo yazo yokuhlala. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi inani lamaphengwini amahle manje lisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele.
Inani elibalulekile labantu bama-penguin aseGalapagos lifa ngamazinyo ezinja zasendle, futhi izinhlobo eziningi zehle ngamanani ngenxa yezinguquko ezimweni zezulu endaweni kanye nokwehla okukhulu kokuphakelwa kokudla. Le ndlela yokugcina ifanele ama-Rocky penguin (ama-Еudyрtes сhrysоshome), ama-magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) nama-Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humbоldti), azingela ama-sardine nama-anchovies, athinta intshisekelo yabadobi. Izimbongolo nama-penguin aseMagellanic baya ngokuya behlangabezana nomthelela omubi wokungcola kwamanzi okukhulu endaweni yabo enemikhiqizo kawoyela.
