Ibhere elimnyama laseHimalaya laziwa nangokuthi inyanga, i-Ussuri, noma ibele elimhlophe. Lona omele ubukhulu bezinhlobo eziphakathi nendawo, ikakhulukazi aguqulelwe empilweni ye-arboreal.
Incazelo yebhere elimhlophe
Ngokwemvelo, ukubukeka kufana nohlobo oluthile lwebhere langaphambi komlando.... Ngokusho kososayensi, ungukhokho wamabhere amaningi, ngaphandle kwepanda namabhere akhazimulayo. Yize, ikakhulukazi, imelwe yizinambuzane ezidla imifino, ezinye zazo ezingakhombisa izimpawu zokuhlukumeza abantu nezilwane eziveze ukuthi ziyazizingela.
Ukubukeka
Ibhere lase-Asiatic linomlomo omnyama futhi okhanyayo onsundu, isilevu esimhlophe kanye nesichibi esimise okomgexo omhlophe esifubeni. Izindlebe ezinkulu ngokungenakulinganiswa, ezigqamayo zebhere elinamabele amhlophe zimise okwezinsimbi. Umsila ungamasentimitha ayi-11 ubude. Ububanzi behlombe lebhere elikhulukazi bungu-70-100 cm, ukuphakama cishe kungama-120-190 cm, kuya ngobulili nobudala besilwane. Ezinduna ezindala zinesisindo esiphakathi kuka-60 no-200 kg, ngesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-135 kg. Izinsikazi ezindala zinesisindo esiphakathi kuka-40-125 kg. Ikakhulu ikakhulukazi ifinyelela kuma-140 kg.
Amabhere amnyama ase-Asiatic ayafana ngokubukeka namabhere ansundu, kodwa anesakhiwo somzimba esikhanyayo esinemilenze yangaphambilini nezincane. Izindebe nekhala lebhere laseHimalaya likhulu futhi lihamba kakhulu kunalelo lebhere elinsundu. Ukhakhayi lwebhere elimnyama lincane kakhulu, kepha lukhulu, ikakhulukazi endaweni yomhlathi ongezansi. Linganisa kusuka ku-311.7 kuye kuma-328 mm ubude no-199.5-228 mm ububanzi. Ngenkathi insikazi ingama-291.6-315 mm ubude no-163-173 mm ububanzi. Yize isilwane sidla kakhulu, ukwakheka kogebhezi akufani nokwakheka kogebhezi lwama-pandas. Zinamakhothamo amancane kakhulu, amapheshana asemaceleni, futhi imisipha yesikhashana inkulu kakhulu futhi inamandla.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngokwesilinganiso, amabhere amadala aseHimalaya mancane kunamabhere amnyama aseMelika, kepha ikakhulukazi amaduna amakhulu angadlula ubukhulu bezinye izinhlobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yemizwa yebhere laseHimalaya ithuthuke kakhulu kunaleyo yebhere elinsundu.
Ibhere laseHimalaya linesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sezidladla, ngisho nangemilenze yangemuva ephukile, lisengakwazi ukugibela esihlahleni lisebenzisa izingalo zangaphambili kuphela. Inomzimba ongaphezulu onamandla amakhulu nemilenze yangemuva ebuthakathaka kunezinhlobo ezihlala isikhathi eside zimile phansi. Ngisho nozipho emilenzeni yangaphambili yebhere elinebele elimhlophe lide kancane kunalezi zangemuva. Lokhu kuyadingeka ekukhuphukeni kwezihlahla nokumba.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Amabhere amnyama ase-Asiatic ayashona, yize eyizivakashi ezivamile emakhaya abantu ebusuku. Bangaphila emaqenjini emindeni yabantu abadala ababili namazinyane amabili alandelanayo. Amabhere aseHimalaya angabagibeli abakahle, bakhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme ukucasha ezitheni, ukuzingela noma ukuphumula nje. Ngokusho kwe-Ussuriysk Territory, amabhere amnyama asebenzisa isikhathi esifinyelela ku-15% esihlahleni. Baphula amagatsha namahlumela ukucwenga indawo yokudla neyokulala. Amabhere amnyama aseHimalaya awahlali ebusika.
Kuyathakazelisa!Amabhere alungisa imihume yawo maphakathi no-Okthoba bese elala kuwo kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuMashi. Imigodi yabo ingahlelwa ngaphakathi kwezihlahla ezingenalutho, imihume noma izimbobo emhlabathini, izingodo ezingenalutho, noma emithambekeni ephakeme, enezintaba futhi enelanga.
Amabhere amnyama ase-Asia anemisindo ehlukahlukene... Ziyabubula, zikhala, ziyagquma, ziyagogeka. Imisindo ekhethekile ikhishwa ngesikhathi sokukhathazeka nentukuthelo. Bahayiza kakhulu lapho bethumela izexwayiso noma izinsongo, futhi bayamemeza lapho belwa. Ngesikhathi sokusondela kwamanye amabhere, zikhipha ukuchofoza kolimi lwawo futhi "ziqhume" ngenkathi zithandana nabobulili obuhlukile.
Ahlala isikhathi esingakanani amabhere aseHimalaya?
Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila endle yiminyaka engama-25, kanti ibhere elidala elimnyama lase-Asiatic ekuthunjweni lafa lineminyaka engama-44.
Indawo yokuhlala
Zisabalele eHimalaya, engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Indian Subcontinent, Korea, Northeast China, Russian Far East, Honshu naseShikoku, iziqhingi zaseJapan naseTaiwan. Amabhere amnyama, njengomthetho, ahlala emahlathini aminyene futhi axubekile, izingwadule. Akuvamile ukuthi ziphile ngaphezu kwama-3700 m eHimalaya ehlobo, bese zehlela kumamitha ayi-1500 ebusika.
Amabhere amnyama ahlala esiqeshaneni esincane kusuka eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Iran kuya empumalanga nge-Afghanistan nasePakistan, emagqumeni amaHimalaya eNdiya, eMyanmar. Ngaphandle kweMalaysia, amabhere amnyama atholakala kuwo wonke amazwe aseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Abekho engxenyeni Ephakathi-neMpumalanga yeChina, yize benokusatshalaliswa okugxile ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu nasenyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe. Ziyabonakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeRussia Far East naseNyakatho Korea. Iningi labo liseNingizimu Korea. Amabhere amnyama anezbele ezimhlophe ayatholakala eJapan, ngasesiqhingini saseHonshu naseShikoku, naseTaiwan naseHainan.
Azikho izilinganiso ezicacile mayelana nenani lamabhere amnyama ase-Asia. IJapan iqoqe imininingwane yabantu abayi-8-14,000 abahlala eHonshu, yize ukuthembeka kwale mininingwane kungaqinisekisiwe ngokusemthethweni. Kulinganiselwa inani labantu base-WGC eRussia - 5,000-6,000. Ngo-2012, uMnyango Wezemvelo waseJapan urekhode ubukhulu besibalo sabantu abayi-15,000-20,000. Izilinganiso ezinzima zokuminyana ngaphandle kwemininingwane esekelayo zenziwe eNdiya nasePakistan, okuholele kubantu abayi-7,000-9,000 eNdiya kanye nabayi-1 000 ePakistan.
Ukudla kwamabhere aseHimalaya
Ngokwemvelo, amabhere anezibele ezimhlophe adla kakhulu kunamabhere ansundu, kepha adla kakhulu kunamabhere amnyama aseMelika. Ngokungafani nama-pandas, ibhere elinebele elimhlophe alincikile ekutholakaleni kokudla okunamakhalori aphansi. Ukhuluphele kakhulu futhi akanazimiso, uncamela ukudla okunomsoco kakhulu ngamanani amancane. Badla ngokwanele, bawafaka emafutheni amanoni, ngemuva kwalokho ngokuthula bangena ebusika ngesikhathi sokuntuleka kokudla. Ngezikhathi zokushoda, zizulazula ezigodini zemifula ukuthola ukufinyelela kumantongomane nezibungu zezinambuzane ezivela ezingodweni ezibolayo.
Kuyathakazelisa!Amabhere amnyama aseHimalaya ayizidlakudla. Ziphila ngokudla izinambuzane, amabhungane, izibungu, umuhlwa, isidumbu, amaqanda, izinyosi, zonke izinhlobo zemfucumfucu emincane, amakhowe, amakhambi, izimbali kanye namajikijolo. Badla nezithelo, imbewu, amantongomane nezinhlamvu.
Kusukela maphakathi noMeyi kuya ngasekupheleni kukaJuni, bazokwengeza ukudla kwabo ngezimila eziluhlaza nezithelo. Kusukela ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba, amabhere alolu hlobo akhuphuka ezihlahleni ukuze adle ama-cherry wezinyoni, ama-cones, imivini kanye namagilebhisi. Ezimweni ezingavamile, badla izinhlanzi ezifile ngesikhathi sokuzala, yize lokhu kubonisa ingxenye encane kakhulu yokudla kwabo kunaleyo yeBrown Bear. Ziyizilwane ezidla kakhulu kunezamabhere ansundu aseMelika futhi ziyakwazi ukubulala ama-ungulates, kufaka phakathi imfuyo, ngokujwayelekile. Izilwane zasendle zingabandakanya izinyamazane ze-muntjac, izingulube zasendle nezinyathi ezindala. Ibhere elinamabele amhlophe lingabulala ngokuphula intamo yesisulu.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngaphakathi kweSikhote-Alin, inkathi yokuzalanisa kwamabhere amnyama iqala ngaphambi kwaleyo yamabhere ansundu, kusukela maphakathi noJuni kuya maphakathi no-Agasti.... Ukuzalwa nakho kwenzeka phambilini - maphakathi noJanuwari. Ngo-Okthoba, ivolumu yesibeletho sowesifazane okhulelwe ikhula ifike ku-15-22 mm. Ngasekupheleni kukaDisemba, imibungu inesisindo esingama-gramu angama-75. Udoti wokuqala wesifazane ubonakala cishe eneminyaka emithathu ubudala. Imvamisa, ibhere liyalulama iminyaka emi-2-3 phakathi kokuzalwa.
Abesifazane abakhulelwe bavame ukudala u-14% wabantu. Ukubeletha kwenzeka emihumeni noma emigodini yezihlahla ebusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngemuva kwesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwezinsuku ezingama-200-240. Amathole anesisindo esingu-370 amagremu lapho ezalwa. Ngosuku 3, bavula amehlo abo, kuthi ngosuku 4 bakwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela. Imfucumfucu ingaba nama-1-4 cubs. Zinezinga lokukhula kancane. NgoMeyi, izingane zifinyelela ku-2.5 kg kuphela. Bazimela ngokuphelele phakathi kwezinyanga ezingama-24 nezingama-36 ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo
Amabhere amnyama ase-Asia kwesinye isikhathi angahlasela amahlosi namabhere ansundu. Baphinde balwe nezingwe namaphakethe ezimpisi. ILynx yase-Eurasia ingumhlaseli onobungozi wamazinyane abelethi amhlophe. Amabhere amnyama ajwayele ukubusa izingwe zaseMpumalanga Ekude njengomphumela wokungqubuzana ezindaweni ezinotshani obuningi, kuyilapho izingwe zibusa ezindaweni ezivulekile, yize imiphumela yokuhlangana okunjalo incike kakhulu kubukhulu besilwane ngasinye. Izingwe ziyaziwa ngokuzingela amawundlu ebhere angaphansi kweminyaka emibili ubudala.
Kuyathakazelisa!Amahlosi nawo azingela amabhere amnyama. Abazingeli baseRussia bavame ukuhlangana nezidumbu zamabhere anezibele ezimhlophe ngomkhondo wehlosi elisendleleni. Ukuqinisekisa, indle yengwe ingabonakala eduze kwezinsalela.
Ukuze zibaleke, amabhere akhuphukela phezulu ezihlahleni ukuze alinde umhlaseli adinwe ahambe. Ihlosi lona, lingenza sengathi lihambile, lilinde kwenye indawo engekude kangako. Amahlosi azingela njalo amabhere amancane, kanti abantu abadala bavame ukulwa.
Amabhere amnyama, njengomthetho, angena endaweni ephephile evela ekuhlaselweni kwamahlosi eneminyaka emihlanu. Amabele amhlophe angabalwi abanesibindi. UJim Corbett wake wabuka isithombe sebhere laseHimalaya lijaha ingwe, yize kunengxenye yesikhumba sakhe ekhishwe kanye nezidladla ezilimele.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ihlukaniswa njenge- “Sengozini” yi-IUCN, ikakhulu ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuzingelwa kwezitho zomzimba eziwusizo. Ibhere elimnyama lase-Asia lifakwa ohlwini lwezilwane ezivikelwe eChina. Kubuye kuvikelwe eNdiya, kepha ngenxa yokungafezeki kwezinguquko, abamangalelwa kunzima ukushushisa. Futhi, inani lamabhere amnyama anebele elimhlophe alwa ngenkuthalo eJapan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zisekhona izindlela zokulondolozwa kwamabhere amnyama aseJapan. Amabhere amabele amhlophe afakiwe Incwadi Ebomvu I-Russia, njengezilwane ezingavamile ezifika ngaphansi kokuvikelwa okukhethekile nokuvinjelwa kokuzingelwa kwazo. Le nhlobo ifakiwe naseRed Book yaseVietnam.
Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi kuyisongo esiyinhloko endaweni yokuhlala yamaShayina amnyama... Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990, uhla lwamabhere amnyama lwaluncishisiwe lwaba yi-1/5 lendawo eyayikhona kwaze kwaba ngawo-1940. Abantu abahlukanisiwe babhekene nengcindezi yezemvelo nezofuzo. Kodwa-ke, ukudoba kubhekwa njengesinye sezizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu zokunyamalala kwabo okungenakulinganiswa. Ngoba izidladla zebhere elimnyama, isikhumba nenyongo kubiza kakhulu. Futhi, amabhere aseHimalaya alimaza umhlaba wezolimo - izingadi namapulazi okufuya izinyosi.
Okubalulekile!Futhi naseNdiya kuzingelwa ukuzingelwa kwebhere elimnyama kudlangile, kanti nasePakistan kuthiwa kuyisilwane esisengozini yokuqothulwa.
Yize ukuzingelwa ngamabhere kwaziwa kakhulu kulo lonke elaseJapan, kuncane okwenziwa yiziphathimandla ukulungisa lesi simo. Ukubulala "izinambuzane ezinonyawo lweklabhu" kwenziwa lapha unyaka wonke ukukhulisa isivuno. Amabhokisi wezicupho asetshenziswe kabanzi kusukela ngo-1970 ukuwabamba. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngokuzayo inani lamabhere aqothulwayo kufanele lehle ngenxa yokwehla kwesibalo sabazingeli bendabuko abadala kanye nokukhula kwesizukulwane esincane sabantu, kungathambekele kakhulu ekuzingeleni.
Yize amabhere amnyama evikelekile eRussia kusukela ngo-1983, ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho, okubhebhethekiswa yisidingo esikhulayo samabhere emakethe yase-Asia, kuyaqhubeka nokuba usongo olukhulu kubantu baseRussia. Abasebenzi abaningi baseChina nabaseKorea okukholakala ukuthi bayabandakanyeka embonini yezingodo empeleni bayabandakanyeka kwezohwebo ezingekho emthethweni. Abanye osolwandle baseRussia babika ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthenga ibhere kubazingeli bendawo ukuyithengisa eJapan naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Imboni yehlathi ikhula ngokushesha eRussia, okuyingozi enkulu kubhere omnyama wase-Asia. Ukugawula izihlahla ezinemigodi kunciphisa amabhere amnyama endawo yazo eyinhloko. Lokhu kubaphoqa ukuba babeke indawo yabo yokuhlala phansi noma emadwaleni, ngaleyo ndlela kubenze babe sengozini enkulu yezingwe, amabhere ansundu nabazingeli.
Ukugawulwa kwemithi sekuyeke kakhulu ukuba usongo olukhulu kubhere elimnyama laseTaiwan, yize inqubomgomo entsha yokudlulisa ubunikazi begquma lomhlaba isuka kuhulumeni iye ezithakazelweni ezizimele ithinta abanye babahlali basemathafeni, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwe. Ukwakhiwa komgwaqo omusha onqamula iziqhingi onqamula indawo yokuhlala yamabhere nakho kungaba yingozi.
ISouth Korea iselilodwa lamazwe amabili kuphela ukuvumela amabhere amnyama ukuthi agcinwe ekuthunjweni... Njengoba kwabikwa ngo-2009, cishe amabhere ayi-1 374 ayehlala emapulazini angama-74 amabhere, lapho ayegcinwa khona ukuze ahlatshwe ukuze asetshenziswe emithini yendabuko yase-Asia.
