Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihleleke kakhulu - lesi sihloko (ngenxa yokwakheka komzimba okuyinkimbinkimbi nokwakheka komzimba) sigqokwa izingwenya zesimanje, ezinesistimu yezinzwa, yokuphefumula neyokujikeleza kwegazi engalingani.
Incazelo yengwenya
Igama libuyela olimini lwesiGreki sasendulo. "I-Pebble worm" (κρόκη δεῖλος) - isilwane esihuquzelayo sathola leli gama ngenxa yokufana kwezikali zaso eziminyene namatshe amancane asogwini.Izingwenya, ngokungajwayelekile, azibhekwa nje kuphela njengezihlobo eziseduze zama-dinosaurs, kodwa futhi nazo zonke izinyoni eziphilayo.... Manje iqembu leCrocodilia liqukethe izingwenya zangempela, ama-alligator (kufaka phakathi ama-caimans) nama-gharials. Izingwenya zangempela zinempumulo emise okwe-V, kuyilapho ama-alligator enamahloni amise okwe-U.
Ukubukeka
Ubukhulu bamalungu esikwati buhluka kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ingwenya enamakhala amnyama kuyaqabukela ikhule ngaphezu kwamamitha ayisigamu nengxenye, kepha abanye babantu bezingwenya ezihlanganisiwe bafinyelela kumamitha ayi-7 noma ngaphezulu. Izingwenya zinomzimba ovulekile, othambile futhi nekhanda elikhulu elinomlomo ohlanganisiwe, obekwe entanyeni emfushane. Amehlo namakhala atholakala phezulu kwekhanda, ngenxa yalokho isirhubuluzi siphefumula kahle futhi sibona lapho umzimba ucwiliswa emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingwenya iyakwazi ukubamba umoya wayo futhi ihlala ngaphansi kwamanzi amahora amabili ngaphandle kokukhuphukela phezulu. Uyaziwa, naphezu kwevolumu encane yobuchopho, ohlakaniphe kakhulu phakathi kwezihuquzelayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Lesi silwane esihuquzelayo esinegazi elibandayo sifunde ukufudumeza igazi laso ngokusebenzisa imisipha. Imisipha ebandakanyekile emsebenzini inyusa izinga lokushisa ukuze umzimba ufudumele kunemvelo ngama-5-7 degrees.
Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo, umzimba wazo umbozwe izikali (ezincane noma ezinkulu), ingwenya yathola izihlangu ze-horny, ukwakheka nosayizi wazo okwakha iphethini ngayinye. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, izihlangu ziqiniswa ngamapuleti amathambo (angaphansi kwesikhumba) ahlangana namathambo ogebhezi. Ngenxa yalokho, ingwenya ithola izikhali ezingamelana nanoma yikuphi ukuhlaselwa kwangaphandle.
Umsila omkhulu, obabazekayo ngokubonakalayo ngakwesokunene nangakwesobunxele, usebenza (kuya ngezimo) njengenjini, isondo lokushayela ngisho ne-thermostat. Ingwenya inemilenze emifushane "enamathiselwe" ezinhlangothini (ngokungafani nezilwane eziningi, imilenze yayo evame ukutholakala ngaphansi komzimba). Lesi sici sibonakala ekuhambeni kwengwenya lapho iphoqeleka ukuhamba emhlabeni.
Umbala ubuswa yimithunzi yokufihla - omnyama, umnqumo omnyama, onsundu ongcolile noma ompunga. Kwesinye isikhathi kuzalwa ama-albino, kepha abantu abanjalo abaphili endle.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Imibango mayelana nesikhathi sokuvela kwezingwenya isaqhubeka. Othile ukhuluma ngesikhathi seCretaceous (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-83.5), abanye babiza isibalo esiphindwe kabili (iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-150-200 edlule). Ukuvela kwezinto ezinwabuzelayo kuqukethe ukuthuthukiswa kokuthambekela kokudla kanye nokuzivumelanisa nendlela yokuphila yasemanzini.
Izazi ze-Herpetologists zinesiqiniseko sokuthi izingwenya zigcinwe cishe zikhona ngesimo sazo sokuqala ngokunamathela emizimbeni yamanzi ahlanzekile, angakashintshi neze kule minyaka eyizigidi edlule. Isikhathi esiningi sosuku, lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zilele emanzini apholile, zikhasele emgodini ongajulile ekuseni nantambama ukuze zishiswe yilanga. Kwesinye isikhathi bazinikela kumagagasi futhi bakhukhuleke bexhuga njengamanje.
Ogwini, izingwenya zivame ukuba yiqhwa zivule imilomo yazo, okuchazwa ukushisa kokushisa kwamaconsi aphuma kolwelwesi lwamafinyila womlomo. Ukunganyakazi kwengwenya kufana nokuba ndikindiki: akumangalisi ukuthi izimfudu nezinyoni zikhuphuka lezi "zingodo ezijiyile" ngaphandle kokwesaba.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokushesha nje lapho isisulu siseduze, ingwenya iphonsa umzimba wayo phambili ngegagasi elinamandla lomsila wayo bese liyibamba liyiqinise ngemihlathi yayo. Uma isisulu sikhulu ngokwanele, izingwenya ezingomakhelwane nazo ziyabuthana zizodla.
Ogwini, izilwane zihamba kancane futhi ziyaxakaniseka, okungazivimbeli ekuzuleni ngezikhathi ezithile amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka echibini lakubo lendabuko. Uma kungekho ojahile, ingwenya iyakhasa, ngomusa izulazula umzimba wayo ngapha nangapha futhi ivula imilenze yayo.Iyashesha, lesi silwane esihuquzelayo sifaka imilenze yaso ngaphansi komzimba, siyiphakamise ngaphezu komhlaba... Irekhodi elinejubane ngezingwenya ezisencane zomfula iNayile, zigijima kuze kufike ku-12 km ngehora.
Zihlala isikhathi esingakanani izingwenya
Ngenxa yokuhamba kancane kwemetabolism kanye nezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu eziguqukayo, ezinye izinhlobo zezingwenya ziphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-80-120. Abaningi abaphili ngokufa kwemvelo ngenxa yendoda ebabulala ngenxa yenyama (izwe lase-Indochina) nesikhumba esihle.
Kuyiqiniso, izingwenya ngokwazo azihlali zinobuntu kubantu njalo. Izingwenya ezibunjiwe zihlukaniswa ukoma okuthe xaxa kwegazi, kwezinye izindawo izingwenya zaseNayile zibhekwa njengeziyingozi, kepha izingwenya ezidla izinhlanzi ezinentamo emincane nezincane ezinamakhala ezimhlophe zibonwa zingenabungozi ngokuphelele.
Izinhlobo zezingwenya
Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo ezingama-25 zezingwenya zesimanje zichaziwe, zihlanganiswe zaba yisizukulwane esingu-8 nemindeni emi-3. I-oda Crocodilia ifaka le mindeni elandelayo:
- ICrocodylidae (izinhlobo eziyi-15 zezingwenya zangempela);
- I-Alligatoridae (izinhlobo ezi-8 ze-alligator);
- IGavialidae (izinhlobo ezi-2 ze-gavial).
Amanye ama-herpetologists abala izinhlobo ezingama-24, omunye usho izinhlobo ezingama-28.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izingwenya zitholakala yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwe-Europe ne-Antarctica, zikhetha (njengazo zonke izilwane ze-thermophilic) izindawo ezishisayo nezingaphansi komhlaba. Iningi selizivumelanise nokuphila emanzini ahlanzekile futhi ambalwa kuphela (izingwenya zase-Afrika ezinqenqemeni, iNayile kanye nezingwenya zaseMelika) abekezelela ama-brackish, ahlala emfuleni. Cishe wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kwengwenya enamacembe, uthanda imifula ehamba kancane namachibi angajulile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izingwenya ezikhujiwe ezihlasele i-Australia ne-Oceania azesabi ukuwela amachweba amakhulu nolwandle phakathi kweziqhingi. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu, ezihlala echibini lolwandle nasemifuleni i-deltas, zivame ukubhukuda zingene olwandle oluvulekile, zihamba amakhilomitha angama-600 ukusuka ogwini.
I-Alligator mississippiensis (Mississippi alligator) inezintandokazi zayo - ithanda amaxhaphozi angenakudlula.
Ukudla kwengwenya
Izingwenya zizingela ngamunye ngamunye, kodwa izinhlobo ezithile ziyakwazi ukubambisana ukuze zithathe isisulu, zisibambe eringini.
Izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezindala zihlasela izilwane ezinkulu eza emgodini wokunisela, njenge:
- obhejane;
- i-wildebeest;
- amadube;
- inyathi;
- izimvubu;
- izingonyama;
- izindlovu (intsha).
Zonke izilwane eziphilayo ziphansi kwengwenya emandleni okuluma, esekelwa ifomula yamazinyo enobuqili, lapho amazinyo amakhulu aphezulu ahambelana namazinyo amancane omhlathi ongezansi. Lapho umlomo ushaywa uvaliwe, akusakwazi ukubalekela kuwo, kepha ukubamba ngokufa nakho kunendawo embi: ingwenya incishwa ithuba lokuhlafuna inyamazane yayo, ngakho-ke iyayigwinya iphelele noma iyidabule ibe yizicucu. Ekusikeni isidumbu, usizwa yiminyakazo ejikelezayo (ezungeze i-eksisi yayo), eyenzelwe "ukuqaqa" ucezu lwengqamuzana eboshiwe.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngesinye isikhathi, ingwenya idla umthamo olingana cishe no-23% wesisindo somzimba wayo. Uma umuntu (onesisindo esingu-80 kg) edla njengengwenya, bekufanele agwinye cishe u-18.5 kg.
Izingxenye zokudla ziyashintsha njengoba zikhula, futhi izinhlanzi kuphela zihlala zizinamathisela njalo ekudleni kwakhe. Lapho zincane, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zidla zonke izinhlobo zezilwanyana ezingenamgogodla, kufaka phakathi izibungu, izinambuzane, ama-molluscs nama-crustaceans. Ngokukhula kwabo, bashintshela ezilwaneni eziphila nasemanzini, izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Izinhlobo eziningi zibonakala ekudleni kwabantu - abantu abavuthiwe ngaphandle kwesazela badla abasha. Izingwenya nazo azizibukeli phansi izidumbu, zifihla izingcezu zezidumbu bese zibuyela kuzo uma sezibolile.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Abesilisa banesithembu futhi ngesikhathi sokuzala bavikela kakhulu indawo yabo ekuhlaselweni kwabancintisana nabo. Ukuhlangana ekhaleni kuya ekhaleni, izingwenya zilwa izimpi ezinamandla.
Inkathi yokufukanyelwa
Abesifazane, ngokuya ngohlobo olwahlukahlukene, bahlela imvuthu ezindaweni ezingajulile (zimbozwe ngesihlabathi) noma bagqibe amaqanda abo emhlabathini, bawahlanganise nomhlabathi oxutshwe notshani namahlamvu. Ezindaweni ezinomthunzi, imigodi ivame ukujula, ezindaweni ezinelanga zifinyelela kuhafu wemitha ngokujula... Ubukhulu nohlobo lwensikazi kuthinta inani lamaqanda abekiwe (kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-100). Iqanda, elifana nenkukhu noma ihansi, ligcwele igobolondo likalamula elicinene.
Insikazi izama ukungashiyi i-clutch, iyivikele ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, ngakho-ke ihlala ilambile njalo. Isikhathi sokufukamela sihlobene ngqo nezinga lokushisa elikhona, kepha asidluli izinyanga ezingu-2-3. Ukushintshashintsha kwesizinda sokushisa nakho kunquma ubulili bezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezisanda kuzalwa: ngo-31-32 ° C, abesilisa bavela, emazingeni aphansi noma, ngokuphambene, amanani aphezulu, abesifazane. Wonke amawundlu achamisela ngokuvumelanayo.
Ukuzalwa
Ngenkathi zizama ukuphuma eqandeni, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ziyancinza, zinikeze isignali kunina. Ugaqa ngesikhonkwane futhi usiza labo ababambekile ukususa igobolondo: ngalokhu uthatha iqanda emazinyweni akhe bese uligoqa ngomlomo wakhe. Uma kunesidingo, insikazi ibuye igubhe i-clutch, isize amaphuphu ukuphuma, bese iyidlulisela emanzini aseduzane (yize iningi lizifikela emanzini).
Kuyathakazelisa! Akuzona zonke izingwenya ezithambekele ekunakekeleni inzalo - ama-gavial angamanga awaqaphi izinduku zawo futhi awanaso nhlobo isithakazelo sentsha.
Isilwane esihuquzelayo esinamazinyo asikwazi ukulimaza isikhumba esibucayi sezinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, esisizwa ngamabharethi asemlonyeni wawo. Kuyahlekisa, kepha ekushiseni kokukhathazeka kwabazali, insikazi ivame ukubamba futhi ihudule izimfudu ezichanyuselwe emanzini, izidleke zazo eziseduze nezingwenya. Yile ndlela ezinye izimfudu ezigcina ngayo amaqanda azo ephephile.
Ukukhula
Ekuqaleni, umama uyazwela ekuklabalaseni kwengane, adikibalise izingane kubo bonke abantu abangabafuni. Kepha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, le nkukhu inqamula ukuxhumana nomama, isakazeka ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zedamu. Impilo yezingwenya igcwele izingozi ezingaveli kangako kubantu abadla inyama ngaphandle kwabantu abadala bohlobo lwazo lwendabuko. Zibalekela izihlobo, izilwane ezincane zikhosela ezihlahleni zemifula izinyanga ngisho neminyaka.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga liyancipha, futhi abantu abadala bakhula ngamasentimitha ambalwa kuphela ngonyaka. Kepha izingwenya zinesici sokufuna ukwazi - zikhula kuyo yonke impilo futhi azinayo ibha yokukhula yokugcina.
Kepha lezi zindlela zokuzivikela azizivikeli izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezisencane, ezingama-80% zazo ezifa eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila. Ukuphela kwento yokulondoloza kungabhekwa njengokukhula okusheshayo ekukhuleni: eminyakeni emibili yokuqala, icishe ibe kathathu. Izingwenya zikulungele ukukhiqiza uhlobo lwazo kungakadluli iminyaka engu-8-10.
Izitha zemvelo
Umbala wokufihla, amazinyo abukhali nesikhumba se-keratinized azisindisi izingwenya ezitheni... Uma umbono ubuncane, ingozi iba nkulu ngokwengeziwe. Amabhubesi afunde ukuqamekela izilwane ezihuquzelayo emhlabeni, lapho ancishwa khona amandla azo ajwayelekile okuhamba, kanti izimvubu zifinyelela kuwo kanye emanzini, ziluma amashwa ngesigamu.
Izindlovu zikhumbula ukwesaba kwazo ebuntwaneni futhi, lapho ithuba livela, zikulungele ukunyathela izaphulamthetho zife. Igalelo elibonakalayo ekuqothulweni kwezingwenya nalo lenziwa yizilwane ezincane, ezingakuthandi ukudla izingwenya ezisanda kuzalwa noma amaqanda ezingwenya.
Ngesikhathi salo msebenzi, okulandelayo kwaqashelwa:
- onogolantethe nezindwandwe;
- izimfene;
- i-marabou;
- izimpisi;
- izimfudu;
- ama-mongooses;
- qapha izibankwa.
ENingizimu Melika, izingwenya ezincane zivame ukuhlaselwa ama-jaguar nama-anaconda.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Baqala ukukhuluma ngokungathi sína ngokuvikelwa kwezingwenya maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lapho umthamo wokudoba kwabo umhlaba ufinyelela izilwane eziyizigidi ezingama-5-7 ngonyaka.
Izinsongo kubantu
Izingwenya zaba yinto yokuzingelwa okukhulu (ezentengiselwano nezemidlalo) ngokushesha lapho abaseYurophu beqala ukuhlola izindawo ezishisayo. Abazingeli babenesithakazelo esikhunjeni sezilwane ezihuquzelayo, imfashini, ngasendleleni, eqhubeka esikhathini sethu... Ekuthomeni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ukuqothulwa okuhlosiwe kwaletha izinhlobo eziningana onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa ngasikhathi sinye, phakathi kwazo okwakukhona:
- Ingwenya yaseSiamese - iThailand;
- Ingwenya yeNayile - iNingizimu Afrika;
- ingwenya ezacile neMississippi alligator - iMexico naseningizimu ne-USA.
E-United States, isibonelo, ukubulawa kwama-alligator aseMississippi kufinyelele eqophelweni eliphezulu (izinkulungwane ezingama-50 ngonyaka), okwenze uhulumeni wenza izindlela ezikhethekile zokuzivikela ukugwema ukufa okuphelele kohlobo.
Isici sesibili esisongelayo satholwa njengokuqoqwa kwamaqanda okungalawulwa kwamapulazi, lapho kuhlelwa khona ukufukamela okufakelwayo, bese kuthi abasha bavunyelwe ukuya ezikhunjeni nasenyameni. Ngalesi sizathu, ngokwesibonelo, inani lezingwenya zaseSiamese ezihlala eLake Tonle Sap (eCambodia) zehle kakhulu.
Okubalulekile! Ukuqoqwa kwamaqanda, okuhambisana nokuzingela okukhulu, akubhekwa njengabanikeli abakhulu ekunciphiseni kwabantu bezingwenya. Njengamanje, usongo olukhulu kuzo ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuhlala.
Ngalesi sizathu, iGanges gavial ne-alligator yaseChina zacishe zanyamalala, kanti eyesibili cishe ayitholakali ezindaweni zokuhlala zendabuko. Emhlabeni jikelele, ezinye izici ze-anthropogenic yizo ezibangela ukwehla kwenani lezingwenya emhlabeni wonke, ngokwesibonelo, ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali emizimbeni yamanzi noma ushintsho ezimileni ezisogwini.
Ngakho-ke, ushintsho ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo kuma-savanna ase-Afrika kuholela ekukhanyeni okukhulu / okuncane kwenhlabathi, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, imvuthu ekuwo. Lokhu kubonakala ekufukameleni kwezingwenya zaseNayile: ukwakheka kocansi kwemfuyo kuyaphazamiseka, okudala ukonakala kwayo.
Ngisho nesici esiqhubekayo sezingwenya njengokuthi kungenzeka ukukhwelana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukile ukuthola inzalo esebenzayo, empeleni, kujikela eceleni.
Okubalulekile! Ama-hybridi awakhuli ngokushesha nje kuphela, kepha futhi akhombisa ukukhuthazela okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabazali bawo, noma kunjalo, lezi zilwane azizali esizukulwaneni sokuqala / esilandelayo.
Imvamisa izingwenya ezingajwayelekile zingena emanzini endawo ngenxa yabalimi: lapha abafokazi baqala ukuncintisana nezinhlobo zomdabu, bese bezixosha ngokuphelele ngenxa ye-hybridization. Kwenzekile ngengwenya yaseCuba, manje ingwenya yaseNew Guinea iyahlaselwa.
Umthelela kuzinto eziphilayo
Isibonelo esigqamile yisimo sokwehla komalaleveva eNingizimu Afrika... Ekuqaleni, izingwenya zaseNayile zacishe zaqothulwa ngokuphelele ezweni, kwathi ngemuva kwesikhashana zabhekana nokwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu ababengenwe umalaleveva. Iketanga kuvele ukuthi belilula impela. Izingwenya zilawula inani lama-cichlids, adla kakhulu izinhlanzi ze-carp. Lesi sakamuva, sona, sidla ngentshiseko sidle iziphungumangqamu omiyane nezibungu.
Lapho nje izingwenya seziyeka ukusongela ama-cichlids, zanda zadla uhlobo oluthile lwenhlazi yomzimba, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho inani lomiyane ababephethe igciwane likamalaleveva lenyuka ngokuphawulekayo. Ngemuva kokuhlaziya ukwehluleka kohlelo lwezemvelo (kanye nokweqa ngamanani kamalaleveva), iziphathimandla zaseNingizimu Afrika zaqala ukuzala ziphinde zafaka izingwenya zaseNayile: zakhishwa zangena emizimbeni yamanzi, lapho inani lezinhlobo zalenza izinga elibucayi.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha
Ekupheleni kwengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lamashumi amabili, zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo, ngaphandle kwe-caiman Schneider enekhanda elibushelelezi, i-caiman ebuso obushelelezi no-Osteolaemus tetraspis osbornii (isizwana sezingwenya ezicashile), bafakwa kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN ngaphansi kwezigaba ΙΙ "ezisengozini", "ezisengozini" kanye ne-ΙV "ezingavamile".
Namuhla isimo asikashintshi neze. I-Lucky only Mississippi alligator idukisiwe ngenxa yezinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi... Ngaphezu kwalokho, iCrococile Specialist Group, inhlangano yamazwe omhlaba esebenzisa ochwepheshe abahlukahlukene, inakekela ukulondolozwa nokukhula kwezingwenya.
I-CSG ibhekele lokhu:
- ukutadisha nokuvikela izingwenya;
- ukubhaliswa kwezihuquzelayo zasendle;
- ukweluleka izinkulisa / amapulazi ezingwenya;
- ukuhlolwa kwabantu bemvelo;
- ukubamba izingqungquthela;
- ukushicilelwa kwephephabhuku i-Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter.
Zonke izingwenya zifakiwe kwizijobelelo zeWashington Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. Lo mbhalo ulawula ukuthuthwa kwezilwane emingceleni yezwe.
