Akuzona zonke izinja ezilungele indima yomhlahlandlela wezimpumputhe. Futhi cishe ingxenye yesine yezilwane ezikhethiwe ziyasuswa ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa - izinja eziqondisayo kumele zingabi nasici maqondana nomnikazi nasekuxhumaneni nomhlaba.
Ukuqokwa kwenja eqondisayo
Kukholakala ukuthi imikhombandlela ehamba phambili ikhula ngemidlwane abazali bayo uqobo abaxoshe izimpumputhe - izimfanelo ezingokwemvelo zalezo zingane zithuthukiswa yinkumbulo yofuzo. Inja eqondisayo inemishini eminingi ebalulekile engahlukaniseki komunye nomunye:
- ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha komnikazi;
- hamba nomzila onikeziwe;
- ukulungiswa komuntu okhubazekile emphakathini;
- ukwesekwa ngokwengqondo.
Inja inakekela ukuphepha komnikazi kuzo zonke izindawo zomphakathi ngokushesha nje lapho iphuma endlini... Ixwayisa nganoma isiphi isithiyo esisendleleni, okubandakanya imigodi, amadaka, iminyango evaliwe, izitebhisi, amatshe avimbayo, amarobhothi nezicingo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Inja eqeqeshiwe kuphela (ngokungafani nenja engaqeqeshiwe) ebona izithiyo ezingaphezulu, kungaba igatsha elenga noma intambo / intambo / ucingo oluqinile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inja eyisiqondisi yenza imiyalo eyisisekelo, ithola ukungena / ukuphuma esithuthini somphakathi bese inika umnikazi into ayilahlile. Inja iyakukhathalela ukuphepha komnikazi wayo kulo lonke uhambo kusuka ephuzwini A kuye kukhomba B. Futhi lona ngomunye umsebenzi okufanele awenze ngendlela eyisibonelo - ukubamba ngekhanda imizila ukuze aqondise izimpumputhe kuyo ngaphandle kokuphambuka enkambweni ekhethiwe. Isilwane sijwayele ukuhamba edolobheni elinomsindo, phakathi kwezixuku nezimoto ezihayizayo, iyakwazi ukuhumusha ngaphesheya komgwaqo, ukuthola indlu elungile, ukuma noma ibhentshi.
Inja eqondisayo yenza (kanye naleyo ephathekayo) umsebenzi obaluleke njengokuvuselelwa kwengqondo kwabangaboni, iningi labo elingashiyanga amakhaya alo iminyaka. Inja iba ukuxhumana phakathi kwalabo abangasaboni emehlweni nalabo ababona umhlaba ngayo yonke imibala. Abantu abaseduze, njengomthetho, baqala basabele kukho, bese bedlulisela ukunakekela kwabo okuhle kwabayizimpumputhe. Inja eqondisayo iyasiza ukubhekana nokucindezeleka kwengqondo, ilinganise isizinda esingokomzwelo iphinde ibuyise ithemba elilahlekile.
Umlando
Ukukhulunywa okokuqala kwemihlahlandlela enemilenze emine kubuyela emuva eNkathini Ephakathi. Noma kunjalo, abantu abangaboniyo bathembela izinja ngempilo yabo nangempilo yabo. Kodwa umqeqeshi wokuqala onguchwepheshe wezinja eziqondisayo kwakunguJohann Wilhelm Klein, owashicilela incwadi ngokuqeqeshwa / ukusetshenziswa kwabo ngo-1819, waphinde wasungula i-Institute for the Training of the Blind (Vienna).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuqeqeshwa okuhlelekile nezinja kwaqala cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho kwakhiwa isikole esikhethekile eJalimane: lapha izilwane zazifundiswa ukusiza abantu ababengaboni empini. Lesi sikole sasekelwa iRed Cross yaseJalimane, kwathi ngo-1925 udumo lwempumelelo yaso lwandiza emhlabeni wonke.
Ezweni lethu, ukuqeqeshwa kobungcweti bezinja eziqondisayo kwaqala ngemuva kweMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, lapho izinkulungwane zamadoda anamandla ayengasaboni emehlweni abuya ngaphambili.
Izwe belidinga abasebenzi nabasebenzi bonjiniyela, ukuze kuqeqeshwe / kufundiswe kabusha izikole, izikole okuhlalwa kuzo namabhizinisi ezemfundo nokukhiqiza avulwe. Abantu abangaboni kahle kwakungafanele bafunde nje kuphela ukusebenza kabusha, kodwa futhi bahambe ngokukhululeka, bangathembeli osizweni oluvela kubantu bangaphandle. Abangane babo kuphela ababeyizinja eziholayo, iqoqo labo lokuqala elalilungiswa yiCentral School of Service Dog Breeding futhi ladluliselwa emasosheni angaphambili angaboni ngo-1947.
I-Central Republican School for the Training of Guide Dogs yavela ngo-1960 ngenxa yesinyathelo se-All-Russian Society of the Blind. Abafundisi bakhe kwakungamaphoyisa ezempi aqeqesha futhi asebenzise izinja ngaphambili. Indlela yokuqeqesha yaseJalimane yalungiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kucatshangelwa isipiliyoni esinqwabelene, izici zomsebenzi wezinja eziqondisayo e-USSR kanye nezifiso zezimpumputhe uqobo.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwezinja zabantu abakhubazekile kwavela ukuthi kudingeka kakhulu, kwathi ngo-1999 kwavela inhlangano entsha, umnyombo wayo okwakungabafundisi besikole iVOS (ekuqaleni baqeqesha izinja ngokuzithandela). Ngo-2003, le nhlangano yashintsha isimo sayo esisemthethweni manje isibizwa nge- "Dogs - Assistants for Disabled Dogs" Training and Cynological Centre. Budebuduze neMoscow, kukhona nesikhungo sesibili sokuqeqesha izinja ezinemilenze emine - iSikole SaseRussia Sokuqeqeshwa Kwezinja Eziqondisayo.
Izidingo zezinja eziqondisayo
Ngaphandle kohlobo nokuzalwa kozalo, umngane onomsila wesikhathi esizayo kumele abe:
- impilo enhle ngokomzimba (kufaka phakathi ukubona okuhle nokuzwa)
- i-psyche ezinzile, kufaka phakathi ukumelana nengcindezi nokuthakazelelwa;
- ukungabi khona kokungajwayelekile kwezakhi zofuzo;
- i-sanguine temperament (efiselekayo);
- ikhono lokuziba imvelo engokwemvelo.
Ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo sokugcina mayelana nomuntu ozobhalwa njengomhlahlandlela, umqeqeshi ubheka ukuzinza kwengqondo yakhe kanye nokuphendula kwakhe ezintweni ezingaphandle.
Okubalulekile! Inja kufanele ilungele ama-nuances wokuhamba nomuntu ongaboni, hhayi ukumqapha (uma isimo sijwayelekile) futhi ungatatazeli kwabanye.
Kubalulekile ukuthi umfundisi aqinisekise ukuthi:
- inja ayesabi imisindo emikhulu;
- uyazi ukuthi angagxila kanjani emsebenzini;
- unenkumbulo enhle;
- kungaphazanyiswa izinyoni namakati;
- idlulisa uhambo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuhamba.
Inja eqondisayo kufanele ibe nokubekezela okungapheli, njengoba kufanele ilinde ngenkathi umuntu ehlola isithiyo futhi anikeze umyalo wokuqhubeka. Umhlahlandlela ukhumbula zonke izimo ezijwayelekile ezingenzeka ezindaweni zomphakathi, kufaka phakathi ezokuthutha. Kepha izimfanelo eziyinhloko zomhlahlandlela uthando, ukuzinikela nesifiso sokusiza umnikazi wazo..
Ukuqeqeshwa kokuqondisa, ukuqeqesha
Uhlelo olujwayelekile lokuqeqesha luhlukaniswe ngamabhulokhi amabili:
- inkambo yokulalela - ukuqeqeshwa okujwayelekile;
- inkambo yokushayela - ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile.
Ezikhungweni zaseRussia bakhetha ukusebenzisana nezinhlobo zeLabrador Retriever kanye neGolden Retriever.
Ukuqeqesha
Ekuqaleni, imidlwane nezinja ezincane zihlala emindenini yamavolontiya, lapho zivakashelwa khona njalo ngabaphathi bezinja. Inhloso yalesi sigaba ukuxhumana nabantu kanye nemfundo yomhlahlandlela wesikhathi esizayo. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho izilwane zifundiswa ukuthi zingasabeli emisindweni naseziphazamisweni, zenyuse amandla, futhi zicindezele abazingeli kanye nokuqapha ukucabanga. Ngalesi sikhathi, amakati avame ukuvela ekuqeqeshweni: izinja ezingakwazi "ukweqa" kuzo ziyaliwa.
Isifundo esikhethekile sokuqeqeshwa siqala lapho ama-cadet anomsila ehlanganisa unyaka owodwa ubudala... Ukwenza inja ikhululeke kakhudlwana empilweni yangempela, amakilasi ahlelwe hhayi kuphela esikhungweni sokuqeqeshwa kwalesi sikhungo, kodwa futhi nasedolobheni. Izilwane zethulwa emizileni yasemadolobheni, lapho kunezinto eziningi ezicasulayo zemvelo nezithiyo, zifunda ukuma ngaphambi kwalezi zakamuva futhi zingayinaki eyokuqala.
Okubalulekile! Umfundisi akaze ajezise inja uma ingakawuqedi umsebenzi. Ubuhlungu bomzimba abunakuba yisiqinisekiso sokwethembeka nokwethembela kubantu.
Yize kunjalo, ngenkathi isifundo sezinyanga eziyisithupha sisaqhubeka, umqeqeshi ubophezelekile ukuqopha izici zomlingiswa / wokuziphatha komfundi wakhe onemilenze emine. Lapho izinja eziqondisayo zokuqeqesha, abaphathi bezinja nabo baqhubeka kusuka ezifisweni ezithile zezimpumputhe, abazongezela ukuqeqeshwa ngezinto ezithile.
Izivivinyo
Isigaba esikhethekile sokuqeqeshwa senzelwe cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha, ngemuva kwalokho inja nomphathi wezinja baphumelela izivivinyo ezenzelwe ukukhombisa ikhomishini ukuthi inja ikulungele ngokuphelele ukubambisana nezimpumputhe.
Ukuhlolwa kuhlala kunezigaba ezimbili:
- ukuboniswa kwenkambo ejwayelekile yokuqeqesha;
- ukudlulisa umzila wokuqeqesha (ngaphansi kweso lengcweti).
Inja eqeqeshelwe ukuhamba uhhafu womzimba phambi komuntu oyimpumputhe ifakwa i-harness nge-arc eqinile, kuthi umfundisi avale amehlo akhe ngezingilazi ezingangeneki ukuze aphenduke umuntu ongaboni. Emzileni womuzi, i-tandem "handler handler" ibhekwa ngumhloli olawula ukunemba kwemisebenzi nokungabikho / ubukhona bamaphutha. Izinja eziphumelela ngempumelelo isivivinyo zinamakhono ayisisekelo wokuqondisa njenge:
- ukunyakaza ngejubane elifanayo emhlabathini ophansi / ebusweni;
- ukwehla / ukukhuphuka izitebhisi;
- ukudlula phakathi kwezinto;
- ima phambi kwesithiyo;
- ukuphelezela umuntu ongaboni emizileni ehlukene (kufika ku-40).
Lapho iphothula kulesi sikhungo, inja inikezwa isitifiketi esiqinisekisa ilungelo layo lokuhlala ezindaweni zomphakathi.
Ukudlulisela inja eqondisayo kumuntu ongaboni
Kepha izivivinyo, noma ngabe zizinhle kakhulu, azibhekwa njengengxenye yokugcina yokuqeqeshwa kwenja eqondisayo.... Cishe isigaba sokuqala esibaluleke kakhulu somsebenzi womfundisi siqala - ukudluliselwa kwesilwane kumnikazi wesikhathi esizayo. Lezi zimbili "inja eyisiqondisi esingaboni" yakhiwa (ngesisekelo semibuzo kanye nemihlangano yomuntu siqu nabantu abangaboni kahle) esigabeni sokugcina sokuqeqeshwa. Ukudluliswa kwenja kwenzeka, njengokujwayelekile, esikhungweni sokuqeqeshwa kwalesi sikhungo futhi kuthatha cishe amasonto amabili. Le nqubo ihlale ingumuntu ngamunye, njengoba yakhiwe kucatshangelwa izici / okuthandwa ngumuntu ngamunye.
Emasontweni amabili, umhlahlandlela akagcini ngokujwayela umnikazi omusha, kepha futhi uqala ukumbona njengomholi ongenamibandela, okumele imiyalo yakhe ilalelwe ngaphandle kokubuzwa. Kungalezi zinsuku eziyi-14 lapho kubekwa khona isisekelo sokuxhumana komuntu okhubazekile nenja iminyaka eminingi. Umuntu ufunda ukuqonda nokulawula umsizi wakhe. Isibonelo, umuntu ongaboni uyabona ukuthi inja eqondisayo ihlanganisa amandla okulalela nokuthatha isinyathelo kuqala.
Okubalulekile! Emasontweni amabili okuzivumelanisa nezimo, indoda nenja eyinhloko yemizila yokhiye, futhi ibuye iqeqeshe ekusebenzeni / ekwenzeni imiyalo eyisisekelo, kufaka phakathi "ukulanda", "ukulala phansi", "ukuhlala" no "ngqo".
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu ongaboni ufunda ukunakekela umngane omusha, umphakele futhi ahambe naye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abaphathi bezinja batshela abangane / izihlobo zomuntu ongaboni ukuthi kufanele benze kanjani uma kunezinkinga ezingalindelekile emgwaqweni noma lapho benza umzila omusha.
Ukunikezwa kwenja eqondisayo kuthathwa njengokuqediwe ngokushesha nje lapho abasebenzi besikhungo benelisekile ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zikulungele ngokuphelele ukuhlala nokusebenza ngokubambisana. Njengoba isiqeqeshe inja eqondisayo, isikhungo sihlola ikusasa laso futhi sihlale sikulungele ukusiza umnikazi waso. Yize kuyinkimbinkimbi nezindleko, le ndlela yokuvuselela abantu abangaboni (eRussia naseYurophu) ithathwa njengenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu.
Izinja ezihola phambili kakhulu
Njengoba umkhuba ukhombisa, inhloso enkulu yomhlahlandlela ingcono kunezinye (ukunciphisa ukuncika kwempumputhe kwabanye)
Kwenziwa izinja zezinhlobo ezinjengezi:
- ILabrador Retriever;
- Ukubuyisa okusagolide;
- Umalusi waseJalimane;
- i-schnauzer enkulu;
- nontobeko.
AmaCollies, ama-Aussies namaDobermans nawo azibonakalisile kahle. Ngokomthetho, umsebenzi wesikhombisi-ndlela unganikezwa ngisho ne-mongrel eqeqeshiwe ehlangabezana nenqubo yokukhetha. Noma kunjalo - umsizi onemilenze emine womuntu okhubazekile kufanele angene osayizi abaphakathi, aze afike ku-68 cm.
ILabrador Retriever
Izinja eziqeqeshiwe zivame ukuqashwa emisebenzini emikhulu yokutakula emhlabeni nasemanzini... Akumangalisi ukuthi izikole eziningi kanye nezikhungo ze-cynological zikhetha lolu hlobo oluthile. ILabrador Retriever ibizwa ngenja eguquguqukayo eba ngumngane omuhle futhi isheshe iphumelele ohlelweni lokuqeqeshwa kwabaqondisi.
Izinga lokuzala lifaka izimfanelo ezifana ne-retriever njenge:
- amandla;
- ukulingana;
- ukuhlakanipha okuphezulu;
- ukulalela;
- umusa;
- isibindi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iLabrador Retriever ivumelana kahle nabantu abasha, ihamba kalula ezindaweni ezingajwayelekile futhi ikwazi kahle ukwahlukanisa. Uyayiqonda inkosi yakhe ngaphandle kwamagama futhi uyakwazi ukonga kunoma yisiphi isimo esibi kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Okuwukuphela kwento ebuyisayo yeLabradors ukuthi bathambekele ekutholeni isisindo esiningi, yingakho bedinga ukuhamba okude nokudla okufanele.
Inja inethuku elihle kakhulu futhi inesimo esihle esivumela ukuthi izwane nanoma yisiphi isilwane esifuywayo.
Ukubuyisa okusagolide
Lolu hlobo (njengeLabrador Retriever) lwenzelwe umdlalo wokuzingela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinja zanweba uhlu lwamathuba azo okufundela, zazi kahle umsebenzi emasikweni (ukufuna izidakamizwa neziqhumane) nokuqeqeshwa kabusha njengabahlengikazi. IGolden Retriever ilungele njengenja eqondisayo - inamandla, iqina, inengqondo esheshayo, izolile, futhi inesifiso esijulile nenkumbulo enhle kakhulu. Akunakwenzeka ukuphakamisa izwi lakhe kule nja eyisibonelo ngenxa yesifiso sakhe esiqhubekayo sokufeza intando yenkosi.
IGolden Retrievers ikhonkotha kancane, ungazami ukubusa, thanda ukudlala nezingane nezilwane. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amaGolden Retrievers asetshenziswe kakhulu ekwelashweni nasekuvuseleleni izingane eziphazamisekile engqondweni. Umphumela wokuphulukisa uchazwa yizimfanelo zokuzalwa zamaGoldens - uthando lokuphila, uzwela oluphakeme nesisa. Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi lolu hlobo lutholwa kalula yimindeni enezingane ezincane nabantu asebekhulile. Ubumnandi nobuhlakani bamaGolden Retrievers athathwa kakhulu ngabaphathi bezinja abakhulisa izinja eziqondisayo.
Umalusi waseJalimane
Uhlobo lolo lubizwa nangokuthi jikelele... Ngokuya ngokuya ngoqeqesho, abelusi baseJalimane bathola amakhono omhlengi, unogada, iphoyisa noma umqondisi. "AmaJalimane" alinganisela futhi ahlakaniphile, ngenxa yalokho afunda ngaphandle kwezinkinga, ukuqonda amakhono adingekayo. Abelusi baseJalimane benza imikhombandlela emihle, ngenxa yezici zabo zemvelo:
- ukusabela okusheshayo;
- umkhawulo ophezulu wokuzijabulisa;
- ukuzinikela;
- ukubekezelelana kwengcindezi;
- isibindi;
- ngcaphuno;
- ukulalelisisa.
Izinja ze-East European Shepherd, ezinikezwe zonke izimfanelo ezidingekayo ekuqondisweni, nazo ziba imikhombandlela emihle (kanye neyamaJalimane). Kuyiqiniso, badinga isikhathi esithe xaxa ukujwayela umnikazi omusha (ngemuva kofundisa), kepha izinja ze-East European Shepherd Dogs zisebenza kangcono ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zezwe lethu.
IGiant Schnauzer
Ngokombono wabafundisi, lezi zinja (ngokwamandla azo) zisezingeni elifanayo nabelusi baseJalimane. Ama-Risens, ngosayizi wawo omkhulu, athathwa njengezilwane ezinhle kakhulu ezisebenzayo, eziqinile futhi ezisebenza kanzima. Izinga lokuzala licacisa izici ezinjengalezi:
- ukulingana;
- ukwanda kobuhlakani;
- inkumbulo enhle kakhulu;
- isibindi;
- ukuzinikela;
- ukuzethemba namandla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Izimfanelo ezinjalo zeGiant Schnauzers njengekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo zangaphandle ezishintshayo, ukuqonda nokuzwela nakho kusiza ekubeni imikhombandlela emihle yezimpumputhe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-rizen inesici esihle kakhulu esimenza abe ngumngane obalulekile wezimpumputhe - lesi yisifiso sokubamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izindaba zenkosi, sithathe izinkathazo eziningi.
Rottweiler
Uhlobo luthathwa njengolunobudlova, futhi kunobufakazi obuqinile balokhu, obuvela esimweni esinzima.... Inja ijwayela umnikazi oyedwa futhi ayishintsheli entsha, ingumvikeli onolaka futhi ilwa nesitha kuze kube sekugcineni.
Amandla namathambo aqinile ahlanganiswe ngokomzimba nomzimba olinganayo futhi ohlangene weRottweiler. Izazi zamaCynologists ziphawula isimo senja esiqinile, kodwa esiyinkimbinkimbi, esingaqondiswa ngokuphelele esiteshini esizolile esinokuqeqeshwa okunekhono, ukufundisa, isibonelo, umhlahlandlela. Izimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu zeRottweiler, ezirekhodwe ngezinga lokuzala, yilezi:
- ukuzethemba;
- amandla;
- ngcaphuno;
- ukulalelisisa;
- ukwesaba;
- ikhono lokungalahli ithrekhi;
- ukubekezela.
URottweiler usethuthukise onogada, ukulwa kanye nezimfanelo eziqinile, okuthi, uma ingekho imfundo, zivame ukuphenduka ububi obungalawuleki.
Okubalulekile! Izinja zalolu hlobo zidinga ukuhlangana, ukuvivinya umzimba okuphezulu nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile - kuphela kulokhu kungenzeka ukukhulisa inja ephendula ngokuthula kubantu ongabazi nangezinto zangaphandle.
I-Rottweiler, ekhethiwe futhi yaqeqeshwa esikhungweni esikhethekile, kungathenjelwa kuyo ngaphandle kokwesaba - ingumngani onokwethenjelwa, onesibindi futhi ozimisele.
