Amalulwane (lat. Isikhathi eside, amalulwane abhekwa njenge-suborder kuphela, kepha imininingwane yezofuzo ze-karyological kanye ne-molecular yakufakazela ukuthi iqembu liyiqembu.
Incazelo yelulwane
Amalulwane ahlala emhlabeni wethu amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka, kanti ukutholwa kwamathambo esilwane esinjalo kusukela esikhathini se-Eocene... Ngokusho kososayensi, izidalwa zasendulo cishe azizange zihluke kubantu banamuhla, kepha ukubonakala kwekhono labo lokundiza akukayitholi incazelo yesayensi.
Ukubukeka
Ngaphandle komehluko osobala ngosayizi nokubukeka phakathi kwabamele izinhlobo ezihlukene zamalulwane, kunezimpawu eziningi ezibahlanganisayo. Umzimba wamalulwane umbozwe ngoboya, obunemibala ekhanyayo esiswini. Amaphiko wesilwane esinjalo ahluka phakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-15-200. Isimo samaphiko singahluka kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ukuguquguquka kobude nobubanzi, kepha ukwakheka kwawo kuhlala kufana. Amaphiko esilwane anezingqimba zesikhumba anemisipha nemithambo enwebekayo, ngenxa yalokho, ekuphumuleni, icindezelwe ngokuqinile emzimbeni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amalulwane andiza ngosizo lwamaphiko ane-webbed, ahamba ngokuvumelanisa nezitho zangemuva.
Izingaphambili zamalulwane zithuthuke kahle, kufaka phakathi amahlombe amafushane aqinile nezingalo zangaphambili ezinde kakhulu ezakhiwe ngeradiyo eyodwa. Uzipho oluxhunyiwe lutholakala kuzwane olukhulu lwengaphambili, kanti ulwelwesi lwamaphiko, olusemaceleni, lusekelwa eminye iminwe emide.
Isilinganiso sobude bomsila, kanye nokuma komzimba ngqo kuncike ohlotsheni lomuntu ngamunye. Ukuba khona kwendawo ebizwa ngamathambo, ebizwa ngokuthi "yi-spur", kuvumela izinhlobo eziningi zokuvula amaphiko azo kalula kuze kufike emsileni.
Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha
Cishe wonke amalulwane, kanye namanye amalulwane, akhetha indlela yokuphila yasebusuku, ngakho-ke alala emini, alengise amakhanda phansi noma acashe emifantwini yamatshe, ezihlahleni nasezakhiweni. Njengesiphephelo sabamele isigaba Sezilwane Ezincelisayo kanye ne-oda Bats, umuntu angabheka izimbotshana ezanele ngaphakathi kwezihlahla, emigedeni nasemigodini, kanye nangezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwenziwa ngenhla nangaphansi komhlaba.
I-bat iyakwazi ukuwela esimweni sokuba ndikindiki, okuhambisana nokwehla kwesilinganiso sezinqubo ze-metabolic, ukwehla ngamandla okuphefumula nokwehla kwenhliziyo. Abamele abaningi bezinhlobo bangena enkathini ende yokulala ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, kwesinye isikhathi kuthatha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili. Ikhono lokulawula ngokuzimela ngokuzimela izinga lomzimba emzimbeni livumela amalulwane adla izinambuzane ukuba ahambe ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngesikhathi sokuhamba okujwayelekile, amalulwane amadala akwazi ukufinyelela kalula ngejubane le-15 km / h, kepha ngesikhathi sokuzingela, isilwane siyashesha sifike ku-60 km / h.
Izinhlobo eziningi zihlala ezindaweni zemvelo ezahlukahlukene, kepha imikhuba yamalulwane icishe ifane.... Izilwane ezinjalo azizakhi izidleke, kepha indlela yokuphila enesizungu ifana nezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela. Esikhathini sokuphumula, amalulwane azama ukubheka ngokucophelela ukubukeka kwawo, ngakho-ke ahlanza ngokucophelela amaphiko, isisu nesifuba. Izinkomba zokuhamba ngaphandle kwenkathi yehlobo zincike ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo, ngakho-ke, abanye abamele babonakala ngokungabi nalusizo, futhi amalulwane amaningi angakhuphuka kahle futhi ahambe ngokuqinile ngosizo lwezidladla eziqinile.
Mangaki amalulwane ahlala
Amalulwane anoma yiluphi uhlobo angaphila isikhathi eside ngokwanele uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane eziningi ezisesigabeni seMammal. Isibonelo, isilinganiso sobude besikhathi sokuphila sebhethi elinsundu elirekhodwe ngokusemthethweni namuhla yiminyaka engamashumi amathathu noma ngaphezulu.
Izinhlobo zamalulwane
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamalulwane, futhi izinhlobo zamalulwane zibonakala ngesakhiwo esihlukile sogebhezi nenani lamazinyo:
- Amalulwane amhlophe angenamsila noma aseHonduran - ezinye zezilwane ezincane kakhulu kuze kufike ku-45 mm ubude. Isilwane se-sonar sihlala eHonduras nasemazweni aseMelika Ephakathi. Idla izithelo. Abantu bahlukaniswe baba yimindeni, imvamisa iba namakhanda ayisihlanu futhi ayisithupha;
- Amalulwane anezingulube - izilwane ezinomzimba ongenamsila ongafika ku-33 mm nesisindo esingu-2.0 g.Impumulo ibukeka njengenhlamba yengulube. Bahlala ikakhulu eThailand nasemazweni angomakhelwane, lapho bahlala khona emigedeni yamatshe amatshe. Izilwane zondla ngokhula loqalo netiak;
- Ilulwane lasebusuku - omele omunye wemindeni emikhulu ngesimo sezinhlobo eziyishumi nantathu. Isilwane sisabalale eNyakatho Afrika kanye nasemazweni aseYurophu, lapho sihlala khona ezitshalweni eziminyene ezinamanzi. Ubude bamalulwane amakhulu bunguhhafu wemitha. Izingela kusihlwa nangaphambi kokuntwela kwezimvemvane, amabhungane nezinye izinyoni;
- Inja endizayo nempungushe noma "igundane lesithelo" - lonke uhlobo lwamalulwane ezithelo anomlomo omude. Ubude besilwane esikhulu esikhulile bungu-40-42 cm enesisindo esifinyelela kwikhilogremu namaphiko afinyelela kumasentimitha angama-70. Isilwane esingenabungozi sondla isithelo senyama yezithelo nompe wezimbali. Kuhlala emazweni ase-Asia ashisayo;
- Amalulwane anamakhala amancane - Umndeni omelwe yizinhlobo ezingamakhulu amathathu, ezihlukaniswa isifonyo esibushelelezi ngaphandle kweziqu zesifo. Ezweni lakithi, kunezinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezingaphansi kwamashumi amane ezicashe lapho kuqala ubusika;
- Ama-Ushans - amalulwane anezindlebe ezinkulu ze-locator, amaphiko amafushane futhi abanzi. Ubude bomzimba abudluli kuma-50-60 mm. Ukudla kuvezwa izimvemvane, omiyane, amabhungane nezinye izinambuzane zasebusuku;
- Ilulwane lebulldog - isilwane sinamaphiko akhethekile amancane, amade futhi akhonjisiwe, asivumela ukuthi siphumelele lapho sindiza. Ubude bomzimba bungu-4-14 cm kuphela.Bahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho behlangana khona emakoloni anezinombolo ezahlukahlukene zabantu.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu amalulwane e-vampire, angaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo eziyimfucumfucu futhi angaba usongo hhayi kwezinye izilwane kuphela, kodwa nakubantu. Lapho ilunywa isilwane, izifo ezithathelwanayo zezifo eziningi ezibulalayo ziyadluliselwa.
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokuhlala nezindawo zamalulwane cishe ziqondana ngokuphelele nendawo yokusatshalaliswa kwabo bonke abamele ukuhleleka kwamalulwane. Amalulwane amaningi anezindawo zawo ezikhethekile ezisetshenziselwa ukuzingela nokufuna ukudla, ngakho-ke abameleli bamalulwane ba-oda kakhulu ukuthi bandize ngendlela efanayo.
Ukudla kwelulwane
Amalulwane abonakala ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lezinqubo ze-metabolic, okudinga inani elikhulu lokudla. Njengomthetho, ilulwane elidala eliyizinambuzane liyakwazi ukudla ubusuku ngabunye inani lokudla elilingana cishe nesithathu sesisindo salo. Njengoba ukubonwa kukhombisa, ngesikhathi esisodwa sehlobo, ikoloni eliqukethe amakhulu abantu lingabhubhisa ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-500 zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane, kufaka phakathi izinambuzane zezolimo noma amahlathi. Amakoloni amakhulu kakhulu angabulala izinambuzane ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyishumi ehlobo elilodwa.
Okubalulekile! Indawo enkulu kakhulu yolwelwesi lwamaphiko inegalelo ekulahlekelweni umswakama ngokushesha; ngakho-ke, ukuntuleka kokuthola amanzi mahhala kuyimbangela enkulu yokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi nokufa kwamalulwane.
Izinhlobo zaseTropical zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngolimi olude... Zondla kakhulu impova noma umpe, okufaka isandla ekukhiqizeni izitshalo eziningi ezingaphandle. Azikho izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zamalulwane. Zibonakala ngokuba khona kwamazinyo amakhulu futhi abukhali kakhulu, futhi ukudla kwazo kuvezwa ikakhulukazi amagundane nezinyoni ezincane.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zamalulwane zingama-peregrine falcons, hobbyists, hawks nezikhova, kanye nezinyoka, ama-martens kanye nama-weasel. Kodwa-ke, isitha sabo esikhulu ngumuntu. Ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwenani lamalulwane kungenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali anobuthi ekukhiqizeni izilimo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Imvamisa kanye nezimpawu zokukhiqizwa kwamalulwane ngqo kuncike kuzimpawu zazo eziyinhloko nezinhlobo zemvelo:
- Amalulwane anamakhala amancane - inzalo: 1-2, ezingaphansi kakhulu kwezingu-3-4 izingane ngonyaka;
- I-Ushan - inzalo: eyodwa, akuvamile ukuthi kube nezingane ezimbili ngonyaka;
- "I-Flying Fox" - inzalo: ingane eyodwa ngonyaka.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-bulldog bat iwukuphela kohlobo olukwaziyo ukuzala kabili noma kathathu ngonyaka, kodwa kuzalwa inkonyane elilodwa kudoti ngamunye.
Izinhlobo eziningi nezinhlobo ezincane zamalulwane zizala kanye ngonyaka, kanti ezesifazane zizala izinyane elilodwa kuphela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ingxenye ebalulekile yalolu hlobo ingeyesigaba sezilwane ezingavamile... Ezinye izinhlobo zamalulwane ziye zanyamalala ngokuphelele, kubandakanya ezivamile ezinamaphiko amade (Miniortherus schreibersii), nezinhlobo zelulwane elikhonjiwe kanye ne-kazhan enemibala emibili zibaliwe ku-Red Book. Kodwa-ke, kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, isimo senani lamalulwane sithambekele ekuthuthukeni, lokhu kungenxa yokwehla kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngenxa yezizathu zomnotho kuphela.
