I-American marten (iMartes americana) ithathwa njengelungu lomndeni we-mustelidae futhi ingezilwane ezincelisayo ezidlayo. Ihlukile kuma-pine martens ahlala eYurophu ngezidladla ezinkulu nesifonyo esilula.
Incazelo yemarten yaseMelika
I-American marten inomsila wobude obuhle, obuphaphathekile, ibanga ingxenye yesithathu yobude bomzimba wonke wesilwane, oba phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-54 kuye kwangama-71 emadodeni nakusuka kuma-49 kuye kuma-60 cm kwabesifazane. Ama-marten nawo ayahluka ngesisindo kusuka ku-0.5 kuye ku-1.5 kg.
Ukubukeka
Ukufana kwalolu hlobo lwe-marten nabanye kulula ukulandelela: umzimba we-American marten uvulekile, uzacile, uboya bomuntu onempilo bukhulu, bukhanya, bunsundu. Futhi, izilwane zalolu hlobo zingaba noboya obukhanyayo ngokukhanyayo noma i-auburn. Intamo engezansi (ihembe ngaphambili) iphuzi, kepha imilenze nomsila kumnyama. Izindlebe zincane futhi ziyindilinga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ikhala liphume ngokucijile, likhombe, emlonyeni omncane kunamazinyo abukhali angama-38. Imivimbo emibili emnyama yeqa isifonyo iye nkqo emehlweni.
Uzipho lwesilwane luvulekile futhi lubukhali - ukuhamba kahle emagatsheni naseziqu zemithi, kusontekile ngesimo... Izinyawo ezinkulu ziyasiza ukunyakazisa isembozo seqhwa, kanti izidladla zifushane, zinezinzwani ezinhlanu. Ukufana kwama-American martens nesable kuyabonakala - isakhiwo somzimba sikuvumela ukuthi ubone izici ezivamile. Abesifazane balula futhi bancane ngosayizi kunabesilisa.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
I-American marten ingumzingeli onekhono, kodwa oqaphile, onamahloni, ogwema abantu, ongazithandi izikhala ezivulekile. Ukuphunyuka ezilwaneni ezinkulu ezihlahleni, lapho kungakhuphuka ngokushesha nangobuhlakani uma kuba nengozi. Lawa ma-marten asebenza kakhulu ngezikhathi zasekuseni, kusihlwa nasebusuku. Cishe unyaka wonke ungacabanga ngalezi zilwane ngokuzihlukanisa okuhle, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokukhwelana. Abamele bobulili bobabili banezindawo zabo, abazivikela ngentshiseko ekungeneleleni kwabanye abamele izinhlobo zabo.
AbakwaMartens bamaka "umbuso" wabo ngosizo lwemfihlo efihliwe kusuka kwizindlala ezisesiswini nasesindlini, beshiya iminonjana yabo yokuhogela emagatsheni ezihlahla, iziphunzi nezinye izindawo eziphakeme. Abesilisa bangakwazi ukumboza indawo eyi-8 km2, abesifazane - 2.5 km2... Indawo yalezi "zinto" ithonywe usayizi womuntu ngamunye, kanye nokutholakala kokudla okudingekayo nezihlahla eziwile, ezinye izikhala ezibalulekile empilweni yama-marten nezidalwa eziphilayo ezifakiwe ekudleni kwayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izindawo zabesilisa nabesifazane zingagudluzana futhi zigudluke kancane, kepha izindawo zabafelokazi bobulili obufanayo azivumelani, ngoba owesilisa noma owesifazane ngamunye uvikela ngentshiseko “amazwe” akhe ekungeneleleni komunye ummeleli wobulili bakhe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, owesilisa angenza nemizamo yokubamba insimu yomunye umuntu ukuze andise izindawo zakhe zokuzingela. I-marten ihamba "izimpahla" zayo cishe njalo ezinsukwini eziyishumi.
AmaMartens awanalo ikhaya elihlala njalo, kepha angaba nezindawo zokukhosela ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili endaweni yabo lapho kungekho khona izihlahla eziwile, imigodi, izimbobo - kuzo ama-martens angazimela kusimo sezulu noma acashe uma kunesidingo. Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukuthi lezi zilwane zingahola zombili izindlela zokuhlala nokuhlala ndawonye, futhi iningi lazo lisencane, selivele lathatha indlela ezimele empilweni, mhlawumbe ukufuna izindawo ezingenabantu abanye noma ukufuna izindawo ezinokudla okuningi ...
Njengoba amaMarten aseMelika eyizidleke, azingela wodwa, ahamba ngokuzungeza emagatsheni ebusuku noma kusihlwa futhi, edlula ukudla kwawo, ahlasela ngemuva ngemuva kwekhanda, alume umgogodla. AmaMartens anesimo sokuzingela esithuthuke kahle, futhi ukuhamba ngamagatsha ezihlahla kusiza lezi zilwane ezidla ezinye ukuba zinganakwa yizilwane ezincane ezifuna ukudla phansi.
IMartens inelukuluku lokwazi, yingakho ingawela ezingibeni ezenzelwe ukubamba ezinye izilwane - onogwaja, ngokwesibonelo... Kubonakele ukuthi nabo bayabhukuda futhi bacwile kahle. AmaMartens angakunqoba ukwesaba kwabo abantu uma kwenzeka kushoda ukudla okukhethekile esizeni, lapho-ke bekwazi ukungena endlini yezinkukhu futhi yize bengathola inyama eyanele yenyoni eyodwa kuphela, injabulo yokuzingela ingabaphoqa ukuba babulale bonke noma inani elikhulu lezakhamizi ezinezimpaphe.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Laba bameleli bomndeni weasel bahlala endle cishe iminyaka eyi-10 - 15.
Indawo yokuhlala
Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezidliwayo ezidliwayo zihlala ikakhulukazi emahlathini amadala ahlanganisiwe namnyama aseCanada, e-Alaska naseNyakatho ye-United States. Indawo yokuhlala ama-martens aseMelika kungaba ngamahlathi amadala we-coniferous we-spruce, i-pine, namanye ama-conifers, kanye namahlathi ahlanganisiwe ezihlahla ezinamakhaza kanye ne-coniferous, lapho kutholakala khona i-pine emhlophe, i-spruce, i-birch, i-maple ne-fir. Lawa mahlathi amadala aheha ama-marten ngezihlahla eziningi eziwile athanda ukuhlala kuzo. Njengamanje, sekujwayele ukuthambekela ekoloni lamahlathi amancane nangeneminyaka engalingani exubene namaMartens aseMelika.
Ukudla kwe-marten kwaseMelika
Lezi zilwane ezidlayo zihlonyelwe ngemvelo ngezimfanelo ezinhle ezizisizayo ekuzingeleni, ngoba inyama ithatha indawo evelele ekudleni kwayo. Ngakho-ke, ebusuku, ama-martens angabamba ngempumelelo izingwejeje ezidlekeni, kuthi ebusika babe nethuba lokumba imigudu emide ngaphansi kweqhwa befuna amagundane anjengamagundane.... Onogwaja, ama-chipmunks, ama-partridges, amaxoxo, ezinye izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, kanye nezinhlanzi nezinambuzane nakho kuyizibiliboco ezinhle kakhulu kubo. I-Carrion ngisho nezithelo nemifino kungangena ekudleni kwalezi zilwane uma kwenzeka inani elinganele lokudla kwezilwane endaweni yokuhlala. UMartens ngeke adele amaqanda ezinyoni, kanye namachwane awo, amakhowe, imbewu noju.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kufanele kuthiwe lezi zilwane zinesifiso esihle kakhulu, zimunca ukudla okungu-150 g ngosuku, kepha zingenza okuncane.
Kepha futhi bathatha amandla amaningi ukuthola inani lokudla abalifunayo - ama-marten angahlanganisa ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-25 ngosuku, ngenkathi enza ukweqa okuningi emagatsheni ezihlahla nasemhlabathini. Futhi uma inyamazane ye-martens ibonisa umsebenzi oyinhloko emini, kulokhu i-marten nayo ingashintsha umbuso wayo futhi iphinde izingele emini. I-marten ingafihla inyamazane enkulu endaweni ebekiwe.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zemvelo ze-American marten zingaba yizilwane ezinkulu nezinyoni ezidla ezinye. Kodwa-ke, ingozi enkulu empilweni yalezi zilwane idalwa ngabantu ngenxa yethonya labo emvelweni nasekuzingeleni uboya.
Ukuzala nenzalo
AmaMarten aseMelika alungiselela isikhathi sokukhwelana ehlobo: Julayi noJulayi yizikhathi ezinhle kakhulu zokukhwelana. Ngenxa yamamaki ezihlahleni nasemagatsheni enziwe ngabamele bobulili bobabili balaba bezi ngosizo lwezindlala zangasese, owesilisa nowesifazane bangatholana kalula, begxile ephunga. Ukuxhumana okuzwakalayo phakathi kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile kwenzeka ngemisindo enokhahlo, efana nokugigitheka. Umsele ngokwawo uhlala amasonto ama-2, lapho inqubo yokuqomisana phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane nokuhlangana uqobo kwenzeka. Ngemuva kokuba owesilisa emboze insikazi, uphelelwa yisithakazelo kuye bese egijimela ukuyofuna omunye umlingani.
Ukukhulelwa kwama-mustelids kuthatha izinyanga ezi-2, kepha akuqali ukuqhubeka ngamandla ngemuva kokutholakala ngempumelelo, kepha ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela, lapho imibungu evundisiwe isesibelethweni esimweni esifihlekile sonke lesi sikhathi, ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukuthuthuka ngenkuthalo ukuqinisekisa ukuzalwa kwezingane Isikhathi esivumelana kakhulu nalokhu kusekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo (Mashi-Ephreli). Isidleke seMarten sigcwele utshani nezinye izinto zezitshalo. Omama besikhathi esizayo be-marten bakha izidleke emigodini yezihlahla ezimile noma eziwile. Inzalo isukela kwamathathu kuya kwayisithupha amawundlu ayizithulu nayimpumputhe anesisindo esingama-25 gramu. Izindlebe ziqala ukwenza umsebenzi wazo ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-26 zokuphila, futhi amehlo aqala ukuvula ezinsukwini ezingama-39-40. Ukumunca kwenzeka ezinyangeni ezingaphansi kwezimbili.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amazinyo ezingane zezingane ze-marten akhiwa ngezinyanga eziyi-1.5, kulesi sikhathi amawundlu awanakho ukuzinza, ngakho-ke omama kufanele bahambise izidleke zabo emhlabathini ukuze bavikele ukufa kwabo kungaweli phezulu.
Lapho ama-marten amancane enezinyanga eziyi-3-4 ubudala, asengakwazi ukunakekela inyamazane yawo uqobo, njengoba efinyelela usayizi womuntu omdala, ngakho-ke ashiya isidleke sabazali eyofuna izindawo zawo. Ukuthomba kumaMartens aseMelika kwenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-15-24, futhi bakulungele ukuzalwa kwezingane eminyakeni emithathu ubudala. Ukuzalisa amawundlu kungabesifazane kuphela, ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabesilisa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ukuzingelwa njalo nokucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi kunciphise inani lezinhlobo futhi okwamanje, yize lolu hlobo lungathathwa njengokungajwayelekile, kungakuhle ukuthi uluqaphele ukuze ugweme ukonakala kwezinga lesimo. Kubantu, inani le-marten yaseMelika linoboya, liyabanjwa futhi ukunciphisa ingozi ekuvunweni kwezimboni kasikwele, unogwaja nezinye izilwane okungaba wukudla kwalo. Izicupho ezibekelwe ukudoba kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zidala ukulimala okukhulu kwinani lamaMartens aseMelika, ngoba, ngenxa yelukuluku labo, abamele lolu hlobo lwe-weasel bavame ukuzithola besendaweni yezilwane ezinjalo ezingibeni.
Ukugawulwa kwemithi kunciphisa abafowethu ithuba lokuzingela ngokuphelele ezindaweni zabo, kubanciphise futhi kuxoshe izilwane eziwusizo kuma-marten kubo, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukutholakala kokudla. Ukuvezwa komuntu kuholela ekuphazanyisweni kwendlela yokuphila yemarten, okudala ukwehla kwenani lalezi zilwane ezinoboya. Kwezinye izindawo, lapho kube khona ukwehla okukhulu kwabamele lolu hlobo, isibalo sabuye sabuyiselwa.
