I-Asp, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-cherekh, i-aspius, ubumhlophe, ubumhlophe, i-Aral asp, i-red-lipped asp, noma i-sheresper (i-Aspius aspius) uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwezinhlanzi ezizingelayo zohlobo lwe-Asp kanye nomndeni we-carp ovela ku-carp oda.
Incazelo yezinhlanzi ze-asp
I-Asp imelwe yizinhlobo ezintathu ezidliwayo:
- I-asp ejwayelekile noma yaseYurophu - ejwayelekile eYurophu;
- Krasnoguby Zherekh - ohlala emanzini omfula we-Middle and South Caspian;
- Umlotha wase-Aral - otholakala emifuleni iSyr Darya neAmu Darya.
Izinhlanzi zokudla ezidliwayo ezivela emndenini weCarp azinaso isisu, futhi konke ukudla okufakiwe kuya ngqo emgodini wamathumbu... Ishubhu eliqondile futhi elingenalutho lisuka emlonyeni libheke emsileni.
Bonke abamele i-carp yoku-oda basheshise izinqubo ze-metabolic, ezibaphoqa ukuthi bahlale bezifunela ukudla futhi babe nomthelela omuhle kuningi. Izinhlobo azikhethi ngokukhethekile ekudleni futhi azithobeki ngokwengeziwe ngokukhishwa kokudla.
Ukubukeka
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-asp nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ezentengiselwayo ubukhona bokubuyela emuva okumnyama okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izinhlangothi ezimpunga kanye nesisu esimhlophe. Amaphiko we-dorsal ne-caudal abonakala ngombala ompunga namathiphu amnyama. Umsila ongezansi mude kancane kunaphezulu.
Amanye amaphiko abomvu ngokubomvu esisekelweni, futhi abe mpunga ngasekugcineni. Amehlo abameleli be-asp anombala ophuzi ophawuleka kakhulu. Umzimba ubanzi, unendawo engemuva eqinile. Izikali nazo zihlaba umxhwele ngosayizi futhi ziwumbala obonakalayo. I-asp iphezulu kakhulu futhi yeqa iphume emanzini ngempumelelo, isabalalise amaphiko abo abanzi, aqinile we-dorsal kanye ne-caudal.
Ikhanda le-asp elenziwe kancane linomhlathi ophansi ogqamile obonakalayo. Ubude obukhulu bezinhlanzi ezindala bufinyelela ku-110-120 cm ngesisindo esingu-11.5-12.0 kg. Njengomthetho, ubukhulu be-asp evuthiwe ngokobulili abudluli ku-60-80 cm, kanti isisindo singu-1.5-2.0 kg.... Imihlathi yezinhlanzi ayinamazinyo, kepha kukhona ama-tubercles ayingqayizivele nezindwangu kubo, ezokuqala zazo ezingezansi.
Kuyathakazelisa! Esinye sezici ezihlukile ezijwayelekile kubo bonke abameleli be-cyprinids ubukhona bezindebe ezinamanzi lapho amazinyo engekho emihlathini, kepha inani elincane lama-incisors akhona ku-pharynx ye-asp.
Amanothi atholakala emihlathini engenhla anguhlobo lokungena kwamashubhu aphansi. Ukusebenza kohlelo olunjalo kufana nokusebenza kokukhiya okuvamile, ukuqhoshwa okukuvumela ukuba ubambe ngokuphepha ukubanjwa okubanjwe yizinhlanzi. Ngale ndlela, ama-asps akwazi ukubamba ngisho nesisulu esikhulu.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
Abamele isigaba sezinhlanzi esenziwe ngomthofu iRay bakhetha ukuhlala emifuleni yasethafeni enomsinga onensa, ozothile. I-Asp cishe ayikaze itholakale emizimbeni yamanzi enamanzi amile. Izinhlanzi, njengomthetho, zigcina ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamanzi, zisebenzisa i-current ngemuva kwemifantu noma imilomo yemifula emincane egelezela emadamini. I-Asp ihola indlela yokuphila yodwa futhi elinganisiwe, ngakho-ke bahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu kakhulu kuphela isikhathi sasebusika noma phakathi nesikhathi sokuzala.
Indlela yokuzingela nokondla i-asp yabantu abadala ingeyokuqala kakhulu. Izinhlanzi ezincane ziqala ukumangazwa ukushaya komsila onamandla ngokwanele futhi osindayo, ngemuva kwalokho inyamazane engenakuzisiza igwinywe iphelele. Ngokuqala kwenkathi efudumele, ama-asps aqala ukukhombisa umsebenzi obonakalayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-carps ihlangana ezikoleni eziningi ezinkulu. Lokhu kuvumela umhlaseli wamanzi ukuzingela izinhlanzi ezincane zonke ndawonye. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, i-asp ingena emigodini ejulile, iqoqele lapho ngasikhathi sinye abantu abaningana.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenkathi yokuzingela i-asp, umuntu angabona okubizwa ngokuthi "izimpi", okungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu futhi eziphumelelayo zokuthola ukudla.
Ngesikhathi "sezimpi" ezinjalo, ama-asps ngokucophelela "angena" emhlambini wezinhlanzi ezincane kakhulu, aqhume kuwo bese edala isiyaluyalu, ngemuva kwalokho agxume aphume emanzini, ashaye ngamandla amanzi ngomsila wawo.
Lapho-ke izidlakela zimane zicoshe zidle zonke izinhlanzi ezimangele ngomsila. Ekwindla, izinhlanzi zentengiso zikhetha ukuthuthela ezingxenyeni ezijulile zamachibi, ngakho-ke kuyaqabukela zisondele ogwini lolwandle. Yilesi sikhathi sonyaka esithathwa njengesiphumelela kakhulu futhi sethembisa ukubamba i-asp, eqala ukuzingela okunamandla ukuthola amafutha amaningi ebusika.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila se-asp asikho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, kepha singahluka kancane ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo. Isikhathi sokuphila esiphezulu se-asp esineflethi (Pseudaspius lertocerhalus) asidluli iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, kanti i-asp yase-Asia ineminyaka eyisithupha kuya kweyisikhombisa kuphela.
Indawo yokuhlala
Njengesikhala esijwayelekile lapho kuhlala khona ama-asps, kubhekwa amadamu emvelo, ancishiswe kakhulu yimifula emincane namachibi amancane, angakulungele ukuba khona kwezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye, kanye namanzi angcolile. I-Asp yempilo ephelele idinga izindawo zamanzi ezivulekile futhi ezijule ngokwanele, ezimelwe ngamanzi ahlanzekile futhi agelezayo anothe ngomoya-mpilo, kanye nokuba nesisekelo sokudla esikhulukazi.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, inhlanzi enjalo yezentengiselwano ihlala ezinhlelweni ezimelwe yimifula emikhulu, amadamu, amachibi amakhulu asolwandle lwaseNyakatho, eNingizimu naseBaltic eRussia.
Indawo ye-asp incane futhi ifaka ezinye izindawo ezihlanganisa iMpumalanga Yurophu nengxenye ebalulekile yeNtshonalanga Yurophu... Ngokujwayelekile, le ndawo ingamelwa yingxenye yezwekazi lase-Eurasia - phakathi kwemifula i-Ural neRhine. Umngcele oseningizimu we-asp range uhlanganisa izifunda ezisenkabeni ye-Asia Ephakathi: ingxenye yeKazakhstan noma imicengezi yeCaspian ne-Aral Seas, kanye namanzi e-Amu Darya naseSyr Darya e-Uzbekistan.
Kuyathakazelisa! Inani elincane labantu le-asp liyabonakala emanzini eLake Balkhash, lapho izinhlanzi ezentengiselwano zazigcwele khona ngokungazenzisiyo, naseNyakatho Caucasus, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude, izinhlobo ezinjalo zezilwane azitholakali nhlobo.
Imingcele esenyakatho yendawo yokuhlala yabamele i-carp iyagudla umfula iSvir, oxhumanisa amachibi aseLadoga nase-Onega, iphinde iqhubeke ngomfula iNeva, inyukele ezindaweni lapho igelezela khona oLwandle iBaltic.
Ukudla, ukudla okunomsoco
Ngohlobo lokondla, ama-asps asesigabeni sama-pelagic ichthyophages, anamathela ezingqimbeni ezingenhla noma eziphakathi echibini, njengoba kufakazelwa ngokucacile ukwakheka komlomo kanye nezici zokubonakala komzimba wenhlanzi. Abantu abasha bakhetha ukondla kuphela izinambuzane nezikelemu, kanye nama-crustaceans amancane kanye nezinye izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezinkulu kakhulu.
Ngemuva kokuba ubude bomuntu bufinyelele ku-30-40 cm, inhlanzi iba ngumzingeli bese iqala ngokudla ifry yanoma yiziphi ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, ikhetha i-juamile bream ne-roach. Noma kunjalo, enye ingxenye yokudla kwe-asp ekhulayo iyaqhubeka inezinambuzane nezibungu.
Imvelo ye-asp engakhethiyo iyivumela ukuthi idle kunoma iyiphi inhlanzi, kufaka phakathi ngisho nezinhlobo ezibizwa ngokuthi zinomdlandla: imfucumfucu, iminithi, ipiki perch kanye nemibono. Imenyu yabamele isigaba sezinhlanzi esenziwe ngomshini i-Ray ifaka ne-tulka, isiliva bream kanye ne-chub. I-Asp iyakwazi ukuxosha ngisho nenhlanzi enkulu ngokwanele, ubukhulu bayo obukhawulelwe kuphela ngomlomo wezinhlanzi omkhulu kakhulu emndenini weKarpov... Kaningi, ubude benyamazane ebanjwe yi-asp bungu-14-15 cm.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-asps asesigabeni sezinhlanzi ezijaha inyamazane, futhi ungazilindeli ekuqamekeleni, futhi labo bameleli besigaba sezinhlanzi esenziwe i-Ray baba ngabazingeli ngisho besewusana.
Esimweni sezulu esibi, ngesikhathi sezimvula ezinamandla nemimoya enamandla, izinyoka zizama ukuya ekujuleni okukhulu, kwesinye isikhathi zikhuphukela eduze komhlaba kuphela ukuze zidle izinambuzane ezincane ezincane noma izimbungulu eziwela emanzini zinotshani obulenga phezu kwamanzi echibi lemvelo. Abantu abakhulu kunabo bonke futhi abondlekile kakhulu be-asp batholakala emifuleni egeleza kakhulu, kufaka phakathi izindawo ezingezansi zemifula efana ne-Dnieper neVolga.
Ukuzalela i-asp yenhlanzi
Ama-asps akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ngenxa yezinqubo ezisebenzayo ze-metabolic kanye nokuzithoba ekudleni. Kakade ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila, ubude bomzimba we-asp obujwayelekile bungamayelana no-27-28 cm, onesisindo esingu-0.2 kg noma ngaphezulu.
Izilwane ezidla emanzini zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi cishe ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila, lapho isisindo somzimba senhlanzi sidlula ikhilogremu elilodwa nohhafu. Iminyaka yokuzala yazo zonke izinhlobo ze-asps ezihlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho icishe ibe unyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili kunabalingani "baseningizimu".
Ukuqala kokuzalela kuncike ngqo kuzimo zezulu zesifunda. Ensimini eseningizimu yezwe lethu, i-asp izala, njengomthetho, maphakathi no-Ephreli, futhi isikhathi sokuzala uqobo cishe amasonto ambalwa. Umbuso wokushisa wamanzi omuhle ngalesi sikhathi kufanele uguqule phakathi kuka-7-16 C˚. Inqubo yokuzalela iyahambisana, ngakho-ke cishe izinhlayiya eziyishumi zezinhlanzi zingazala ngasikhathi sinye endaweni eyodwa, okudala umbono wokuthi kuzalaniswa kweqembu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isikhathi sokuzaliswa okusebenzayo kwe-asp sihambisana nokulwa kwabesilisa, abalwela ilungelo lokuthola owesifazane. Ngesikhathi "sokulwa" okunjalo, abesilisa bayakwazi ukulimaza kakhulu.
Ifuna indawo ezala, i-asp ayingeni emifuleni engajulile kakhulu, kepha incamela ukufuna indawo esiqeshini esinesihlabathi noma samatshe, esisembhedeni wedamu elihlala njalo. Ngenkathi kuseshwa okunjalo, izinhlanzi ezizingelayo zihlala zikwazi ukukhuphukela phezulu phezulu phezulu ngisho nangaphansi kwamanje.
Owesifazane ovamile uzala amaqanda angama-50-100000, ahlala ezimpandeni naseziqu zezitshalo ezifa ebusika. Amaqanda e-asp anamathele, anamathela kahle ku-substrate. Cishe emasontweni ambalwa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, izibungu zizalwa ngamaqanda. Emanzini afudumele ngokwanele, isikhathi sokufukamela singabambezeleka cishe ngesonto noma ngaphezulu.
Izitha zemvelo
I-Asp yinhlanzi edla kakhulu edla inyama, enamehlo abona kahle futhi "ihlome" kahle kakhulu ngezitho zomqondo ezithuthukile. Ngisho nasenqubeni yokuzingela, umhlaseli onjalo uyakwazi ukulawula kahle yonke indawo ezungezile, yingakho kunzima kakhulu ukuba izitha zemvelo ze-asp, kufaka phakathi nabantu, zisondele kuye.
Amajuba we-asp aba yizisulu zezinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya nabantu abadala base-Aspius aspius. Amajuba avame ukudliwa ezinye izinyoni, ikakhulukazi ama-gulls nama-cormorants.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izinyoka ezindala cishe azinazo izitha zemvelo, futhi ingozi enkulu kubantu abavuthiwe imelelwa ngama-ospreys nezinkozi. "Bangabadobi" abanjengezimpaphe abakwaziyo ukubona u-asp kusuka ekuphakameni okukhulu, ngemuva kwalokho bashesha bacwile phansi futhi bahlwithe ngobuciko ummeleli odlayo we-carp emanzini.
Inani lokuhweba
Ama-asp aqaphele kakhulu futhi anamahloni, kepha ngasikhathi sinye, izidalwa zasemanzini ezinodlame kakhulu, ngakho-ke, emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, abamele abomndeni we-carp baye baba yinto ethandwa kakhulu yokudoba imidlalo yezemidlalo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngenxa yezinqubo zokukhula okusheshayo kwabantu kanye nenyama yethenda elimnandi, i-asp iyinhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu, kepha ezimweni zokudoba, ukubanjwa kwaminyaka yonke kwalolu hlobo cishe kungu-0.1% wokubanjwa okuphelele.
Ama-subspecies ama-semi-anadromous we-asp anenani elikhulu lokuhweba. Inyama ye-Asp, naphezu kokunambitheka kwayo okuhle kakhulu, ibonakaliswa ngamathambo ngokweqile, ngakho-ke lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukomisa noma ukubhema, futhi i-asp balyk ezindaweni zayo zokunambitha ifana ne-balyk elungiselelwe kusuka kunhlanzi ephezulu ye-salmon.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isizathu esiyinhloko senani eliphansi lezinhlanzi ezidliwayo njenge-asp simelelwa ukubanjwa kwenani elikhulu kakhulu lama-juveniles, angaphansi, awela emanetheni abadobi ngasikhathi sinye nezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinenani eliphansi.
I-asp yase-Asia (Аsрius vоraх) - ama-subspecies we-asp ejwayelekile, angabomndeni we-carp... Inhlanzi edlayo inomzimba omncane futhi ingeyezinhlobo ezingavamile kakhulu ezibalwe kwiRed Book yamazwe omhlaba. Abantu balolu hlobo bahlala emanzini omfula iTigris River e-Iraq naseSyria.
I-Asp ifakiwe kwiRed Data Book yaseKarelia nase-IUCN Red Data Book. Endaweni yaseKarelia, umngcele osenyakatho kakhulu wezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo cishe uyafana, ngakho-ke kuphela amacala ahlukanisiwe, angavamile kakhulu okubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ezidlayo.
Izici ezikhawulelayo yizimo ezingezinhle ekukhiqizeni kwemvelo okubangelwa ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yamanzi yemvelo. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi sekucatshangelwa ngenkuthalo inkinga yesidingo kanye nokusizakala kokuzaliswa kokuzenzela kwezinhlanzi ezingavamile zokubaluleka kwezentengiselwano, njenge-asp.
