Umhlanzo, noma umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, yisilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke nesisinda kunazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo futhi esake saphila emhlabeni. Lesi sakhamuzi sasolwandle sinamagama amaningi - i-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye ne-minke enkulu yasenyakatho ne-yellow-bellied.
Incazelo, ukubukeka
I-Bluval uhlobo lwemikhomo yama-minke evela emndenini omkhulu wama-cetaceans... Umkhomo omdala ukhula uze ufike kumamitha angama-33 futhi unesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani ayi-150. Ngekholamu yamanzi, ngemuva kwesilwane kuvutha okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okunquma igama laso eliyinhloko.
Isikhumba somkhomo nombala
Umzimba womkhomo, ohlotshiswe ngemihlobiso yemabula nezindawo ezimpunga ezikhanyayo, ubukeka mpunga omnyama ngokuthinta okuncane okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukubala amabala kuvezwa kakhulu esiswini nasemuva komzimba, kepha kuncane emuva nangaphambili. Umbala olinganayo, onemonochrome ubonwa ekhanda, esilevini nasemhlathini ophansi, futhi isisu sivame ukupendwa ngombala ophuzi noma lwesinaphi.
Ukube bekungengenxa yemivimbo emide esiswini nasemphinjeni (kusuka ku-70 kuye ku-114), isikhumba esihlanziwe besingabizwa sibushelelezi ngokuphelele. Ubuso besikhumba buvame ukuhlala nezinambuzane (isigaba sama-crustaceans): izintwala zomkhomo kanye nezinsimbi, ezifaka amagobolondo azo ngqo ku-epidermis. Izikelemu eziyizindilinga nama-copepods zingena emlonyeni womkhomo, zihlale phezu kwethambo lomkhomo.
Ifika ezindaweni zokudla, umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uthola "izivakashi" ezintsha, ama-diatoms, amboze umzimba wawo. Emanzini afudumele, lolu hlaza luyanyamalala.
Ubukhulu, izici zesakhiwo
Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka wakhiwe ngokulingana futhi unomzimba ohlanjululwe ngokuphelele.... Ekhanda elenziwe ngesicathulo sehhashi elinemiphetho eguquguqukayo ezinhlangothini, kukhona okuncane (ngokumelene nomzimba womzimba) amehlo ayishumi-sentimitha. Zitholakala ngemuva nje nangaphezulu komugqa womlomo. Umhlathi ongezansi ogobile ezinhlangothini uphumela phambili (15-30 cm) ngomlomo ovaliwe. Umoya (umgodi aphefumula ngawo umkhomo) uvikeleke nge-roller egeleza iye esiqongweni.
Umphetho womsila uyikota yobude bomzimba. Amaphiko amafushane we-pectoral akhonjisiwe futhi anciphile, kanti i-dorsal fin encane (30 cm ukuphakama) ingaba ngamalungiselelo ahlukile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umlomo womkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uzohlala igumbi elingu-24 sq. m., ububanzi be-aorta buqhathaniswa nobubanzi bebhakede elijwayelekile, futhi ivolumu yamaphaphu ingamamitha ayi-cubic ayi-14. amamitha. Isendlalelo samafutha sifinyelela ku-20 cm.Ubuthi bunamathani ayi-10 egazi, inhliziyo inesisindo esingu-600-700 kg, isibindi sinesisindo sethani, nolimi lusinda kathathu kunesibindi.
Umkhomo
Emlonyeni womkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kunezingqimba zomkhomo ezingama-280 kuye kwezingu-420, ezimnyama ngokujulile futhi ezakhiwe nge-keratin. Ububanzi bamacwecwe (uhlobo lwamazinyo omkhomo) ngu-28-30 cm, ubude buyi-0.6-1 m, kanti isisindo silinganiselwa ku-150 kg.
Amapuleti, agxilwe emhlathini ongenhla, asebenza njengezinto zokuhlunga bese ephela ngomphetho oqinile owenzelwe ukugcina ukudla okuyinhloko kwamahlanza - ama-crustaceans amancane.
Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwepulasitiki, ithambo lomkhomo lalidingeka kakhulu kubadayisi bezimpahla ezomile. Kwakusetshenziswa amapuleti aqinile futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukukhiqiza:
- amabhulashi namabhulashi;
- amacala kagwayi;
- ukunitha izinaliti zezambulela;
- imikhiqizo ye-wicker;
- okokufaka ifenisha;
- imihlanga nabalandeli;
- izinkinobho;
- imininingwane yezingubo, kufaka phakathi ama-corsets.
Kuyathakazelisa!Cishe ikhilogremu lomkhomo laya ku-corset ye-fashionista yangenkathi ephakathi.
Izimpawu zezwi, ukuxhumana
Inhlanzeko isebenzisa izwi layo elizwakala ngokweqile ukuxhumana nama-congener... Ukuvama komsindo okhishiwe akuvamile ukudlula ama-50 Hz, kepha kaningi kutholakala ebangeni le-8-20 Hz, isici se-infrasound.
Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka usebenzisa kakhulu izimpawu eziqinile ze-infrasonic ngesikhathi sokufuduka, uzithumele kumakhelwane wayo, ovame ukubhukuda ebangeni lamakhilomitha ambalwa.
Ama-ketologists aseMelika asebenza e-Antarctica athola ukuthi imikhomo yama-minke yathola amasiginali avela ezihlotsheni zawo, ezaziqhele cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-33 kubo.
Abanye abacwaningi babika ukuthi izingcingo ze-blues (ezinamandla angama-decibel angu-189) zaqoshwa ebangeni lama-200 km, ama-400 km no-1600 km.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Awukho umbono osungulwe kahle ngalolu daba, ngoba izazi ze-ketologists aziqondisisanga kahle lolu daba. Imithombo ehlukahlukene inikeza izibalo ezihlukile, ezisukela eminyakeni engama-40 (emihlambini efundwe ngemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ehlala eGulf of St. Lawrence) futhi iphela iminyaka engama-80-90. Ngokuya ngemininingwane engaqinisekisiwe, ubuhlanzo obudala baphila iminyaka eyi-110.
Ukuqinisekiswa okungaqondile kwempilo ende yemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kubhekwa njengenkathi yesizukulwane esisodwa (iminyaka engama-31), lapho baqala khona lapho kubalwa amandla wenani lemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ama-subspecies aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Azikho kangako, zintathu kuphela:
- into encane
- eningizimu;
- enyakatho.
Izinhlobo zihluka kancane komunye nomunye ku-anatomy nobukhulu... Amanye ama-ketologists akhomba i-subspecies yesine - i-Indian blue whale, ehlala emkhakheni osenyakatho we-Indian Ocean.
Ama-subspecies amancane atholakalayo, njengomthetho, olwandle olushisayo, kuyilapho eningizimu nasenyakatho atholakala emanzini abandayo apholile. Wonke ama-subspecies ahola indlela efanayo yokuphila - agcina ngamunye ngamunye, angavamile ukuhlangana ezinkampanini ezincane.
Indlela yokuphila yomkhomo
Ngokumelene nesizinda samanye ama-cetaceans, i-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibukeka cishe i-anchorite: ukuhlanza akuphambuki emhlambini, kukhetha ukuphila impilo eyimfihlo futhi ngezikhathi ezithile kwenza ubuhlobo obuseduze nezihlobo ezingu-2-3.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngokudla okuningi, imikhomo yakha ukuhlangana okuhlaba umxhwele (abantu abangu-50-60 ngamunye), equkethe “iziqeshana” ezimbalwa. Kepha eqenjini, bakhombisa isimilo esihlukanisiwe.
Umsebenzi wokuhlanza ebumnyameni awuqondakali kahle. Kepha, ukwahlulela ngokuziphatha kwemikhomo ngasogwini lwaseCalifornia (ababhukudi ebusuku), kungabangelwa yizilwane ezincelisayo ezihola impilo yokuphila.
Ama-Ketologists abuye aqaphela ukuthi umkhomo i-blue whale ungaphansi kwawo wonke ama-cetacean amakhulu ngokwendlela yokuhamba. Uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imikhomo ye-minimble wimble, yahlanza kwaba nzima futhi ihamba kancane.
Ukuhamba, ukudilika, ukuphefumula
Izinga lokuphefumula lemikhomo ye-minke kanye nokuhlanza, ikakhulukazi, kuncike eminyakeni yabo nosayizi. Izilwane ezincane ziphefumula kaningi kunabantu abadala. Uma umkhomo uzolile, uphefumulela ngaphakathi nangaphandle izikhathi ezi-1-4 ngomzuzu. Kumkhomo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka obalekela ingozi, ukuphefumula kuyashesha kuze kube izikhathi ezi-3-6 ngomzuzu.
Umhlanzo wokudlisa uhamba kancane, uhlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu engafinyelela kweli-10. Ngaphambi kokuntywila isikhathi eside, ukhipha umthombo omkhulu bese ehogela ngokujulile. Lokhu kulandelwa ngochungechunge lwamadiphu aphakathi nendawo ayishumi nambili kanye namadiphu angajulile. Kuthatha imizuzwana engu-6-7 ukuvela futhi kusuka kumasekhondi ayi-15 kuye kwangama-40 nge-dive engajulile: ngalesi sikhathi, ukuhlanza kunqoba amamitha angama-40-50.
Umkhomo wenza ama-dives amabili aphakeme ngokweqile: owokuqala, ngemuva kokuvuka kusuka ekujuleni, kanti owesibili - ngaphambi kokwenza ukudilika okude kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umthombo okhishwe yi-blue whale ubukeka njengekholomu ende noma isigaxa esinamamitha ayi-10 esandisela phezulu.
Umkhomo ungacwila ngezindlela ezimbili.
- Okokuqala. Isilwane sigobisa umzimba kancane, sikhombisa ngokuhlukile umqhele wekhanda nge-blowhole, umhlane obanzi, bese kuthi i-dorsal fin ne-caudal peduncle.
- Okwesibili. Umkhomo ugoba ngokucijile umzimba lapho utshekele phansi ukuze kuboniswe umphetho ongaphezulu we-caudal peduncle. Ngalokhu kucwiliswa, umphetho womhlane uyabonakala ngesikhathi lapho ikhanda, kanye nengaphambili langemuva, linyamalala ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lapho i-arch ye-caudal peduncle iphakanyiselwa phezulu emanzini, i-dorsal fin isendaweni ephakeme kakhulu. I-arc iqonde kancane, yehle, bese umkhoma ungena ohlwini lwamanzi ngaphandle "kokukhanyisa" umsila wawo.
Ukuhlanza kokudla kubhukuda ngejubane elingu-11-15 km / h, kanti okuthusayo kuyashesha ku-33-40 km / h. Kodwa ayikwazi ukumelana nesivinini esikhulu kangako ngaphezu kwemizuzu embalwa.
Ukudla, yini edliwa whale blue
I-Bluval idla iplankton, igxile kuma-krill - ama-crustaceans amancane (kufika ku-6 cm) kusuka ku-euphausiaceae. Ezindaweni ezihlukene zokuhlala, umkhoma ukhetha izinhlobo ezi-1-2 zama-crustaceans ezinambitheka zona ngokwazo.
Iningi lama-ketologists liyaqiniseka ukuthi inhlanzi esemenyu ye-Great Northern Minke whale ngengozi: iyayigwinya kanye ne-plankton.
Abanye ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo banesiqiniseko sokuthi umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uphendulela ukunakekela kwawo kuma-squid asezingeni eliphakathi kanye nezinhlanzi ezincane ezifunda isikole lapho kungekho zinqwaba zama-planktonic crustaceans aseduze.
Esiswini, kuze kufike enqwabeni yenhlanzeko esuthisiwe, kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-1.5 wamathani wokudla kungabekwa.
Ukuzalela umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Umfazi oyedwa wokuhlanza kuqinisekiswa isikhathi somshado womshado nokwethembeka kowesilisa, ohlale esondelene nentombi yakhe futhi angayishiyi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.
Njalo eminyakeni emibili (imvamisa ebusika), kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa ngazimbili, eliphathwa ngowesifazane cishe izinyanga eziyi-11. Umama umphakela ubisi (34-50% wamafutha) cishe izinyanga eziyi-7: ngalesi sikhathi, ingane izuza amathani angama-23 wesisindo futhi yelule ifike kumamitha ayi-16 ubude.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokuncelisa ubisi (amalitha angama-90 obisi ngosuku), inkonyane nsuku zonke liba ngama-80-100 kg esindayo futhi likhula ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ama-4. Kuleli zinga, lapho lineminyaka eyodwa nohhafu ngokwanda kwamamitha angama-20, lilinganisa amathani angama-45-50.
Ukuzala ekuhlanzweni kuqala eminyakeni eyi-4-5: ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi encane ikhula ize ifike kumamitha angama-23. Kodwa ukuvuthwa kokugcina ngokomzimba, njengokukhula okugcwele komkhomo (amamitha angama-26 kuya ku-27), kubonakala kuphela ngeminyaka eyi-14-15.
Indawo yokuhlala
Sezadlula izinsuku lapho u-whale oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka waqhaqhazela ngobukhulu balo lonke ulwandle lomhlaba. Esikhathini sethu, indawo yokuhlanza ihlukane futhi isuka oLwandle iChukchi kanye nogu lwaseGreenland, inqamula iNovaya Zemlya naseSpitsbergen iye e-Antarctic. IGreat Northern Minke, isivakashi esingajwayelekile endaweni eshisayo, ihlala ebusika olwandle olufudumele lwaseNyakatho Nenkabazwe (eduze kwaseTaiwan, eSouthern Japan, eMexico, eCalifornia, eNyakatho Afrika naseCaribbean), kanye neNingizimu Nenkabazwe (eduze nase-Australia, i-Ecuador, iPeru, iMadagascar kanye neSouthern Afrika).
Ehlobo, umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uhlala emanzini aseNyakatho ye-Atlantic, e-Antarctica, olwandle lwaseChukchi naseBering.
Umkhomo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nendoda
Izisulu zezimboni ezihlanzwe cishe azizange zenzeke kuze kube yi-60s yekhulu elidlule ngenxa yezikhali zokudoba ezinamaphutha: umkhomo wabanjwa nge-harpoon yesandla nasemikhunjini evulekile. Ukuhlatshwa kwezilwane ngobuningi kwaqala ngo-1868, ngemuva kokudalwa kwenganono ye-harpoon.
Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ukuzingelwa kwemikhomo kwagxila kakhulu futhi kwaba yinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yezici ezimbili: okokuqala, ukubanjwa kwama-cetaceans kwafinyelela ezingeni elisha lokusebenzisa imishini, futhi, okwesibili, kwakudingeka ukufuna umphakeli omusha we-whalebone namafutha, kusukela abantu be-humpback umkhomo wehle kakhulu.
Cishe ama-325,000-360,000 imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yabulawa ogwini lwase-Antarctic kuphela kuleyo minyaka, kepha inyamazane yabo yokuhweba yavalwa kuphela ngo-1966.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izibonelo zokugcina zokuhlanza okungekho emthethweni zaqoshwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1978.
Isimo sabantu
Imininingwane yenombolo yokuqala yemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka iyahlukahluka: kuvela izinombolo ezimbili - izilwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-215 nezingama-350 eziyizinkulungwane... Akukho ngazwilinye ekulinganisweni kwamanje kwemfuyo. Ngo-1984, umphakathi wafunda ukuthi cishe ama-blues angaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-1.9 ahlala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, futhi cishe ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi eNingizimu Yenkabazwe, ingxenye yawo ingama-subspecies amancane.
Okwamanje, izibalo sezishintshile ngandlela thile. Amanye ama-ketologists akholelwa ukuthi emhlabeni kunemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.3 kuya kweziyizinkulungwane, kuyilapho abaphikisi babo besebenza ngezinombolo ezahlukahlukene: abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-3-4 bahlala eNyakatho Nenkabazwe naku-5-10 abayizinkulungwane - eseNingizimu.
Lapho kungekho ukusongelwa okuqondile kubantu abahlanjiwe, kunezingozi ezinkulu ezingaqondile:
- amanetha amade (angafika ku-5 km) abushelelezi;
- ukushayisana kwemikhomo nemikhumbi;
- ukungcoliswa kolwandle;
- ukucindezelwa kwezwi kwahlanzwa ngomsindo wemikhumbi.
Inani lemikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka liyavuseleleka, kodwa kancane kakhulu. Izazi ze-Ketologists zesaba ukuthi imikhomo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngeke iphinde ibuyele ezinombolweni zayo zokuqala.
