Ungaqonda ukuthi iyiphi indlovu ephambi kwakho, iNdiya noma i-Afrika, ngezindlebe zayo. Kowesibili, makhulu, njengama-burdock, futhi iphuzu lawo eliphezulu lihambisana nomqhele wekhanda, kuyilapho izindlebe ezihlanzekile zendlovu yaseNdiya zingakaze zikhuphuke ngaphezu kwentamo.
Indlovu yase-Asia
Futhi ungowaseNdiya ongaphansi kowomuntu wase-Afrika ngosayizi nesisindo, ethola ekupheleni kwempilo yakhe kancane ngaphansi kwamathani ayi-5 nohhafu, kuyilapho i-savannah (yase-Afrika) ikwazi ukuguqula isikali size sifike kumathani ayi-7.
Isitho esisengozini enkulu isikhumba, esingenazo izindlala zomjuluko... Nguye owenza isilwane sihlale sihlela izinqubo zodaka namanzi, sizivikele ekulahlekelweni umswakama, ekushisweni nasekulungeni kwezinambuzane.
Isikhumba esishwabene, esijiyile (esifinyelela ku-2.5 cm ubukhulu) sigcwele izinwele ezigugulwa ukunwaya njalo ezihlahleni: yingakho izindlovu zivame ukubukeka zinamabala.
Imibimbi esikhunjeni iyadingeka ukugcina amanzi - ayayivimba ukuthi igingqike, ivimbele indlovu ekushiseni ngokweqile.
I-thinnest epidermis ibonwa eduze kwendunu, emlonyeni nangaphakathi kwama-auricles.
Umbala ojwayelekile wendlovu yaseNdiya uyahluka kusuka kokumpunga okumnyama kuya konsundu, kepha ama-albino nawo ayatholakala (hhayi amhlophe, kepha akhanya kancane kunabazala bawo bomhlambi).
Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi i-Elephas maximus (indlovu yase-Asia), ubude bayo bomzimba busuka ku-5.5 kuye ku-6.4 m, buhlaba umxhwele kakhulu kune-Afrika futhi inemilenze emifushane ejiyile.
Omunye umehluko kusuka endlovu esehlathini yindawo ephezulu yomzimba: endlovu yase-Asia, ibunzi, okokuqala, amahlombe.
Amazinyo namazinyo
Amazinyo afana nezimpondo ezinkulu ezivela emlonyeni. Eqinisweni, lawa angama-incisors amade aphezulu abesilisa, akhula afike kumasentimitha angama-20 ngonyaka.
Ibamba lendlovu yaseNdiya lincane kakhulu (izikhathi ezi-2-3) kunamazinyo esihlobo sayo sase-Afrika, futhi linesisindo esingaba ngama-25 kg ngobude obungu-cm 160. Uhlangothi lwendlovu olusebenzayo lungabalwa kalula ngophondo lwendlovu, olugqoke kakhulu futhi luyindilinga ngakwesokudla noma kwesobunxele.
Izimpondo ziyahluka hhayi ngosayizi kuphela, kepha futhi nasesimweni nasekuqondisweni kokukhula (hhayi phambili, kepha eceleni).
IMakhna yigama elikhethekile lezindlovu zase-Asia ngaphandle kwezimpondo., ezitholakala ngobuningi eSri Lanka.
Ngokungeziwe ezintweni ezinde ezihlanganisiwe, indlovu ihlome ngezinso ezi-4, ngasinye sikhula size sibe yikota yemitha. Ziyashintsha lapho zigaya, kuthi ezintsha zisikwe ngemuva, hhayi ngaphansi kwamazinyo amadala, ziqhubekele phambili.
Endlovu yase-Asia, ushintsho lwamazinyo lwenzeka izikhathi eziyisithupha empilweni, kanti olokugcina luvela eminyakeni engamashumi amane.
Kuyathakazelisa! Amazinyo endawo yawo yemvelo adlala indima ebulalayo ekugcineni kwendlovu: lapho izinhlungu zokugcina sezigugile, isilwane asikwazi ukuhlafuna uhlaza oluqinile futhi sife ngenxa yokukhathala. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sezindlovu ezingama-70.
Ezinye izitho nezitho zomzimba
Inhliziyo enkulu (evame ukuphakama kabili) isisindo esingaba ngu-30 kg, ishaya kaningi izikhathi ezingama-30 ngomzuzu. Isisindo somzimba esingu-10% yigazi.
Ubuchopho besinye sezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni kubhekwa (ngokwemvelo) okusinda kakhulu, okudonsa ama-5 kg.
Abesifazane, ngokungafani nabesilisa, banezindlala ezimbili ezincelisayo.
Indlovu ayidingi izindlebe hhayi nje kuphela ukuze ibone imisindo, kodwa futhi nokuyisebenzisa njengomlandeli, iziphephetha ekushiseni kwasemini.
Iningi isitho sendlovu yonke - isiqu, ngosizo lwazo izilwane zibona iphunga, ziphefumule, zifakwe ngamanzi, zithinte futhi zibambe izinto ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukudla.
Isiqu, cishe esingenamathambo noqwanga, sakhiwa udebe nekhala elifakiwe. Ukuhamba okukhethekile kwesiqu kungenxa yobukhona bemisipha engama-40,000 (imisipha nemisipha). Uqwanga kuphela (oluhlukanisa amakhala) lungatholakala ekugcineni kwesiqu.
Ngendlela, isiqu sigcina egatsheni elibucayi kakhulu elikwazi ukubona inaliti esitokisini.
Futhi umboko wendlovu yaseNdiya uphethe amalitha angu-6 oketshezi. Njengoba sesimunce amanzi, lesi silwane sifaka isiqu esisongiwe emlonyeni waso bese siyashaya ukuze umswakama ungene emqaleni.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uma bezama ukukuqinisekisa ukuthi indlovu inamadolo ama-4, ungakholelwa: kukhona amabili kuphela. Amanye amalunga awalona idolo, kepha indololwane.
Ukusatshalaliswa kanye nezinsizakalo
U-Elephas maximus wake wahlala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kusukela eMesopotamiya kuya enhlonhlweni yaseMalay, ehlala (enyakatho) emagqumeni aseHimalaya, iziqhingi ezithile e-Indonesia kanye neYangtze Valley eChina.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le ndawo ibe nezinguquko ezinkulu, yathola ukubukeka okuhlukanisiwe. Manje izindlovu zase-Asia zihlala eNdiya (eningizimu nasenyakatho-mpumalanga), eNepal, eBangladesh, eThailand, eCambodia, eMalaysia, e-Indonesia, eSouthwest China, eSri Lanka, eBhutan, eMyanmar, eLaos, eVietnam naseBrunei.
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zihlukanisa izinhlobo ezincane ezinhlanu ze-Elephas maximus:
- i-indicus (indlovu yaseNdiya) - abesilisa bakulezi zinhlobo ezincane bagcina amabamba abo. Izilwane zitholakala ezindaweni zaseningizimu neNyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, iHimalaya, iChina, iThailand, iMyanmar, iCambodia kanye ne-Peninsula yaseMalay;
- i-maximus (indlovu yaseSri Lankan) - abesilisa ngokuvamile abanazo izimpondo. Isici sesici sikhulu kakhulu (ngokumelene nesizinda somzimba) ikhanda elinamabala akhanyayo phansi kwesiqu nasebunzini. Kutholakala eSri Lanka;
- ama-subspecies akhethekile ka-Elephas maximus, nawo atholakala eSri Lanka... Inani labantu lingaphansi kwezindlovu ezingaphezu kwekhulu. Lezi zidlakela, ezihlala emahlathini aseNyakatho Nepal, zinde ngama-30 cm kunezindlovu ezijwayelekile zaseNdiya;
- I-borneensis (indlovu yaseBornean) uhlobo oluncane olunezindlebe ezinkulu kakhulu, amazinyo aqonde kakhulu nomsila omude. Lezi zindlovu zitholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga yesiqhingi saseBorneo;
- I-sumatrensis (indlovu yaseSumatran) - ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuhlanganisiwe, ibizwa nangokuthi "indlovu ekhukhwini". Ayishiyi iSumatra.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamatriarchy nobulili
Ngokwalesi simiso, ubudlelwano bakheka emhlambini wezindlovu: kukhona oyedwa, owesifazane osekhulile kunabo bonke, ohola odadewabo abangenalwazi oluningi, izintombi, izingane, kanye nabesilisa abangakavuthwa.
Izindlovu ezikhulile zivame ukugcina ngamunye ngamunye, futhi kuphela asebekhulile abavunyelwe ukuhamba neqembu elibuswa yi-matriarch.
Cishe eminyakeni eyi-150 eyedlule, imihlambi enjalo yayinezilwane ezingama-30, 50 ngisho nekhulu, kulezi zinsuku umhlambi uhlanganisa omama ababili kuya kwabayishumi, abasindwa ngamazinyane abo.
Ngeminyaka eyi-10-12 ubudala, izindlovu zesifazane zifinyelela ebusheni, kepha kuphela lapho zineminyaka engu-16 ubudala zingathola inzalo, futhi ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 zithathwa njengabantu abadala. Ukuzala okuphezulu kwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-25 nengama-45: ngalesi sikhathi, indlovu inika udoti o-4, ikhulelwa ngokwesilinganiso njalo eminyakeni emi-4.
Abesilisa abakhulile, bathola ikhono lokufaka umanyolo, bashiye umhlambi wabo abaneminyaka eyi-10-17 bese bezulazula bodwa kuze kuhlangane izintshisekelo zabo zomshado.
Isizathu senkundla yokukhwelana phakathi kwamadoda avelele kungumlingani e-estrus (izinsuku ezi-2-4). Empini, abaphikisi babeka engcupheni impilo yabo kuphela, kepha nezimpilo zabo, njengoba besesimweni esikhethekile esibizwa ngokuthi kufanele (sihunyushwe kusuka ku-Urdu - "ukudakwa").
Owinile uxosha ababuthakathaka futhi angashiyi okhethiwe amasonto amathathu.
Okufanele, lapho i-testosterone isuka esikalini, ihlala izinyanga ezi-2: izindlovu ziyakhohlwa ngokudla futhi zimatasa zifuna abesifazane e-estrus. Kufanele ube nezinhlobo ezimbili zoketshezi: umchamo omningi noketshezi olunama-pheromones anukayo akhiqizwa yindlala phakathi kweso kanye nendlebe.
Izindlovu ezidakiwe ziyingozi hhayi ezihlotsheni zazo kuphela... Lapho "bedakiwe" bahlasela abantu.
Inzalo
Ukuzalela kwezindlovu zaseNdiya akuxhomekile esikhathini sonyaka, yize isomiso noma ukuminyana okuphoqelelwe kwenani elikhulu lezilwane kungakunciphisa ukuqala kwe-estrus ngisho nokuthomba.
Umbungu usesibelethweni kuze kufike ezinyangeni ezingama-22, wakhiwa ngokugcwele izinyanga eziyi-19: ngesikhathi esisele, umane uzuze isisindo.
Ngesikhathi sokubeletha, abesifazane bamboza owesifazane ngokubeletha, bemi esiyingini. Indlovu izala izinyane elilodwa (kuyaqabukela kube mabili) imitha elilodwa ubude futhi inesisindo esifinyelela ku-100 kg. Usuvele unezihlakala ezinde eziwa lapho amazinyo aphambili efakwa esikhundleni sawo ahlala unomphela.
Emahoreni ambalwa emva kokuzalwa, umntwana wendlovu usevele usezinyaweni zakhe futhi umunca ubisi lukanina, futhi umama ufaka ingane ngothuli nomhlabathi ukuze iphunga layo elibucayi lingazidli izilwane.
Izinsuku ezimbalwa zizodlula, futhi usana olusanda kuzalwa luzulazula kanye nawo wonke umuntu, lunamathele emsileni kamama nge-proboscis yalo.
Indlovu yengane ivunyelwe ukuncela ubisi kuzo zonke izindlovu ezincelisayo... Ingane idwengulwe esifubeni eminyakeni eyi-1.5-2, idluliselwe ngokuphelele ekudleni kwesitshalo. Khonamanjalo, ingane yendlovu iqala ukuncibilikisa ukondla ubisi ngotshani namaqabunga isinezinyanga eziyisithupha.
Ngemuva kokubeletha, indlovu iyazithulula ukuze umntwana osanda kuzalwa akhumbule iphunga lendle yakhe. Ngokuzayo, ingane yendlovu izowadla ukuze izakhamzimba ezingagayiwe kanye nama-bacterial symbiotic avumela ukumuncwa kwe-cellulose kungene emzimbeni.
Indlela Yokuphila
Ngaphandle kokuthi indlovu yaseNdiya ithathwa njengehlala ehlathini, ikhuphuka kalula intaba futhi inqobe amaxhaphozi (ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile sonyawo).
Uthanda amakhaza ngaphezu kokushisa, lapho akhetha khona ukungashiyi amakhona anezithunzi, ezishaya ngendlebe ngezindlebe ezinkulu. Yibo labo, ngenxa yobukhulu babo, abakhonza njengohlobo lokukhulisa imisindo: yingakho ukuzwa kwendlovu kuzwela kunokwomuntu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngendlela, kanye nezindlebe, isitho sokuzwa kulezi zilwane ... imilenze. Kwavela ukuthi izindlovu zithumela futhi zamukele amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba ebangeni lamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili.
Ukuzwa okuhle kakhulu kusekelwa umuzwa ojulile wephunga nokuthinta. Indlovu yehliswa ngamehlo kuphela, ayihlukanisi kahle izinto ezikude. Ubona kangcono ezindaweni ezinomthunzi.
Umqondo omuhle kakhulu wokulinganisela uvumela isilwane ukuba silale simile ngokubeka amabamba asindayo emagatsheni ezihlahla noma ngaphezulu kwendunduma yomuhlwa. Ekuthunjweni, ubadudulela eheleni noma uwaxhome odongeni.
Kuthatha amahora amane ngosuku ukulala... Amantshontsho nabantu abagulayo bangalala phansi phansi. Indlovu yase-Asia ihamba ngejubane le-2-6 km / h, ishesha iye ku-45 km / h uma kwenzeka ingozi, eyazisa ngomsila ophakanyisiwe.
Indlovu ayithandi kuphela izinqubo zamanzi - ibhukuda ngokuphelele futhi iyakwazi ukuya ocansini emfuleni, ivundisa abalingani abaningi.
Izindlovu zase-Asia zidlulisa imininingwane hhayi ngokubhonga kuphela, ukukhala kwecilongo, ukububula, ukukhala neminye imisindo: ku-arsenal yazo - ukunyakaza komzimba nesiqu. Ngakho-ke, ukushaywa okunamandla kwalaba abasemhlabeni kwenza kucace ezihlotsheni ukuthi umngani wabo uthukuthele.
Yini enye okudingeka uyazi mayelana nendlovu yase-Asia
Kudla imifino edla u-150 kuya ku-300 kg wotshani, amagxolo, amaqabunga, izimbali, izithelo namahlumela ngosuku.
Indlovu ibhekwa njengenye yezinambuzane ezinkulu kwezolimo (ngobukhulu), njengoba imihlambi yayo idala umonakalo omkhulu ezimobeni, ebhanana naselalini.
Umjikelezo ogcwele wokugaya ukudla uthatha indlovu amahora angama-24, futhi okungaphansi kwengxenye yokudla kumuncwa. Lesi sidlakela siphuza amalitha amanzi angama-70 kuya kwangama-200 ngosuku, yingakho singakwazi ukuya kude nomthombo.
Izindlovu zingabonisa imizwa yangempela. Kubuhlungu ngempela uma kufa izindlovu ezisanda kuzalwa noma amanye amalungu omphakathi. Imicimbi ejabulisayo inika izindlovu isizathu sokuzijabulisa nokuhleka. Lapho ibona usana lwendlovu luwele odakeni, umuntu omdala ngokuqinisekile uzolula umboko wakhe ukuze asize. Izindlovu ziyakwazi ukugona, zisonge iziqu zazo.
Ngo-1986, uhlobo (njengoba selusondele ekuqothulweni) lwathinta amakhasi e-International Red Book.
Izizathu zokwehla okukhulu kwenani lezindlovu zaseNdiya (kufika ku-2-5% ngonyaka) zibizwa ngokuthi:
- ukubulala ngenxa yendlovu nenyama;
- ukuhlukunyezwa ngenxa yokulimala kwamapulazi;
- ukonakaliswa kwemvelo okuhambisana nemisebenzi yabantu;
- ukufa ngaphansi kwamasondo ezimoto.
Ngokwemvelo, abantu abadala abanazitha zemvelo, ngaphandle kwabantu: kepha izindlovu zivame ukufa lapho zihlaselwa ngamabhubesi namahlosi aseNdiya.
Endle, izindlovu zase-Asia zihlala iminyaka engama-60-70, kuma-zoo eminye iminyaka eyi-10.
Kuyathakazelisa! Indlovu ende yesibindi esidume kakhulu uLin Wang waseTaiwan, owaya kokhokho ngo-2003. Kwakuyindlovu yempi efanelekile "eyalwa" ohlangothini lwebutho lamaShayina eMpini Yesibili YamaSino NamaJapane (1937-1954). U-Lin Wang wayeneminyaka engu-86 ubudala ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe.
