Imithombo eminingi yamanzi eMhlabeni ingcolile. Noma iplanethi yethu imbozwe ngamanzi angama-70%, akuwona wonke afanele ukusetshenziswa ngabantu. Ukusungulwa kwezimboni ngokushesha, ukuhlukunyezwa kwemithombo yamanzi entulekayo nezinye izinto eziningi kudlala indima enqubweni yokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Njalo ngonyaka kwenziwa imfucumfucu engaba ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-400 emhlabeni wonke. Iningi lale doti likhishelwa emizimbeni yamanzi. Emanzini esewonke emhlabeni, ama-3% kuphela amanzi ahlanzekile. Uma la manzi ahlanzekile engcoliswa njalo, inkinga yamanzi izophenduka inkinga enkulu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi sinakekele kahle imithombo yethu yamanzi. Amaqiniso okungcoliswa kwamanzi emhlabeni, avezwe kule ndatshana, kufanele asize ukuqonda ubucayi bale nkinga.
Amaqiniso kanye nezibalo zokungcoliswa kwamanzi emhlabeni
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kuyinkinga ethinta cishe wonke amazwe emhlabeni. Uma kungathathwa izinyathelo ezifanele zokulawula lolu songo, luzoba nemiphumela emibi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Amaqiniso ahlobene nokungcola kwamanzi avezwa kusetshenziswa amaphuzu alandelayo.
Amaqiniso ayi-12 athakazelisayo ngamanzi
Imifula ezwenikazi lase-Asia iyona engcoliswe kakhulu. Okuqukethwe ngumthofu kule mifula kuphindwe izikhathi ezingama-20 kunezinqolobane zamazwe athuthukile kwamanye amazwekazi. Amagciwane atholakala kule mifula (avela endle yabantu) aphindwe kathathu kunesilinganiso emhlabeni.
E-Ireland, umanyolo wamakhemikhali namanzi angcolile yizona zinto ezingcolisa amanzi kakhulu. Cishe ama-30% emifula kuleli ayangcoliswa.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuyinkinga enkulu eBangladesh. I-Arsenic ingenye yezinto ezingcolisa kakhulu ezithinta ikhwalithi yamanzi kuleli. Cishe i-85% yendawo isiyonke yaseBangladesh ingcoliswe ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhamizi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.2 zaleli lizwe zichayeke emiphumeleni eyingozi yamanzi angcoliswe i-arsenic.
INkosi yoMfula e-Australia, iMurray, ngomunye wemifula engcoliswe kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, izilwane ezincelisayo ezahlukahlukene eziyi-100,000, cishe izinyoni eziyizigidi ezi-1 nezinye izidalwa ezafa ngenxa yokuchayeka emanzini ane-asidi akhona kulo mfula.
Isimo eMelika maqondana nokungcola kwamanzi asihlukile kakhulu komunye umhlaba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi cishe i-40% yemifula e-United States ingcolile. Ngalesi sizathu, amanzi avela kule mifula awasetshenziswanga ukuphuza, ukugeza noma yimuphi umsebenzi ofanayo. Le mifula ayikwazi ukuxhasa impilo yasemanzini. Amaphesenti angama-46 amachibi ase-United States awakulungele ukuphila emanzini.
Ukungcola emanzini okuvela embonini yezokwakha kufaka: usimende, i-gypsum, insimbi, ama-abrasives, njll. Lezi zinto ziyingozi kakhulu kunodoti wemvelo.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ashisayo okubangelwa ukugeleza kwamanzi ashisayo okuvela ezitshalweni zezimboni kuyanda. Ukukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa kwamanzi kusongela ibhalansi yemvelo. Izakhamuzi eziningi zasemanzini zilahlekelwa yizimpilo zazo ngenxa yokungcola okushisayo.
Imisele edalwa yimvula ingenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokungcola kwamanzi. Izinto zokungcola ezifana no-oyela, amakhemikhali akhishwa ezimotweni, amakhemikhali asendlini, njll. Yizona ezingcolisa kakhulu ezivela ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni. Amanyolo amaminerali kanye ne-organic kanye nezinsalela ze-pesticides yizona ezingcolisa kakhulu.
Ukuchitheka kukawoyela olwandle kungenye yezinkinga zomhlaba ezibhekele ukungcola kwamanzi okukhulu. Izinkulungwane zezinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphila emanzini zibulawa ukuchitheka kukawoyela minyaka yonke. Ngaphezu kukawoyela, okutholakala nasezilwandle ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu kadoti ongaboli, njengazo zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yepulasitiki. Amaqiniso okungcoliswa kwamanzi emhlabeni akhuluma ngenkinga yomhlaba wonke ezayo futhi le ndatshana kufanele isize ekutholeni ukuqonda okujulile kwalokhu.
Kukhona inqubo ye-eutrophication, lapho amanzi emachibini ehla kakhulu. Njengomphumela we-eutrophication, ukukhula okweqile kwe-phytoplankton kuqala. Izinga le-oxygen emanzini liyancipha kakhulu futhi ngalokho impilo yezinhlanzi nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo emanzini isengozini.
Ukulawulwa kokungcola kwamanzi
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi amanzi esiwangcolisayo angasilimaza esikhathini eside esizayo. Lapho nje amakhemikhali anobuthi engena ochungechungeni lokudla, abantu abasenakho okunye abangakwenza ngaphandle kokuphila futhi bakuthwale ngohlelo lomzimba. Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wamakhemikhali kungenye yezindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokususa ukungcola emanzini. Ngaphandle kwalokho, la makhemikhali akhukhulwe azongcolisa unomphela imizimba yamanzi emhlabeni. Kwenziwa imizamo yokubhekana nenkinga yokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Noma kunjalo, le nkinga ayinakuxazululwa ngokuphelele ngoba kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuyiqeda. Ngokunaka isivinini esiphazamisa ngaso imvelo, kuba semqoka ukulandela imithetho eqinile yokwehlisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi. Amachibi nemifula eplanethi enguMhlaba iya ngokuya ingcoliswa. Nawa amaqiniso okungcoliswa kwamanzi emhlabeni futhi kuyadingeka ukugxila nokuhlela imizamo yabantu kanye nohulumeni bawo wonke amazwe ukusiza ngokufanele ukunciphisa izinkinga.
Ukucabanga kabusha ngamaqiniso ngokungcoliswa kwamanzi
Amanzi ayisisetshenziswa esibaluleke kunazo zonke eMhlabeni. Ukuqhubeka nendikimba yamaqiniso okungcoliswa kwamanzi emhlabeni, sethula imininingwane emisha ososayensi abayinikezile kumongo wale nkinga. Uma sibheka konke ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi, khona-ke akukho ngaphezu kwe-1% lamanzi ahlanzekile futhi aphuzwayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi angcolile kuholela ekufeni kwabantu abayizigidi ezingama-3.4 minyaka yonke, futhi leli nani lenyuke kuphela kusukela lapho. Ukugwema le nkinga, ungaphuzi amanzi noma kuphi, futhi uphuze kakhulu imifula namachibi. Uma ungeke ukwazi ukuthenga amanzi asemabhodleleni, sebenzisa izindlela zokuhlanza amanzi. Okungenani lokhu kuyabila, kepha kungcono ukusebenzisa izihlungi ezikhethekile zokuhlanza.
Enye inkinga ukutholakala kwamanzi okuphuza. Ngakho-ke ezifundeni eziningi zase-Afrika nase-Asia, kunzima kakhulu ukuthola imithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile. Imvamisa, izakhamuzi zalezi zingxenye zomhlaba zihamba amakhilomitha amaningi ngosuku ukuthola amanzi. Ngokwemvelo, kulezi zindawo, abanye abantu bafa hhayi kuphela ngokuphuza amanzi angcolile, kepha nangokubulawa amanzi emzimbeni.
Uma ubheka amaqiniso ngamanzi, kufanele ukugcizelele ukuthi kulahleka amanzi angaphezulu kwamalitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-3.5 nsuku zonke, aqhume futhi ahwamuke emachibini emifula.
Ukuxazulula inkinga yokungcola kanye nokushoda kwamanzi okuphuza emhlabeni, kuyadingeka ukuheha ukunakwa komphakathi nokunakwa yizinhlangano ezikwazi ukuyixazulula. Uma ohulumeni bawo wonke amazwe benza umzamo futhi bahlela ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwemithombo yamanzi, lapho-ke isimo emazweni amaningi sizothuthuka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, siyakhohlwa ukuthi konke kuncike kithina. Uma abantu ngokwabo begcina amanzi, singaqhubeka nokujabulela le nzuzo. Isibonelo, ePeru, kufakwe ibhodi lokukhangisa lapho kubhalwe khona imininingwane ngenkinga yamanzi ahlanzekile. Lokhu kudonsela ukunaka kwabantu bezwe futhi kwandise ukuqwashisa kwabo ngalolu daba.
