Amandla angajwayelekile - kukilo lapho ukunakwa okuningiliziwe komhlaba wonke njengamanje kugxile khona. Futhi kulula kakhulu ukukuchaza. Amagagasi aphakeme, amagagasi aphansi, amagagasi olwandle, imisinga yemifula emincane nemikhulu, amandla kazibuthe oMhlaba futhi, ekugcineni, umoya - kunemithombo yamandla engapheli, namandla ashibhile naphinde avuseleleke, futhi kungaba yiphutha elikhulu ukungasisebenzisi isipho esinjalo esivela kuMama Wemvelo. Enye inzuzo yamandla anjalo yikhono lokuhlinzeka ngogesi oshibhile ezindaweni eziqhelile, ake uthi, izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu noma amadolobhana akude e-taiga, ngamanye amazwi, lezo zindawo lapho kungenalusizo ukudonsa intambo kagesi.
Ubuwazi ukuthi i-2/3 yensimu yaseRussia ayixhunyiwe ohlelweni lwamandla? Kukhona ngisho nezindawo zokuhlala lapho kungakaze kube khona ugesi, futhi lezi akuzona ngempela izindawo zaseFar North noma eSiberia engapheli. Ugesi, ngokwesibonelo, awunikezwa kwezinye zezindawo zokuhlala zase-Urals, kepha lezi zindawo azikwazi ukubizwa ngokungathandeki ngokwamandla. Okwamanje, ukufakwa kukagesi ezindaweni ezikude akuyona inkinga enzima kangako, ngoba kunzima ukuthola indawo yokuhlala lapho kungekho rivulet noma okungenani umfudlana omncane - nansi indlela yokuphuma. Kukumfudlana onjalo, ingasaphathwa eyomfula, lapho kungafakwa khona isiteshi esincane samandla kagesi kagesi.
Manje zithini lezi zitshalo zamandla amancane nezincane? Lezi yizikhungo zamandla ezincane ezikhiqiza ugesi kusetshenziswa ukuhamba kwemithombo yamanzi etholakala endaweni. Izitshalo zamandla kagesi zamanzi zibhekwa njengezincane ezinamandla angaphansi kwama-kilowatts ayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Futhi zingezamandla amancane. Lolu hlobo lwamandla luqale ukukhula ngokushesha kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. Lokhu-ke, kuhlotshaniswa nesifiso sokwenza umonakalo omncane kakhulu kwezemvelo ngangokunokwenzeka, ongenakugwenywa ngenkathi kwakhiwa izikhungo ezinkulu zokuphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, amadamu amakhulu aguqula ukubukeka komhlaba, acekela phansi izindawo zemvelo zokuzala, avimbe imizila yokufuduka kwezinhlanzi, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile azophenduka ixhaphozi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla amancane kubuye kuhlotshaniswe nokuhlinzekwa kwamandla ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo nezizimele, kanjalo nembuyiselo esheshayo yotshalomali (kungakapheli iminyaka emihlanu).
Imvamisa, i-SHPP (isitshalo esincane samandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi) sine-generator, turbine kanye ne-control system. Ama-SHPP nawo ahlukaniswe ngohlobo lokusetshenziswa, lezi ngokuyinhloko iziteshi zamadamu ezinamachibi angahlali endaweni enkulu. Kuneziteshi ezisebenza ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwedamu, kodwa ngenxa nje yokugeleza kwamahhala komfula. Kuneziteshi zokusebenza kwazo okusetshenziswa amaconsi amanzi asevele ekhona, kungaba awemvelo noma awokuzenzela. Amaconsi emvelo avame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinezintaba, okokufakelwa yizikhungo ezijwayelekile zokuphathwa kwamanzi ezivela ezinhlakeni ezihlelelwe ukuzulazula ziye ezinkampanini zokwelashwa kwamanzi kubandakanya nolayini bamanzi okuphuza ngisho nendle.
Amandla kagesi amancane emandleni awo kwezobuchwepheshe nakwezomnotho adlula imithombo yamandla amancane njengezitshalo ezisebenzisa amandla omoya, amandla elanga kanye nezitshalo ze-bioenergy zihlangene. Njengamanje, bangakhiqiza cishe ama-kWh ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-60 ngonyaka, kepha, ngeshwa, leli khono lisetshenziswa kabi kabi, kuphela ngo-1%. Kuze kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s, izinkulungwane zezikhungo zamandla kagesi ezincane ezisebenza ngogesi bezisebenza, namuhla kunezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zazo. Konke lokhu kuyimiphumela yokuhlanekezelwa kombuso waseSoviet ohlotshaniswa nenqubomgomo yamanani hhayi kuphela.
Kepha ake sibuyele odabeni lwemiphumela yezemvelo ngesikhathi kwakhiwa isiteshi esincane samandla kagesi. Inzuzo enkulu yezitshalo zamandla kagesi kagesi amancane ukuphepha okuphelele ekubukeni kwemvelo. Izici zamanzi, zombili ezamakhemikhali nezingokomzimba, aziguquki ngesikhathi kwakhiwa nokusebenza kwalezi zakhiwo. Amachibi angasetshenziswa njengezindawo zokugcina amanzi okuphuza kanye nokufuya izinhlanzi. Kepha inzuzo enkulu ukuthi esiteshini esincane samandla kagesi kagesi akudingeki nakancane ukwakha amadamu amakhulu adala umonakalo omkhulu wezinto nezinto ezikhukhula ezindaweni ezinkulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziteshi ezinjalo zinezinye izinzuzo eziningi: zombili zingumklamo olula kanye nethuba lokusetshenziswa ngokuphelele kwemishini; ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwazo, ukuba khona komuntu akudingeki nakancane. Ugesi okhiqizwayo uhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezamukelwa ngokujwayelekile kumandla nakuvama. Ukuzimela kwesiteshi esinjalo kungabhekwa njengokuhlanganiswa okukhulu. Isikhungo samandla esincane sokuphehla ugesi sinomthombo omkhulu wokusebenza - iminyaka engama-40 noma ngaphezulu.
