Okuwukuphela kwenyoni yokuntywila eqenjini elikhulu labantu abadlulayo yi-dipper, impilo yayo exhunyaniswe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nemifudlana yezintaba esheshayo nemifula.
Incazelo ye-Dipper
Undlunkulu wamanzi noma i-thrush yamanzi - le yindlela ophephela ngayo ojwayelekile (uCinclus cinclus) aqanjwa ngayo ngabantu ngenxa yokunamathela kwawo entweni yamanzi. Umphathi uvame ukuqhathaniswa ne-thrush nenkanyezi, okuhlobene ngayo hhayi kangako ngokubukeka kwayo njengosayizi wayo.
Ukubukeka
Iyinyoni encane eminyene enemilenze emide nomlomo, kodwa izimpiko ezimfishane kanye "nokusika", umsila ophendukile kancane. Imininingwane ephawulekayo ingaphambili lehembe elimhlophe qhwa, elimboze isifuba, umphimbo, isisu esingenhla futhi siqhathanisa nezimpaphe ezinkulu ezimnyama nsundu.
Umqhele kanye nekhanda lekhanda imvamisa kuba nsundu ngombala, kanti ingemuva, umsila nohlangothi olungaphandle lwamaphiko lunempunga yomlotha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kuhlolisiswa, amaqhuqhuva aphelile ayabonakala ngemuva, nombala omnyama ezinsikeni zezimpaphe ze-dipper.
Umhlane onamachashazi ubonakala kakhulu ezilwaneni ezisencane, izimpaphe zazo zihlala zilula kunabantu abadala. Umphimbo omhlophe ubuyiselwe ngezimpaphe ezimpunga esiswini bese kuthi ezimpunga zibe nsundu ngemuva / ezimpikweni. Izinyamazane (njengabanye abadlulayo) zihlome ngoqhwaku olungenayo i-wax ezansi, eqinile futhi icwecwe kancane kusuka ezinhlangothini.
Okubalulekile. Ukuvulwa kokuzwa kwangaphandle kufakwe isibambo esiyisikhumba esivala lapho sokuntywila. Ngenxa yelensi eyindilinga yeso kanye ne-cornea eyisicaba, umshini wokucwilisa angabona kahle kahle ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Indlala enkulu ye-coccygeal gland (emikhulu ephindwe kayishumi kunaleyo yezinyoni eziningi zasemanzini) ihlinzeka isigaxa ngenani lamafutha alivumelayo ukuthi ligcobe kakhulu izimpaphe zokudoba ngomkhonto emanzini aneqhwa. Imilenze eqinile yeluliwe iyashintshwa ukuze inyakaze ngasogwini olunamadwala nangaphansi. Emilenzeni kunezinzwani ezine ezinezinzipho ezibukhali: izinzwane ezintathu ziqondiswe phambili, kanti enye iqondiswe emuva.
Ubukhulu bezinyoni
I-Dipper inkulu kunondlunkulu, ikhula ibe ngu-17-20 cm futhi inesisindo esingu-50-85 g. Amaphiko enyoni endala angama-25-30 cm.
Indlela Yokuphila
UDipper uhlala phansi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kunabantu abayimizulane. Izithandani ezihleli zihlala endaweni engamakhilomitha ama-2, zingayishiyi ebusika obunzima kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwendawo yombhangqwana oshadile, amazwe angomakhelwane aqala ngokushesha, ngenxa yalokho umfula wasentabeni (kusuka emthonjeni wawo kuya ekuhlanganeni kwawo nomfula) uvame ukugcwala ngabafaki.
Izinyoni ezizulazulayo ebusika ziya ezindaweni ezivulekileyo ngamanzi agijima ngokushesha, zigonene lapha ngamaqembu amancane. Ezinye ondlunkulu bamanzi bandizela kude ngokuqhathaniswa naseningizimu, babuye entwasahlobo babuyisele izidleke zabo ezindala ngamaqhuqhuva amasha.
Lapho izidleke, imibhangqwana iqaphela ngokuqinile ibanga, ngaphandle kokwephula imingcele yamasayithi abanye abantu, okuchazwa ngokuncintisana kokudla. Inyoni ngayinye ibheka inyamazane ematsheni ayo "okuzivikela", engakulungele ukuvumela abancintisana nabo.
Kusukela ekuphumeni kwelanga kuze kube sekushoneni kwalo
Ngemisebe yokuqala yelanga, umtshisi uqala ukucula kakhulu futhi azingele, angakhohlwa ukulwa nomakhelwane abangenele ngokungazi kusayithi lakhe. Njengoba ixoshe ama-scouts, le nyoni iyaqhubeka nokufuna izidalwa eziphilayo, kuthi emini, uma ilanga lishisa kakhulu, icashe ethunzini lamadwala alengayo noma phakathi kwamatshe.
Kusihlwa, isiqongo sesibili somsebenzi siyenzeka, futhi ophonsa futhi ngokungakhathali uthola ukudla, angene emfudlaneni futhi acule izingoma ezimnandi. Lapho kuhwalala, izinyoni zindiza ziye ezindaweni zasebusuku ezimakwe yizinqwaba zikakoti oqoqiwe.
Lowo osebenza emanzini uchitha zonke izinsuku ezicacile ejabule, futhi isimo sezulu esibi kuphela esisifaka ekudikibekeni - ngenxa yezimvula ezinde, amanzi acwebile aba namafu, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufuna ukudla. Ngalesi sikhathi, umcwaningi ubheka amatheku athule, ahambahamba phakathi kwezitshalo ezisogwini ngethemba lokuthola izinambuzane eziningi ezicashe emaqabungeni nasezihlahleni.
Ukubhukuda nokudilika emanzini
I-Crazy bird - nansi indlela umbhali uVitaly Bianki abize ngayo umdibanisi, ebona isibindi sakhe sokunganaki: inyoni icwila emhlangeni owodwa bese igijima ezansi, ivele kolandelayo. Ngesibindi uDean uziphonsa ku-whirlpool ephakeme kakhulu noma empophomeni egijimayo, e-wade noma entanta, eshaya amaphiko ayo ayindilinga njengezigwedlo. Kubonakala sengathi indiza empophomeni, isika imifudlana yayo esindayo ngamaphiko ayo.
Kwesinye isikhathi otshonayo ungena emfuleni kancane kancane - unyakazisa umsila wakhe nomhlane womzimba wakhe, njenge-wagtail noma i-piglet, bese egxuma esuka etsheni angene emanzini, angene ajule ajule kakhulu ukuze acwile ngokuphelele emanzini. Ukudayiva akuhlali kuhlukaniswa njalo, kepha kuvame ukufana nokugxuma kwexoxo: kusuka ekuphakameni kuya ngqo kukholamu lamanzi.
I-dipper ingamelana nemizuzwana engu-10-50 ngaphansi kwamanzi, icwile ku-1.5 m futhi igijime ngezansi ize ifike kumamitha angama-20. Ngenxa yezimpaphe zayo eziwugqinsi namafutha, i-dipper icwila ngisho naseqhweni elingu-30-degree.
Uma ubhekisisa, ungabona umcibisholo wezinyoni osasiliva emanzini acwebile, owenziwe ngamabhamuza omoya azungeze izimpaphe ezinonile. Ebambelela ematsheni angaphansi futhi enyakazisa amaphiko kancane, umshini wokugijima ugijima ngamandla u-2-3 m ngaphansi kwamanzi, endizela ngasogwini nempango ayibambile.
Ukuze umfudlana ucindezele le nyoni uye ezansi, uvula amaphiko ayo ngendlela ekhethekile, kodwa uwagoqe lapho ukudoba umkhonto usuphelile, bese untanta ngokushesha. I-Dean ayijwayele kahle ukudilika emanzini amile noma ahamba kancane
Ukucula
UDean, njengenyoni yezingoma yangempela, ucula impilo yakhe yonke - ebhukuda, efuna ukudla, eshayela umakhelwane wakhe (owangena ngendiza ngephutha kuye), evula izimpaphe zakhe futhi eya nakomunye umhlaba. Imisindo emnandi kakhulu yenziwa ngabesilisa abakwazi ukuchofoza buthule futhi baqhekeze.
I-amateur izoqhathanisa ukuculwa kwe-dipper ne-passerine chirp, futhi umuntu oqaphelayo uzothola ukufana ngokuchofoza i-heater nokucula kwe-bluethroat. Umuntu ozwa ku-trill of a dipper ukukhonona okuncane komfula ohamba phakathi kwamatshe. Kwesinye isikhathi inyoni yenza imisindo emfushane yokuhoshozela efana ne-creak.
Ocula izingoma ucula kamnandi kakhulu ngezinsuku ezisentwasahlobo ezicacile, ikakhulukazi lapho kusa, kodwa ngisho nasemakhazeni izwi lakhe alimi - isibhakabhaka esicwebile sikhuthaza umculi ngokungapheli.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Endle, umshini wokuntywila uphila kuze kube yiminyaka engu-7 noma ngaphezulu. Ukusinda okuhle kungenxa yezitho zomqondo ezithuthukile, phakathi kwazo okubona okubukhali nokuzwa okubucayi kugqama. U-Olyapka uyakwazi ukuhlukanisa abangane nezitha, ngoba kusukela ekuzalweni unikezwe ubuqili, ubuhlakani nokuqapha. Lezi zimfanelo zimvumela ukuba azulazule ngokushesha kulesi simo, agweme ingozi.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane awutholakali ngombala, kepha ubonakala ngobuningi bezinyoni, ubude bazo namaphiko. Ipharamitha yokugcina kwabesifazane ingu-8.2-9.1 cm, kanti kwabesilisa ifinyelela ku-9.2-10.1 cm.Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane bancane futhi balula kunabesilisa babo.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-Dipper itholakala ezindaweni ezinamagquma / zezintaba zase-Europe nase-Asia, ngaphandle kwasenyakatho-mpumalanga yeSiberia, naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga naseNyakatho-ntshonalanga Afrika (i-Tel Atlas, i-Middle Atlas, ne-High Atlas).
Ububanzi bezinhlobo buyaphela futhi buhlanganisa ezinye iziqhingi - iSolovetsky, i-Orkney, iHebrides, iSicily, iMaine, iCyprus, iGreat Britain ne-Ireland.
E-Eurasia, i-dipper itholakala eNorway, eScandinavia, eFinland, emazweni ase-Asia Minor, eCarpathians, eCaucasus, endaweni eseNyakatho naseMpumalanga ye-Iran. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokwakha izidleke zatholwa enyakatho neKola Peninsula.
ERussia, izinyoni zihlala ezintabeni zaseMpumalanga naseningizimu yeSiberia, eduze naseMurmansk, eKarelia, e-Urals naseCaucasus, kanye nase-Asia Ephakathi. Ama-dippers awavamile ukuvakashela izingxenye eziyizicaba zezwe lakithi: ngabantu abazulazulayo kuphela abahamba lapha njalo. E-Central Siberia, uhla lwezinhlobo luhlanganisa izintaba zaseSayan.
E-Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve, lezi zinhlobo zisatshalaliswa osebeni lwemifula nemifudlana, kuze kufike ethafeni eliphakeme lezintaba. I-Olyapka nayo iyabonakala eYenisei, lapho izimbobo zeqhwa zingabandi khona ebusika.
Izazi ze-ornithologists ziphakamisa ukuthi ebusika i-dipper iningi kakhulu ezifundeni ze-Sayan ngokuthuthuka kwe-karst. Imifula yasendaweni (egeleza isuka emachibini angaphansi komhlaba) ifudumele impela lapho kubanda: izinga lokushisa lamanzi ligcinwa ebangeni elingu- + 4-8 °.
UDipper uncamela ukwakha isidleke ogwini lwe-taiga olunama-placers anamatshe, emihosheni emanzi ejulile noma emihosheni enezimpophoma. Ezindaweni ezinamagquma, odonsa amanzi uhlala eduze kwemifudlana yezintaba, izimpophoma neziphethu, ezingambozwa yiqhwa ngenxa yamandla asheshayo, okubalulekile ekudleni kwawo.
Ukudla kwedipper
Lapho umfula unamandla ngokwengeziwe, ama-rapids amaningi aheha odilikayo. Izinyoni azithandi izimpophoma ezingaka neziphepho, kepha kunalokho indawo ezolile phakathi kwazo, lapho amanzi aletha khona izidalwa eziningi eziphansi. UDean ugwema ukuhamba kancane / kwamanzi amile ngezimila zawo eziseduze nasemanzini, adilika lapho kuphela uma kunesidingo.
Ukudla kukaDipper kufaka phakathi ama-invertebrates nezinye izilwane zasemanzini:
- ama-crustaceans (amphipods);
- izimpukane ze-caddis, izimpukane, abahlali bemifula;
- izibungu zezinambuzane;
- iminenke;
- izinhlanzi eziphansi;
- gazinga nezinhlanzi ezincane.
I-Dipper ivamise ukushintshela ukudoba ebusika: ngalesi sikhathi, izidumbu zezinyoni zithola iphunga elihlukile lamafutha. Kwesinye isikhathi odibanisi bafuna ukudla kuma-algae asogwini noma ogwini, ukuthola izilwane ezifanele ngaphansi kwamatshe amancane.
Kuyathakazelisa. Abanikazi bezigayo zamanzi bathi emakhazeni amakhulu, izipiki zivame ukukhotha amafutha aqandisiwe, athambisa izizinda zamasondo esigayo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Izidleke ze-Dippers ngababili abahlukene, ukuqala izingoma zokumatanisa ngisho nasebusika, futhi ngentwasahlobo sezivele ziqala ukwakha isidleke. Zikhwelana phakathi no-Mashi, kepha zizalela amaqanda hhayi kanye, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zibeka kabili ngonyaka.
Isidleke siseduze kwamanzi, sikhetha izindawo ezifana:
- imifantu kanye nama-rock niches;
- izimbotshana eziphakathi kwezimpande;
- imingxuma elahliwe;
- isikhala phakathi kwamatshe;
- amawa anesoda eligingqika;
- amabhuloho nezihlahla ezingaphansi;
- umhlabathi wambozwa ngamagatsha.
Isidleke, esakhiwe ngozakwethu ababili ngotshani, ubulembu, izimpande nobulembu, sithatha isimo sebhola elingajwayelekile noma isigaxa sama-amorphous futhi sinomnyango osemaceleni, imvamisa uyishubhu. Imvamisa isidleke simi sivuleke ngokuphelele (etsheni elibushelelezi lasogwini), kepha lokhu akubakhathazi odibanisi, abafihla ikhono ngobuciko ukuze bafanise umbala wendawo.
In bamba kukhona 4 kuya ku-7 amaqanda amhlophe (ngokuvamile 5), bayashintshana ekufukameleni zazo kuthatha izinsuku 15-17. Ngokusho kwezinye izazi zemvelo, bobabili abazali bahlanganyela kule nqubo, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi owesifazane kuphela ohlezi ku-clutch, futhi owesilisa uvame ukumlethela ukudla.
Kuyathakazelisa. Insikazi ifukamela amaqanda ngokuzidela kangangokuba kube lula ukuyisusa ku-clutch ngezandla zayo. Ngenxa yomswakama ophakeme wesidleke, amanye amaqanda avame ukubola, bese kuzalwa amaphuphu ambalwa (angavamisile kathathu).
Abazali bondla abantwana ndawonye izinsuku ezingama-20-25, emva kwalokho amaphuphu ashiya isidleke futhi, njengoba engakwazi ukundiza okwamanje, acasha phakathi kwamatshe / amahlathi. Ngaphezulu kwamachwane asekhulile kukhona impunga emnyama, kusuka ngezansi - mhlophe ngezindilinga.
Ishiya isidleke, le nkukhu ihambisana nabazali iye emanzini, lapho ifunda khona ukuthola ukudla. Ngemuva kokulungiselela inzalo impilo ezimele, abantu abadala baxosha amaphuphu endaweni eyakhiwe ukuze baphinde babeke. Ngemuva kokuqeda ukwakha izidleke, ama-dippers molt bese ubheka imifudlana / imifula engabandi kakhulu.
Izinyoni ezincane nazo ziyandiza ziwe ekwindla, futhi entwasahlobo elandelayo sezivele zikwazi ukudala amabhangqa azo.
Izitha zemvelo
Amachwane, amaqanda kanye namajuba ngokuvamile angena emazinyweni abo, kuyilapho iziphepheli ezindala ziphunyuka kalula ekuphishekeleni ngokuntywila emanzini noma ngokukhuphukela emoyeni. Emfuleni, babalekela izinyoni ezidla ezinye, esibhakabhakeni - ezilwaneni ezihlasela umhlaba ezingasabi ukumanzisa uboya bazo, zibambe izinyoni zokuntywila.
Izitha zemvelo zedipha zifaka izilwane ezinjenge:
- amakati;
- ama-ferrets;
- ama-martens;
- uthando;
- amagundane.
Lezi zokugcina ziyingozi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kuma-dipper broods ahleli esidlekeni. Ngisho nezidleke ezitholakala edwaleni, ezivikelwe yimifudlana emikhulu yempophoma, lapho ama-felines nama-martens engakwazi ukungena khona, azisindisi kumagundane.
Ekuqaleni, inyoni esikhulile izama ukucasha emanzini noma imane indize isuke etsheni iye etsheni, isuke ekuqapheleni okungabambeki.
Uma usongo luba bucayi, umshini wokundiza ubalekela ezinyathelweni ezingama-400-500 noma usuka ngamandla, ukhuphuka ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezisogwini futhi uhambise ibanga elihle ukusuka emfuleni / emfuleni wakubo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kusukela ngo-Agasti 2018, i-IUCN ibhale udipper ojwayelekile esigabeni se-LC njengeLeast Concern. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthambekela kwenhlobo yabantu kukhonjiswa njengokuncipha, kanti inani lomhlaba wonke laseCinclus cinclus lilinganiselwa kwizinyoni ezindala eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-700 - 1.7.
Abantu bendawo yedipper bahlushwa ukungcola komfula, ikakhulukazi ngamakhemikhali ezimboni, ngenxa yezilwane kanye nezinhlanzi eziphansi ezifayo. Ngakho-ke, kwakungukukhishwa ezimbonini okwadala ukwehla kwenani lezinyoni ePoland naseJalimane.
Okubalulekile. Kunezimbiza ezimbalwa kakhulu kwezinye izindawo (kufaka phakathi i-Southern Europe), lapho kusebenza khona izitshalo zamandla kagesi kagesi nezinhlelo zokunisela ezinamandla, ezithinta izinga lokugeleza komfula.
Izinyamazane, yize zingathathwa njengezinhlobo ze-synanthropic, azibesabi abantu ikakhulukazi futhi ziya ngokuya zitholakale eduze nendawo yokuhlala abantu, ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni zokungcebeleka ezisezintabeni.
