Abezemvelo bathukuthele ngethemba lokugaya uginindela nephepha echibini laseRybinsk. Le phrojekthi, ethembisa ukuba enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu, isetshenziswa iqembu lezinkampani zeSVEZA ngokubambisana neFinnns. “Mabakhe isigayo sepulpiti nephepha, kuphela uma kuhlangatshezwane nemibandela emithathu: uma iphrojekthi yalesi sitshalo isiFinnish, ngabe abaseFinland bazosakha, futhi uma isitshalo sakhiwe eFinland! - abezemvelo bayabhikisha. "Lesi sitshalo sizogcina sesibulala iVolga siguqule izimpilo zabantu zibe yisihogo."
Kuqale kanjani konke
Bekucatshangwa ukuthi iphrojekthi, enxenxelwe ngu-Aleksey Mordashov, inhloko yeSeverstal, izosetshenziswa njengobambiswano lukahulumeni noluzimele kanye nokuheha izimalimboleko zangaphandle. Ngempela, ngoSepthemba 2018, inkampani yaseFinland iValmet yangena esivumelwaneni sokubambisana ne-SVEZA njengomhlinzeki wemishini yezingxoxo zocweyo zeVologda PPM. Empeleni, ngokusho kolunye ulwazi, imikhiqizo ye-pulp entsha nephepha lokugaya izonikezwa iFinland: abaseFinland ngokwabo abonakalisi imvelo yabo, bavala izigayo zabo zamaphepha kanye namaphepha, njengamazwe amaningi aseYurophu, bebona ukuthi lo mkhiqizo uyingozi kangakanani. Kepha iphepha liyadingeka! Lokhu kusho ukuthi bazothenga eRussia, okuthi ngasizathu simbe ingazisoli ngemithombo yayo yemvelo noma ngabantu bayo.
“Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sitshalo kuzodala umonakalo ongalungiseki emvelweni, futhi, ngokufanele, ezempilo - ezethu nezingane kanye nabazukulu bethu! - izazi zemvelo zithukuthele. - Bavumele bakhe isigayo se-pulp nephepha, kuphela uma kuhlangatshezwana nemibandela emithathu: uma iphrojekthi yesitshalo isiFinnish, ngabe abaseFinnns bazosakha, futhi uma isitshalo sakhiwa eFinland! "
Kusayinwa inkontileka yokwakha
Abezemvelo bebelokhu beshaya zonke izinsimbi kusukela ngonyaka we-2013, lapho iqembu lezinkampani ze-SVEZA kanye nohulumeni wesifunda saseVologda besayina isivumelwano ngokwakhiwa kogaya lwamaphepha nogu lwamaphepha emthonjeni waseRybinsk obiza u- $ 2 billion. Osomabhizinisi babengenamahloni ngeqiniso lokuthi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha nje ngaphambili, ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela emphakathini, iBaikal Pulp nePhepha Mill ekugcineni kwamiswa, kungcolisa ichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Umshini uhlela ukukhiqiza amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.3 we-cellulose, futhi lo mgayo uzoba namandla aphindwe kasikhombisa kunesigayo seBaikal. Kunemininingwane yokuthi ukwakhiwa kungahle kuqale kulo nyaka.
Ngo-2013, izindaba zenhlekelele yezemvelo eziseduze zaqubula imibhikisho evela kubahlali baseCherepovets District kanye naseVologda Region, kanye naseYaroslavl naseTver Regions. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhasimende ale phrojekthi enqabile ukuxhumana nabantu, izakhamizi zazingavunyelwe ukuya "ekulalelweni komphakathi" okwamenyezelwa nhlobo, imiphumela yayingeyona. Khonamanjalo, izishoshovu seziqoqe amasiginesha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi zababhikishi. Izishoshovu zomphakathi zafaka icala lokwephula amalungelo abo, kepha inkantolo yasichitha lesi sicelo, yancika ohlangothini lwabantu abanemali - iqembu leSVEZA.
"I-SVEZA", ngaphezu kwezimangalo zokuthi lesi sitshalo sizoba nezindawo zokwelashwa zesimanje kakhulu futhi sisebenze nobuchwepheshe obusha, sabe sesibika nokuthi ngenxa yomshini wokugaya ugazi nephepha, kuzovela imisebenzi emisha. “Ingxabano iyisigwegwe. Zonke izakhamizi zaseNkantolo, lapho kufanele kuvele khona isigayo samaphepha nesiphepha, ziya emsebenzini eCherepovets. Futhi kusuka eSeverstal, ngaphansi kokuzenzisa okuhlukahlukene, baqala ukubachitha labo abasayina lo mbhikisho, ”kusho isazi semvelo sendawo uLydia Baikova ephendula.
Izincwadi eziya kuMongameli
NgoJanuwari 2015, usihlalo wenhlangano yomphakathi yezemvelo yaseYaroslavl "iGatsha Eliluhlaza" uLidiya Baikova wacela uMongameli weRussian Federation ukuthi angenelele esinqumweni sokwakha uginindela nephepha emthonjeni waseRybinsk. Kuyiqiniso, incwadi evela ekuphathweni kukaMongameli yathunyelwa kuhulumeni wesifunda saseVologda, futhi umnyango wezokuthuthukiswa komnotho esifundeni saseVologda wasuka nempendulo esemthethweni. "Sazisiwe ukuthi iphrojekthi izonciphisa umthelela emvelweni, futhi ngokwemigomo ethile, lesi sitshalo sizohlanza ngisho nedamu laseRybinsk," kusho uLidia Baikova.
“Ochwepheshe babheka ukuphuma kwebhizinisi kuphela ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile. Futhi noma ngabe ubuchwepheshe buvumela ukwakhiwa futhi isitshalo sizofakelwa izindlela zokuhlanza zesimanje futhi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, kuhlale kunengozi yengozi, - kusho u-Ilya Chugunov, isazi sezokuphepha ezimbonini, isazi semvelo saseSaratov. - Futhi lokhu akunakwa. Kepha uma kwenzeka ingozi, inani elikhulu lamanzi angcolile eliqukethe izinto ezinobuthi ezahlukahlukene lingadedelwa echibini. Futhi-ke umonakalo odalwe endaweni yamanzi echibini laseRybinsk kanye neVolga isiyonke kuzoba yizigidi, futhi uma ingozi ibambezeleka, ngisho nezigidigidi. Ingasaphathwa eyokucekelwa phansi kwezimbali nezilwane ”.
UMbusi weSifunda saseYaroslavl uDmitry Mironov uvikele iVolga, ichibi laseRybinsk kanye nezakhamizi zendawo. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka eminingi, wakhuluma kaningi noMongameli weRussia Federation uVladimir Putin, kanye nenhloko kahulumeni waseRussia uDmitry Medvedev, echaza ngokuningiliziwe ngemiphumela eyinhlekelele yokuvela kwesitshalo esifundeni saseVologda. IPhini likaValentina Tereshkova, manje osengumphathi weqembu elisebenza eState Duma, elizoqonda isimo, naye ube nentshisekelo ezincwadini zikaMironov. UVladimir Putin uyalele inhloko yoMnyango Wezemvelo uDmitry Kobylkin ukuthi ayixazulule.
"Kwenziwa izibalo zokuthi uma kusaphulwa amazinga okukhipha ingcola, ichibi iRybinsk lingonakala ngenyanga nje kuphela," kusho abaphathi bendawo ngo-2014.
Futhi isimo nge-pulp nephepha lokugaya liyingozi kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Okokuqala, abezemvelo bayaxwayisa, lesi sitshalo sizovele siqede amahlathi endawo! Ngokwe-Forest Code of the Russian Federation, ukugawulwa okucacile kwezitendi zamahlathi akuvunyelwe emahlathini enza imisebenzi yokuvikela izinto zemvelo nezinye izinto, kanti amaphrojekthi wokwakhiwa kwemali ayenqatshelwe ezindaweni ezinamapaki, ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zamanzi. Futhi ushintsho emingceleni yezindawo zepaki lamahlathi, izindawo eziluhlaza kanye namahlathi asemadolobheni, okungaholela ekwehleni endaweni yabo, akuvunyelwe. Kodwa-ke, ngandlela thile amahlathi endawo asevele aguqulwe aba umhlaba wezimboni, yize lokhu kungekho emthethweni.
Inhlekelele yemvelo
Okwesibili, yiqiniso, isimo esiyinhlekelele senzelwe imvelo yendawo! Esikhathini sokukhiqizwa kwamapulpiti nasephepheni, kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali ayingozi - uginindela namaphepha okugaya amaphepha ngokuvamile kungokwesigaba sokuqala sengozi. Amanzi emfucumfucu akhiwa, aphethe inqwaba yamakhemikhali ahlukene: lawa yi-diorganyl ne-organyl sulfates, ama-chloride nama-chlorates e-potassium ne-chlorine, ama-phenols, ama-fatty acids, ama-dioxin, izinsimbi ezisindayo. Umoya nawo ungcolisiwe, okukhishelwa kuwo inqwaba yamakhemikhali ayingozi kakhulu. Ekugcineni, kunenkinga yokugcina nokulahla imfucuza: ziyashiswa (kodwa lokhu kuyingozi enkulu emoyeni), noma zanqwabelana (njengoba kwenzekile eChibini iBaikal, okwadala ubunzima obukhulu lapho kugaywa uginindela wendawo nephepha).
Ngendlela, emuva kuleyo minyaka, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokuthukuthela kwabantu, iqembu le-SVEZA lenze umphakathi ngemininingwane ye-EIA (ukuhlolwa komthelela wezemvelo). Kuliqiniso, kulimaza kwabo. Kwavela ukuthi ngonyaka kusuka kugaya kanye nephepha lokugaya iphepha, indawo yokugcina amanzi yaseRybinsk ingathola izigidi ezingama-28.6 m3 zamanzi angcolile. Yebo, amanzi angcolile adlula ohlelweni lokwelashwa olunezinyathelo ezinhlanu, kepha, ngokusho kwezibalo, amanani wangemuva emanzini akhishelwe echibini lamakhemikhali amaningi azophindaphindwa kaningana (kuze kube izikhathi eziyi-100). Futhi ukungcola emkhathini kuzoba ngamathani ayi-7134 ngonyaka, futhi kuzowela ezingqimbeni eziphakeme zomkhathi. Inani lemfucuza lingafinyelela kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-796 ngonyaka!
Ekugcineni, enye ingozi ukunyamalala kweVolga, futhi ngomqondo ongokoqobo wegama!
Ngokwe-UNESCO, kusetshenziswa amalitha ayi-10 amanzi ukukhiqiza ishidi elilodwa lephepha elimhlophe. Futhi i-Vologda PPM ihlela ukuthatha amanzi afika ezigidini ezingama-25 million ngonyaka ngomthamo ohleliwe wesitshalo kumamitha ayi-1 million cubic cellulose ngonyaka! Singawathathaphi amanzi angaka lapho iVolga ingagcini nje ngokuncishwa okunye ukungcola, kufaka phakathi okuvela kumabhizinisi amaningi eCherepovets (lapho kukhona nezindawo zokukhiqiza zikaSeverstal), kodwa futhi kungajulile!
Ukuwohloka kweVolga
Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi 2019, izakhamizi zaseKazan, e-Ulyanovsk, eSamara, eNizhny Novgorod nakwamanye amadolobha eVolga zakhala i-alamu: amanzi eVolga ashiya, ezindaweni ezilambatha kwaze kwaba sezansi! Abezemvelo bayachaza: inkinga isekuqhumeni kwezikhungo zamandla kagesi eziyi-9 eVolga. IVolga sekunesikhathi eside yayeka ukuphila impilo yayo yemifula yemvelo futhi iphethwe ngumuntu. Amadamu, ngasendleleni, asekonakele.
Kodwa eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, uVladimir Putin waphawula ukuthi, maqondana nokubaluleka kokuthuthukisa ezokuvakasha zemifula eRussia, isidingo esiphuthumayo sokwenza ngcono isimo semifula yamanzi nokuxazulula inkinga yokunciphisa isiteshi iVolga. Kepha uma isiginindela nesigayo sephepha kuzothatha wonke amanzi avela eVolga, asevele eshiya, khona-ke futhi ngubani ozoyifeza imiyalo kamongameli ?!
Manje kunezihloko ezingama-39 zeRussian Federation eVolga, cishe isigamu sabantu baseRussia bahlala lapha! Kudala kunenkinga yekhwalithi yamanzi iVolga, esetshenziselwa ukuletha amanzi. “Imindeni yethu izophila kanjani uma sincishwa amanzi ahlanzekile? Sizophuzani, sizotshala kanjani okusanhlamvu nemifino emazweni ethu, sizondla ngani izingane zethu uma ichibi laseRybinsk neVolga liphenduka indawo yokulahla udoti engajulile? ” - izazi zemvelo zasendaweni zicasukile, zikholelwa ukuthi imiphumela yomsebenzi we-pulp entsha nephepha lokugaya iphepha ingavele ibe ukuqothulwa kohlanga maqondana nezakhamizi zendawo. Ingasaphathwa imvelo yezindawo: amanzi, izitshalo nezilwane kuzoqothulwa kalula.
