Izinkozi ezinkulu, ezinamandla, ezidla ezinye ziyasebenza emini. Ukhozi lwehlukile kwezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama ngobukhulu bazo obukhulu, umthethosisekelo onamandla nekhanda nomlomo omkhulu. Ngisho namalungu amancane kakhulu omndeni, njengokhozi olufushane, anezimpiko ezinde futhi ezifanayo.
Iningi lezinhlobo zokhozi zihlala e-Eurasia nase-Afrika. Izinkozi ezinama-bald nezinkozi zegolide zihlala e-United States naseCanada, izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zigcwele eCentral naseNingizimu Melika kanti ezintathu zise-Australia.
Ukhozi lufana nenqe ekwakhekeni komzimba nasezimfanelweni zokundiza, kepha inekhanda elinezimpaphe ngokuphelele (imvamisa ligobekile) nemilenze eqinile enezinzipho ezinkulu ezigobile. Kunezinhlobo ezingafani ezingama-59 zezinkozi. Abaqaphi bezinyoni bahlukanise izinkozi ngamaqembu amane:
- ukudla izinhlanzi;
- ukudla izinyoka;
- izinkozi ezinama-harpy - zizingela izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu;
- Izinkozi ezincane zidla izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.
Izinkozi zesifazane zinkulu kunabesilisa cishe ngama-30%. Isikhathi sokuphila kokhozi sincike ezinhlotsheni, ukhozi olunempandla nokhozi olusagolide luphila iminyaka engama-30 noma ngaphezulu.
Izici zomzimba wokhozi
Cishe zonke izinkozi zimile okokuphotha, okusho ukuthi izidumbu ziyindilinga futhi zithinta nhlangothi zombili. Lesi simo sinciphisa ukuhudula lapho undiza.
Esinye sezici ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zokhozi wuqhwaku lwalo lwamathambo asindayo, agobile, ambozwe amapuleti e-keratin anezimpondo. Ingwegwe ekuchipheni kwethiphu ivula inyama. Uqhwaku lubukhali emaphethelweni, lunquma ngesikhumba esiqinile sesisulu.
Izinkozi zinezimbobo ezimbili zezindlebe, enye ingemuva kanti enye ingaphansi kweso. Azibonakali njengoba zimbozwe izimpaphe.
Izimpiko zinde futhi zibanzi, okwenza zikwazi ukundiza kahle. Ukuze kuncishiswe isiphithiphithi njengoba umoya udlula esihlokweni sephiko, amathiphu ezimpaphe asesihlokweni sephiko ancipha. Lapho ukhozi luvula amaphiko alo ngokuphelele, izeluleko zezimpaphe azithinti.
Izitho zombono wokhozi
Amehlo okhozi abukhali abamba inyamazane ekude. Amehlo atholakala ngapha nangapha kwekhanda, aqondiswe phambili. I-visual acuity ihlinzekwa ngabafundi abakhulu, abathi ukukhanya okusabalalise kancane ukungena komfundi.
Amehlo avikelwe izinkophe ezingaphezulu, eziphansi nolwelwesi olucwayizayo. Sisebenza njengejwabu leso lesithathu, lihamba liye phezulu liqala ekhoneni elingaphakathi leso. Ukhozi luvala ulwelwesi olusobala, luvikela amehlo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukucaciseleka kombono. Ulwelwesi lusabalalisa uketshezi lwe-ocular ngenkathi kugcinwa umswakama. Iphinde ivikele lapho kundiza ngezinsuku ezinomoya noma lapho kukhona uthuli nemfucumfucu emoyeni.
Iningi lezinkozi linenhlwathi noma ishiya ngenhla naphambi kweso elivikela ilanga.
Ukhozi luyabamba
Ukhozi lunemilenze enemisipha futhi eqinile. Amapayipi nezinyawo zimbozwe izikali. Kukhona izinzwane ezine esidladleni. Esokuqala siqondiswe emuva, kanti ezinye ezintathu ziqondiswe phambili. Umunwe ngamunye unozipho. Uzipho lwenziwe nge-keratin, iphrotheni eliqinile elinemicu, futhi ligobile libheke phansi. Izinyoni zibamba futhi zithwale inyamazane ngeminwe enamandla nezinzipho eziqinile ezibukhali.
Ukhozi, olubulala luphathe inyamazane enkulu, lunezinzipho ezinde zangemuva, nazo ezibamba ezinye izinyoni lapho zindiza.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinkozi zinezimpaphe ezinemibala engakhanyi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezinsundu, ezibuthuntu, ezimnyama, ezimhlophe, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nezimpunga. Izinhlobo eziningi zishintsha umbala wezimpaphe zazo kuye ngesigaba sempilo. Izinkozi ezincane ezinempandla zinombala onsundu ngokuphelele, kuyilapho izinyoni ezindala zinekhanda nomsila oyisici.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezinkozi
I-Golden Eagle (i-Aquila chrysaetos)
Izinkozi ezivuthiwe zegolide zinsundu ngokukhanyayo ngamakhanda nezintamo zegolide. Izimpiko zazo nomzimba wazo ophansi kunombala onsundu onsundu ngokumpunga, izisekelo zezimpaphe zephiko nezomsila zimakwe ngemivimbo engacacile emnyama nencane. Izinkozi ezisagolide zinamabala ansundu ngokubomvu esifubeni, emaphethelweni angaphambili empiko nasezingxenyeni ezingezansi zomzimba. Amabala amhlophe osayizi abahlukahlukene ayabonakala eduze kwamalunga ezimpaphe ezinkulu eziphakathi nendawo nezangaphakathi ezifihliwe.
Izimpaphe zezinkozi ezincane zegolide zihlukaniswa ngokugqama okukhulu kombala. Izimpaphe zamaphiko ziyimpunga emnyama, ngaphandle kwemivimbo. Ezimpapheni ezinkulu nakwezinye zesibili, amabala amhlophe abonakala eduze kwezisekelo, futhi izembozo ezingenhla nezingezansi zamaphiko zinombala onsundu ngokumnyama. Imisila imhlophe kakhulu ngomugqa omnyama obanzi eduze kwamathiphu.
Amajita kancane kancane ashintsha umbala bese eqala ukubukeka njengezinyoni ezindala, kepha athola izimpaphe ezigcwele zezinkozi ezindala zegolide kuphela ngemuva kwe-molt yesihlanu. Izimpawu ezibomvu esiswini nasemuva zivezwa kakhulu ngeminyaka. Izinkozi ezisagolide zinamazipho nezimpaphe eziphuzi engxenyeni engenhla yemilenze yazo kanye noqhwaku olumnyama olune-wax ephuzi. Ezinyonini ezincane, ama-irises anombala onsundu, ezinyoni ezikhulile, abomvu ngokuphuzi.
Izinkozi ezisagolide zindiza ngokwenza izimpiko ezi-6-8 zamaphiko azo, zilandelwe ukundiza okuhlala imizuzwana eminingana. Izinkozi ezikhuphukayo zegolide ziphakamisela phezulu amaphiko azo phezulu ngesimo esilula esingu-V.
Ukhozi loKlebe (Aquila fasciata)
Lapho zifuna ukudla, izinyoni zibonisa iphethini ehlukile yezimpaphe. Ukhozi oklebe luba nsundu ngenhla, lumhlophe esiswini. Imivimbo emnyama emide emile enephethini evelele iyabonakala, enikeza ukhozi ukubukeka kwalo okuhlukile nokuhle. Ukhozi lunomsila omude, onsundu ngenhla nomhlophe ngezansi ngomugqa owodwa obanzi wokugcina omnyama. Izidladla namehlo ayo aphuzi ngokugqamile, futhi umbala ophuzi ngokukhanyayo ubonakala ezungeze uqhwaku lwayo. Izinkozi ezincane zihlukaniswa nabantu abadala ngezimpaphe zazo ezingakhanyi kangako, isisu se-beige nokungabi khona komugqa omnyama emsileni.
Ngokundiza ngomusa, le nyoni ikhombisa amandla. Ukhozi lwe-hawk lubhekwa njengenyoni encane futhi ephakathi nendawo, kepha ubude bomzimba wayo bungu-65-72 cm, amaphiko wabesilisa angaba ngu-150-160 cm, kwabesifazane - 165-180 cm, lokhu kuyamangalisa ngempela. Isisindo sisuka ku-1.6 kuye ku-2.5 kg. Isikhathi sokuphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30.
Ukhozi lwetshe (i-Aquila rapax)
Ezinyonini, umbala wezimpaphe ungaba yini kusuka kokumhlophe kuye kobomvu ngokubomvu. Ziyizilwane eziguquguqukayo ngokwezindlela zokudla, zidla noma yini kusuka ezindlovu ezifile kuya umuhlwa. Zincamela ukungena kudoti bese zintshontshe ukudla kwezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye lapho zingakwazi khona, futhi zizingele lapho zingekho. Umkhuba wokuqoqa udoti uthinta kabi inani lezinkozi zamatshe, ngoba bavame ukudla izithiyo ezinobuthi ezisetshenziswa ngabantu ekulweni nezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Izinkozi zamatshe zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekudleni izidumbu kunezinye ezincelisayo, njengoba zibona izidumbu ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi zindizela ekudleni okungaba khona ngokushesha kunokufika kwesilwane sasemhlabeni.
Ukhozi lweSteppe (i-Aquila nipalensis)
Ukubizwa kokhozi olusemaqeleni kuzwakala njengokukhala kwegwababa, kodwa kunalokho kuyinyoni ethule. Ubude bomuntu omdala bucishe bube ngama-62 - 81 cm, i-wingspan ingu-1.65 - 2.15 m. Abesifazane abanesisindo esingu-2.3 - 4.9 kg bakhulu kancane kune-2 - 3.5 kg yamadoda. Ukhozi olukhulu olunomphimbo ophaphathekile, umzimba ongaphezulu onsundu, izimpaphe zokundiza ezimnyama nomsila. Izinyoni ezisencane zinombala ongafani kakhulu kunabantu abadala. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kweMpumalanga A. n. i-nipalensis inkulu futhi imnyama kune-European and Central Asia A. n.
Indawo yokungcwaba (i-Aquila heliaca)
Lesi ngesinye sezinkozi ezinkulu kakhulu, sincane kancane kunokhozi olusagolide. Ubukhulu bomzimba busuka kuma-cm ayi-72 kuye kwangama-84, ubude bephiko busuka kuma-cm ayi-180 kuye kwayi-215. Izinyoni ezindala zinsundu onsundu, zicishe zibe mnyama, zinombala osagolide ocacile ngemuva kwekhanda nentamo. Imvamisa emahlombe kunamabala amabili amhlophe osayizi abehlukene, angekho nhlobo kwabanye abantu. Izimpaphe zomsila ziphuzi-mpunga.
Izinyoni ezincane zinezimpaphe ezinombala ocher. Izimpaphe ezindizayo ze-Imperial Eagles ezisencane zimnyama ngokufana. Umbala womuntu omdala wakhiwa kuphela ngemuva konyaka wesithupha wokuphila.
Ukhozi olunezibhamu (Aquila pennata)
Ama-subspecies anezimpaphe ezimnyama awavamile. Ikhanda nentamo kunombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo, nemithambo ensundu emnyama. Ibunzi limhlophe. Ingxenye engenhla yomzimba imnyama nsundu nezimpaphe ezilula engxenyeni engenhla ye-ocher ephaphathekile, enamaphethelo ansundu ansundu ngombala womsila. Ingxenye engezansi yomzimba imnyama nsundu.
I-subspecies ekhanyayo yokhozi olufushane inezimpaphe ezimhlophe emilenzeni yayo. Ngemuva kunempunga emnyama. Umzimba ongezansi umhlophe ngemicu ebomvu ngokubomvu. Ikhanda libomvu ngokubomvu futhi linemithambo. Ekundizeni, i-streak ephaphathekile ibonakala ephikweni elimnyama eliphezulu. Ngaphansi kwekhava kwakuphaphathekile ngezimpaphe ezimnyama.
Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane bayafana. Amajita afana nabantu abadala be-subspecies emnyama enomzimba ongezansi okhukhumezayo nemivimbo emnyama. Ikhanda libomvu tebhu.
Ukhozi lwesiliva (u-Aquila wahlbergi)
Ungenye yezinkozi ezincane kunazo zonke futhi uvame ukudideka nekhayithi elikhokhiswa ophuzi. Abantu iningi labo linsundu, kepha kuye kwarekhodwa izinhlobo ezithile zemibala ehlukile ngaphakathi kohlobo, ezinye izinyoni zinsundu onsundu, ezinye zimhlophe.
Ukhozi oluyingcweti lwesiliva luzingela lapho lindiza, akuvamile ukuthi luqamekele. Ihlasela izingulube ezincane, izinyoni ezincane ezingamagwinya, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, izinambuzane futhi intshontsha amaphuphu ezidlekeni. Ngokungafani nezinye izinkozi, ezinamachwane amhlophe, intsha yalolu hlobo imbozwe ngoshokoledi onsundu noma onsundu ngokukhanyayo phansi.
Ukhozi iKaffir (Aquila verreauxii)
Olunye lwezinkozi ezinkulu kunazo zonke, ubude obungu-75-96 cm, abesilisa banesisindo esisuka ku-3 kuye ku-4 kg, abesifazane abakhulu kakhulu kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-5.8 kg. I-Wingspan kusuka ku-1.81 kuye ku-2.3 m, ubude bomsila kusuka ku-27 kuye ku-36 cm, ubude bezinyawo - kusuka ku-9.5 kuye ku-11 cm.
Izimpaphe zezinkozi ezindala zimnyama ngokumnyama, zinekhanda eliphuzi, uqhwaku lumpunga futhi luphuzi. “Amashiya” aphuzi ngokujulile namasongo azungeze amehlo aphikisana nezimpaphe ezimnyama, kanti ama-irises anombala onsundu ngombala.
Ukhozi lunephethini emhlophe okweqhwa emise okwe-V ngemuva, umsila umhlophe. Iphethini ibonakala kuphela lapho indiza, ngoba lapho inyoni ihleli, imisindo emhlophe imbozwa ngokwengxenye ngamaphiko.
Izisekelo zamaphiko zihlotshiswe ngemivimbo emnyama nokumhlophe, uqhwaku lukhulu futhi luqinile, ikhanda liyindilinga, intamo iqinile, nemilenze emide inezimpaphe ngokuphelele. Izinkozi ezisakhula zinekhanda nentamo ebomvu okombala obomvu okwegolide, ikhanda elimnyama nesifuba, izidladla ezinombala kakhilimu, ezimboza amaphiko aphuzi angathi shu. Amasongo azungeze amehlo amnyama kunezinkozi ezindala; bathola umbala womuntu ovuthiwe ngemuva kweminyaka emi-5-6.
Luzala kanjani ukhozi
Zakha izidleke ezihlahleni ezinde, emadwaleni nasemadwaleni. Insikazi ibekela amaqanda ayi-2-4 bese iyawafukamela izinsuku ezingama-40. Ukufukamela kuhlala ezinsukwini ezingama-30 kuye kwezingama-50, kuya ngesimo sezulu. Indoda ibamba izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, iphakele ukhozi.
Usanda kuzalwa
Ngemuva kokuphuma eqandeni, embozwe umkhuhlane omhlophe, izinyane elingenakuzisiza lithembele ngokuphelele kunina ngokudla. Inesisindo esingama-85 amagremu. Ithole lokuqala linenzuzo yobudala nosayizi ngaphezu kwawo wonke amanye amaphuphu. Iqina ngamandla ngokushesha futhi incintisana ngokuphumelelayo nokudla.
Amachwane
Ngaphambi kokushiya isidleke okokuqala ngqa, izinkozi ezincane zihlala “zingamachwane” amasonto ayi-10-12. Kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthi amaphuphu abe nezimpaphe ezanele ukuba zindize futhi ezinkulu ngokwanele ukuzingela inyamazane. Intsha ibuyela esidlekeni somzali enye inyanga futhi icela ukudla inqobo nje uma iphakelwa. Ezinsukwini eziyi-120 emva kokuzalwa, ukhozi oluncane luzozimela ngokuphelele.
Ngubani ozingela izinkozi
Zonke izinkozi ziyizilwane ezinamandla, kepha uhlobo lokudla luxhomeke lapho zihlala khona nasohlotsheni lwazo. Izinkozi e-Afrika zidla kakhulu izinyoka, eNyakatho Melika izinhlanzi nezinyoni zamanzi njengamadada. Iningi lezinkozi lizingela nje inyamazane encane kunayo, kepha ezinye izinkozi zihlasela izinyamazane noma ezinye izilwane ezinkulu.
Izindawo zokuhlala zoKhozi
Izinkozi zitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amahlathi, amaxhaphozi, amachibi, izindawo ezinotshani, nokuningi. Izinyoni zihlala cishe yonke indawo emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica naseNew Zealand.
Ngubani ozingela izinkozi emvelweni
Ukhozi olukhulile olunempilo, ngenxa yobukhulu balo obumangalisayo nekhono ekuzingeleni, alunazitha zemvelo. Amaqanda, amatshwele, izinkozi ezisencane, nezinyoni ezilimele zizingelwa yizilwane ezahlukahlukene ezinjengezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama, kufaka phakathi izinkozi noklebe, amabhere, izimpisi nezikhukhukazi.
Ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala
Ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala kungenye yezinsongo ezinkulu. Indawo yezinyoni, njengomthetho, ifinyelela kumakhilomitha-skwele ayi-100, bese zibuyela esidlekeni esifanayo unyaka nonyaka.
Izinkozi zizingelwa ngabantu ngokuzingela imfuyo noma ukubulala umdlalo njengama-hazel grouses. Izinkozi eziningi zafakwa ubuthi ngokungaqondile ngokufa kwezidumbu, nazo ezafa ngenxa yezibulala-zinambuzane.
Kwezinye izifunda, izinyoni zizingelwa izimpaphe, amaqanda entshontshelwa ukuthengiswa ngokungemthetho emakethe emnyama.
