Abantu abaningi bathuswa izinyoka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungaphawuli izici zabo nokuhlukile. Izilwane ezinegazi elibandayo ziyamangala ngokuziphatha kwazo, indlela yokuqala yokuhamba, amandla omphumela wento enobuthi nokubukeka okungavamile. Izinyoka ziyizingxabano zombuso wezilwane. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyingxenye ye-scaly order, okungaphansi kwenyoka. Ukuba khona nenhlala-kahle yabantu abanegazi elibandayo kuthonywa kakhulu ukushisa kwama-ambient. Ucwaningo lwezinyoka lwembula izici ezingalindelekile zezilwane ezihuquzelayo futhi luthola izethameli ezikhula njalo ezingakwazi ukusiza kepha zithande lesi sizwe.
Izici nokwakheka kwezinyoka
Kuze kube muva nje, izinhlobo zezinyoka ezingama-3 200 bezaziwa yisayensi kanti zingu-410 kuphela izinhlobo ezinobuthi. Isici esithakazelisa kakhulu futhi esingajwayelekile sabantu abanegazi elibandayo isakhiwo somzimba wabo esiyingqayizivele. Ubude, umuntu omdala angakhula aze afike kumamitha ayisishiyagalolunye. Izinyoka ezincane kunazo zonke zikhula zifike kumasentimitha ayi-10. Ukushintshashintsha okufanayo kusebenza kusisindo sabamele i-squamous oda, kusuka ku-10 g futhi kufinyelela ku-100 kg. Isici esiyinhloko esahlukanisa abesilisa umsila wabo omude; ziphinde zikhule zibe zincane.
Izinhlobonhlobo zokwakheka komzimba ziyamangalisa nje. Kukhona abantu abanomzimba omude futhi omncane, noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, omfishane futhi obukhulu. Lezo zinyoka ezihlala eduze nolwandle zinokubukeka okuyisicaba futhi kaningi zifana neribhoni. Isikhumba esinegazi elibandayo simile kakhulu, sigcwele ngokuphelele izikali noma izivikelo ezihlukile. Ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba, ubuso buhlukile, ngokwesibonelo, ezinhlangothini nasemuva, izikali zincane futhi zifana nezinsimbi (njengoba zihlangana). Isisu sezinyoka eziningi "sinamachashazi" anezingqimba ezibanzi eziyisiyingi.
Amajwabu amehlo ezinyoka awanyakazi futhi abonakala ekwazi ukulalaza isisulu. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo azicwayizi futhi zilala zivule amehlo. Isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele sogebhezi sivumela ngisho nabantu abancane kakhulu ukuthi bavule imilomo yabo ukuze unogwaja omncane angene kuso. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umhlathi ongaphezulu uxhunywe emathanjeni aseduze futhi uyanyakaziswa, kuyilapho izakhi zomhlathi ongezansi zixhunywe nge-ligament elula.
Ngenxa yomzimba ongajwayelekile, ukwakheka kwezitho nakho kuhlukile: zonke zihlangene futhi zihlangene zisondele ekhanda. Amathambo anenani lama-vertebrae angaba ngu-200-400, ngalinye elihambayo futhi elixhunywe ngemigqa. Isilayidi senyoka phansi senzeka ngenxa yokuhamba kwezihlangu ezitholakala esiswini. Ngenxa yezingqimba ze-keratinized ze-epidermis, izilwane ezinegazi elibandayo zingahamba kalula ngokushesha.
Naphezu kwazo zonke izici zezinyoka, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zinamehlo angaboni kahle futhi azizwa kahle. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, imvelo ibanikeze umuzwa omuhle wokuhogela nokuthinta. Akuyona indima encane ekuqondisweni esikhaleni okudlalwa ngolimi, oluboshwe ekugcineni. Abaphenyi abaningi bakubiza ngokuthi "ukuzwa." Ivula umlomo wayo, inyoka ibamba umoya ngolimi futhi izinhlayiya ezahlukahlukene nezakhi zomkhathi zinamathela kuyo, bese kuthi isilwane esihuquzelayo silethe isitho endaweni ethile esemlonyeni futhi sinuke futhi sinambitheke.
Ezimweni eziningi, izinyoka zisebenzisa ubuthi bazo ukuzivikela; futhi ingenye yezindlela zokubulala isisulu.
Ukondla izinyoka nokulala ubusika bonke
Okudliwa yizinyoka kuya ngosayizi wesilwane esinegazi elibandayo. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwezihuquzelayo kunamaxoxo, amagundane, izibankwa, nezinhlobo ezithile zezinambuzane. Kepha iqiniso lihlala - zonke izinyoka zidla izilwane. Kubantu ngabanye, kubhekwa njengokudla kwangempela ukuba nesidlo sasekuseni namachwane amancane noma amaqanda. Ngenxa yekhono lokukhuphuka ezihlahleni, zonakalisa kalula izidleke zezinyoni futhi zijabulele ukudla kwazo.
Ukudla akuthathwa nsuku zonke. Izinyoka zenza umsebenzi oncomekayo ngendlala futhi, inqobo nje uma kunamanzi eduzane, abantu bangangadli izinyanga. Isici sezilwane ezihuquzelayo ukukhuthazela kwabo nokubekezela. Izinyoka zicasha phakathi kwamahlamvu, zilinde inyamazane emgwaqeni noma phansi, kepha ukuzingela kuyabekezela futhi, njengokujwayelekile, kuyasebenza. Ama-carnivores agwinya ukudla okuvela ekhanda, kepha ngokuqapha, ukuze angazilimazi emazinyweni abukhali wesisulu. Ngaphambi kwale nqubo, abantu ngabanye bazama ukukhubaza isilwane ngokucindezela umzimba waso ngamasongo aso.
Ukudla kugaywa izinsuku ezi-2-9. Ijubane lenqubo lincike empilweni yomuntu ngamunye, izinga lokushisa elizungezile, nosayizi wesisulu. Ukusheshisa ukugaya, izinyoka eziningi zichaya isisu elangeni.
Izinyoka azithandi isimo sezulu esibandayo, ngakho-ke zihamba ebusika ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba - ekuqaleni kukaNovemba. Abantu bangakhetha umgodi wamagundane, ifula, izimpande zezihlahla, imifantu, imingxuma nezinye izindawo njengendawo yokuhlala. Uma izilwane ezihuquzelayo ziseduze kwabantu, khona-ke zifihla ezindlini ezingaphansi, amasistimu endle, imithombo eshiyiwe. Ukufihlwa kwezilwane kungaphazanyiswa noma kungenzeki nhlobo (uma abanegazi elibandayo bahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezishisayo).
Ngasekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, abamele iqembu le-scaly baqala ukukhasa bephuma endaweni yabo yokukhosela. Isikhathi esiqondile "sokukhululeka" sincike ezingeni lomswakama, izinga lokushisa nezinye izinto. Izinyoka zihlala elangeni cishe yonke intwasahlobo. Ehlobo, ngesikhathi sasemini, izilwane zikhetha ukuba semthunzini.
Imindeni eminingi yezinyoka
Ochwepheshe abavumelani ngenani lemindeni eku-suborder yezinyoka. Nalu ukuhlukaniswa okudume kakhulu kwezihuquzelayo:
- Ubunjiwe - lo mndeni unezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-1500. Phakathi kwazo kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoka, ezihlukile ngombala, ukuma, iphethini nendawo ezihlala kuyo. Abamele leli qembu bakhula kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-10 kuye kumamitha ayi-3.5. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amanzi nasemanzini, ukubhoboza umgodi kanye negazi elibandayo. Ingaphezulu kwengxenye yezinyoka ayinabo ubuthi futhi ivame ukufakwa ezindaweni ezingamasimu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinyoka zamanga zibhekwa njengabameleli abanobuthi baleli qembu, ngoba linamazinyo amakhulu anemifantu lapho kugeleza khona into eyingozi.
- Ama-Vipers - umndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-280. Imvamisa, izinyoka eziyizinyoka zitholakala kumazwekazi afana ne-Asia, North America, Europe ne-Afrika. Ubude bomzimba bezilwane ezinegazi elibandayo buhluka kusuka ku-25 cm kuye ku-3.5 m. Abamele lo mndeni banamaphethini akhanyayo we-zigzag noma we-rhombic ezinhlangothini nasemuva. Bonke abantu banamazinyo amade akhipha ubuthi.
- I-Aspid - kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-330 zezinyoka. Leli qembu lezilwane ezihuquzelayo linobuthi. Abantu bakhula ngobude kusuka ku-40 cm kuye ku-5 m.Igazi elibandayo lingatholakala kumazwekazi anjenge-Asia, i-Afrika, iMelika ne-Australia.
- Izinyoka eziyizimpumputhe - umndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-200. Izinyoka zaleli qembu zihlala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Ngenxa yokuzivumelanisa nezimo, izinyoka zitholakala emhlabeni wonke. Yize zingabomndeni owodwa, izilwane zinezimo ezahlukahlukene, imibala, zihlukile ngombala, indawo yokuhlala nezinye izici.
Abamele abagqamile bezinyoka
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoka, ama-subspecies ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu yizinyoka, izinyoka, ubulwane, ulwandle, ama-pseudopods anezinhlungu futhi anezinhliziyo ezibandayo. Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo ezilandelayo zibhekwa njengezithandeka kakhulu futhi zingavamile.
I-Hamadriand (i-royal cobra)
Uma ubeka zonke izinyoka ndawonye, khona-ke uHamadrianda uzobe ephakeme kunabo bonke abanye. Lolu hlobo lokudla kwezilwane lubhekwa njengolukhulu kunazo zonke, ngisho olukhulu futhi olunoshevu. I-king cobra ikhula ize ifike kumamitha angu-5.5, ayikho ikhambi emuva kokulunywa namuhla. Lo shevu omubi ubulala isisulu kungakapheli imizuzu engu-15. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yiHamadriands engadla uhlobo lwayo. Abesifazane bangabulawa indlala izinyanga ezintathu, beqaphe ngokucophelela amaqanda abo. Ngokwesilinganiso, izimfezi ziphila cishe iminyaka engama-30 futhi zivame ukutholakala endaweni yezwe laseNdiya naseziqhingini zase-Indonesia.
I-Desert Taipan (Inyoka Enesibindi)
Kungenzeka ukuhlangana nombulali womhlaba ogwadule noma emathafeni ase-Australia. Kaningi, abantu balezi zinhlobo bakhula bafike kumamitha ayi-2,5. Ubuthi benyoka enonya bunamandla aphindwe kayi-180 kunabobulwane. Umbala wesilwane esinegazi elibandayo uncike ezimweni zezulu. Ngakho-ke lapho kushisa, ama-taipan anesikhumba esibukeka njengotshani, kanti emakhazeni anombala onsundu.
Imnyama Mamba
Ukukhula okuphezulu kwemamba emnyama ngamamitha amathathu. Isirhubuluzi sibhekwa njengesisheshayo (abantu bangahamba ngejubane elingu-11 km / h). Inyoka enobuthi ibulala isisulu ngemizuzwana nje embalwa. Kodwa-ke, isilwane asinalo ulaka futhi singahlasela umuntu kuphela lapho sizizwa sisongelwa. Imamba emnyama yathola igama layo ngombala womucu womlomo. Isikhumba somzingeli ngumnqumo, luhlaza, nsundu, kwesinye isikhathi sihlanganiswa nensimbi.
I-Cassava (inyoka yaseGabon)
Okukhulu, okujiyile, okunobuhlungu - kungabonakala ngale ndlela inyoka yeGaboon. Abantu bakhula bafike kumamitha amabili ubude, futhi banebhande lomzimba elicishe libe ngu-0.5 wamamitha. Isici esiyinhloko sezilwane yisakhiwo esihlukile sekhanda - sinesimo esingunxantathu nezimpondo ezincane. Lolu hlobo lwenyoka lungahlukaniswa njengokuthula. Abesifazane bayi-viviparous.
Anaconda
Ama-Anacondas afakiwe emndenini we-boa. Lezi yizinyoka ezinkulu kunazo zonke, ezingaba ngamamitha ayi-11 ubude nesisindo esingu-100 kg. "I-Water boa constrictor" ihlala emifuleni, emachibini, emanzini angasemuva futhi ibhekise ezihuquzelayo ezingenabo ubuthi. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwezilwane ezinegazi elibandayo yizinhlanzi, izinyoni zasemanzini, ama-iguana kanye nama-caimans.
IPython
Inyoka enkulu engenabuthi efinyelela kumamitha ayi-7.5 ubude. Abesifazane bahlukile kwabesilisa emzimbeni yabo enamandla nosayizi omkhulu. Izinhlwathi zithanda ukudla izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane kuya kweziphakathi nendawo. Zingagwinya kalula ingwe, ingungumbane, impungushe futhi zigaye ukudla kwazo izinsuku eziningi. Lolu hlobo lwenyoka lufukamela amaqanda, kugcine izinga lokushisa elifiselekayo.
Abadla amaqanda (izinyoka zamaqanda zase-Afrika)
Izilwane zondla amaqanda kuphela futhi azikhuli ngaphezu kwemitha eli-1 ubude. Ngenxa yokwakheka kogebhezi, izinyoka ezincane zigwinya kalula inyamazane enkulu. Umgogodla womlomo wesibeletho wephula igobolondo, nokuqukethwe kwamaqanda kugwinyiwe, negobolondo liyakhwehlela.
Inyoka ekhazimulayo
Izinyoka ezingenabuthi ezinombala omuhle kakhulu womzimba. Abantu bakhula baze bafike kumitha elilodwa bese bedla izibankwa, amagundane amancane.
Inyoka eyimpumputhe efana nenyoni
Abamele abancane bezilwane ezihuquzelayo (ubude abudluli kuma-38 cm) bafana nezikelemu zomhlaba ngokubukeka. Zitholakala ngaphasi kwetshe, ezihlahleni ezinamahlathi, emithambekeni enamadwala.
Izinyoka ezingenabuthi
Izinyoka ezingenabuthi zifaka phakathi abamele abalandelayo bezilwane ezinegazi elibandayo:
Okuvamile vele
Inyoka ejwayelekile - izici ezihlukile zinamabala aphuzi noma awolintshi atholakala ezinhlangothini zekhanda;
Inyoka ye-Amur
Inyoka ye-Amur - ubude besilwane bungafinyelela ku-2.4 m, kungokwomndeni omise okuncane;
ICopperhead ejwayelekile
Futhi izinyoka ezingenabuthi zifaka i-tiger ne-picic reticulated, inyoka yobisi, inyoka yommbila, inyoka enebhande eliphuzi nenyoka ye-aesculapius.
Ingwe python
I-python eyenziwe kabusha
Inyoka yobisi
Inyoka enebhande eliphuzi
Izinyoka ezinobuthi
IGyurza
IGyurza ingenye yezinyoka ezinobuthi eziyingozi kakhulu. Ubude babantu akuvamile ukuthi budlule amamitha amabili.
Efa
I-Asia iyikhaya lesilwane esidla ezinye eziyingozi njenge-efa. Izinyoka zalolu hlobo ziyabesaba abantu futhi ziyabaxwayisa ngobukhona bazo ngokuhayiza. Amagazi anegazi elibandayo akhula aze afike ku-80 cm futhi angabezinyoka ezi-viviparous.
Indawo ekhethekile ohlwini lwezinyoka ezinobuthi inikezwa abamele i-rattlesnake (pit sner) yezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Zingezinye zezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni futhi zaziwa ngomsila wazo ofana nokundindizela.
I-Rattlesnake
Ukuzalela izinyoka
Izilwane ezinegazi elibandayo zithanda ukuba zodwa. Kepha phakathi nenkathi yokukhwelana, baba nobungane nothando olukhulu. "Umdanso" wabesilisa ungahlala amahora amaningi ngaphambi kokuba owesifazane anikeze imvume yokukhulelwa. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, izinyoka yizilwane ezi-oviparous, kepha kunezinhlobo ezithile ezizala ziphila zisencane. I-clutch yezinyoka ingafinyelela kumaqanda ayi-120,000 (le nqubo ithonywe indawo yokuhlala nohlobo lwesirhubuluzi).
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi ezinyokeni kwenzeka ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila. Insikazi ifunwa ngephunga, ngemuva kwalokho abesilisa bazigoqa emzimbeni womuntu okhethiwe. Ngokumangazayo, abazali bezingane ezisanda kuzalwa abazinaki nakancane.
Umphumela
Izinyoka izidalwa ezingajwayelekile ezihlukahluka ngosayizi, ukuma, umbala wesikhumba nendawo ezihlala kuyo. Isakhiwo somzimba esiyingqayizivele, indlela yokuphila ethokozisayo nobuntu babantu kubenza babe yinto ekhanyayo yocwaningo.
