Isiqubu esivamile ibukeka ihlonipheke kakhulu futhi inhle, lokhu akumangazi, ngoba le nyoni ingummeleli womndeni wokhozi. Abantu abaningi abamazi nakancane lo muntu onezimpaphe, ngakho-ke kuzoba mnandi ukuqonda umsuka wegama lezinyoni elingajwayelekile, unikeze incazelo yokubukeka kwezimpaphe, uveze imikhuba yayo, isimo sayo nempilo iyonke.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-Kestrel Ejwayelekile
I-kestrel ejwayelekile iyinyoni edla inyama yomndeni wamakhokho futhi engaphansi kohlelo lwama-falconiformes. I-Kestrel yigama lezinhlobo eziningana zezinyoni ezivela kuhlobo lwe-falcons. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili zale nyoni. Ezweni lakithi kuphela bahlala abambalwa: i-steppe kestrel kanye ne-kestrel evamile, okuzoxoxwa ngayo.
Ividiyo: I-Kestrel Ejwayelekile
Imvelaphi yegama lale nyoni iyathakazelisa, ngenxa yokuthi kunezinguqulo ezingaphezu kweyodwa. NgesiRashiya, igama lenyoni lizwakala njenge "kestrel", ngesiBelarusian - "pustalga", ngesi-Ukraine - "boriviter". Igama "kestrel" lisho "okungenalutho". Isichazamazwi samagama afanayo aseRussia sinikeza isichazamazwi esifanayo saleli gama elithi "dummy". Ngokuphathelene nale ncazelo, kunombono oyiphutha wokuthi le nyoni yaqanjwa igama ngenxa yokuthi ayijwetshelwe u-falconry, yize lokhu kungenjalo, kubhekwa njengomzingeli.
Enye inguqulo icace bha, ngokusho kwayo igama elithi "kestrel" livela endleleni yokuzingela ezindaweni ezivulekile (amadlelo), lapho impande "pass" ithathwa njengesisekelo, ngakho-ke igama lalizwakala njenge "pastelga" futhi lisho "ukubheka ngaphandle". Igama lase-Ukraine lale nyoni lisho ukuthi ngenkathi inyuka emoyeni, inyoni iya ngasemoyeni, inqobe ukuqubuka kwayo. Ososayensi bahlukanisa wonke ama-kestrels abe ngamaqembu amakhulu amane, angahlangani abe ngumndeni owodwa womndeni, ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi abanakhokho oyedwa.
Amaqembu alandelayo ayahlukaniswa:
- i-kestrel evamile;
- i-kestrel yangempela;
- I-kestrel empunga yase-Afrika;
- I-American (Sparrow) Kestrel (iqembu liqukethe uhlobo olulodwa).
Iqembu lokuqala lifaka izinhlobo ezinjengalezi ze-kestrels njenge: Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritian, ezivamile, zase-Australia (ezimpunga ezimpunga), iMoluccan. Uma sinikeza incazelo emfushane yokubukeka kestrel evamile, singasho ukuthi ifana kakhulu nokhozi, incane kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba wenyoni buhluka kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-39 cm, nesisindo - kusuka ku-160 kuya ku-300 amagremu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-kestrel evamile yayiyinyoni yango-2006 eSwitzerland, ngo-2007 eJalimane futhi iwuphawu lweRussia Bird Conservation Union ngo-2002.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Common Kestrel indiza
I-kestrel evamile iyisidlakudla esinezimpaphe eziphakathi nendawo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa. Isisindo sabo esimaphakathi ngama-250 amagremu, kanti abesilisa banesisindo esincane kakhulu - cishe amagremu angama-165-200. Ubukhulu bempiko yamaphiko alezi zinyoni bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-76. Imibala yezimpaphe zowesilisa nowesifazane nayo iyahluka. Umbala wesifazane ufana, futhi umbala wekhanda lowesilisa uyehluka kuthoni yomzimba wonke, unokukhanya okumpunga okukhanyayo, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Insikazi inekhanda elinsundu, ukufanisa umzimba wonke.
Kweduna, endaweni engemuva, enombala onsundu, amachashaza amnyama amancane ayabonakala, afana nesimo sama-rhombus. Isifunda esiyimbumbulu sowesilisa, umsila wakhe womsila nawo mpunga omncane. Ukuphela komsila kuhlotshiswe ngemivimbo emnyama ehlukanisiwe emaceleni amhlophe. Isethembiso sinombala we-beige noma ukhilimu futhi sinephethini ngesimo samadeshi noma ama-specks wethoni ensundu. Uhlangothi lwangaphakathi lwamaphiko e-kestrel yesilisa cishe lumhlophe.
Abesifazane abavuthiwe banemivimbo emnyama ngemuva, etholakala emzimbeni wonke. Umsila onsundu ubuye uhlanganiswe nemivimbo eguqukayo futhi unokuluka okwehlukile. Ingxenye yesisu inethoni emnyama uma iqhathaniswa neyabesilisa, kunamabala amaningi kuyo. Amajita afana nokubukeka kwabesifazane, kuphela anamaphiko amafushane futhi ayindilinga. Umbala we-wax nendawo ezungeze iso nayo yehlukile: ezinyonini ezivuthiwe kuphuzi, futhi kubantu abasha kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Umsila, kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane, unomumo oyindilinga, ngoba izimpaphe eziphakathi nendawo zinde kunezimpaphe zangaphandle zomsila. Imikhawulo yamaphiko kubantu abavuthiwe inweba ize iye ekugcineni kwomsila. Izitho ziphuzi ngombala omnyama, kanti uzipho kuzo zimnyama. Ngokuvamile, isimo somzimba se-kestrel siyavumelana futhi silungile. Amehlo amakhulu ayindilinga nomlomo oxhumene nokho, kodwa ucocekile ume kahle ekhanda. Kukho konke ukubonakala nendatshana, kuyacaca ukuthi lena yinyoni edla igazi elihloniphekile le-falcon.
Uhlala kuphi umbulali ovamile?
Isithombe: I-Kestrel Ejwayelekile emvelweni
Indawo yokuhlala ye-kestrel ejwayelekile ibanzi kakhulu; ayikhethanga amazwe ahlukene kuphela, kepha futhi namazwekazi ahlukene. Inyoni le ihlala e-Europe, Africa, Asia. Lezi zinhlobo ze-kestrels zihlala cishe sonke isifunda sasePalaearctic (izindawo zaseYurophu, e-Asia ngasenyakatho yeHimalaya, enyakatho ye-Afrika, ezifinyelela emingceleni eseningizimu yeSahara).
I-Kestrel ivumelanisa kahle nezimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene kanye namathafa, ikhetha indawo eyisicaba. Izinyoni zidlula zombili amahlathi aminyene kakhulu nezindawo ezingenamithi ngokuphelele. EYurophu Ephakathi, izinyoni zivame ukutholakala emaphethelweni ehlathi, emaphoyiseni ngisho nasezindaweni ezihlwanyelwe. I-kestrel ivame ukufakwa ezindaweni ezivulekile ezinezimila eziphansi ze-shrub, lapho kutholakala khona ukudla okuningi.
Le nyoni ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa kahle ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene, into esemqoka ukuthi kukhona ukudla okwanele lapho, ngakho-ke izintaba zezintaba azihambelani neze nazo. Isibonelo, e-Alps, izinyoni zihlala endaweni ephakeme engafika kumakhilomitha amathathu nohhafu, kanti eTibet zingatholakala ebangeni elingamakhilomitha amahlanu. Izinyoni zikhetha ukwakha izidleke ezihlahleni, kodwa uma zingekho, zakha izidleke ezigxotsheni zezintambo ezinamandla amakhulu futhi ebusweni nje bomhlaba.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-kestrel ayinamahloni nakancane ngabantu, futhi kaningi kuyabonakala emadolobheni (ikakhulukazi aseYurophu), leyo enezimpaphe ibhalisiwe ezindaweni zokuhlala kwabantu noma ihlala emanxiweni ezindlu ezindala.
Isibonelo esigqame kakhulu sokuhlaliswa kwama-kestrel ezindaweni zasemadolobheni yiBerlin, lezi zinyoni sezibhekwa njengezakhamuzi ezijwayelekile lapho. Kusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-80s yekhulu elidlule, odokotela bezinyoni baqala ukutadisha umsebenzi obalulekile walezi zinyoni ezindaweni ezihlala emadolobheni.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona inyoni ejwayelekile ye-kestrel. Ake sibone ukuthi uzingela bani nokuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa isidleke esivamile?
Isithombe: I-Kestrel Ejwayelekile eRussia
Imenyu ye-kestrel incike endaweni yokuhlala kwayo unomphela, ngakho-ke yehluke kakhulu futhi iqukethe:
- izinyoni eziculayo eziphakathi nendawo (ngokwesibonelo, ondlunkulu);
- amatshwele wejuba lasendle;
- amagundane amancane (ikakhulukazi ama-voles);
- isibankwa;
- izikelemu zomhlaba;
- amagundane amanzi;
- zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane (izintethe, izinkumbi, amabhungane).
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izilwane ezincane zidla ama-invertebrates nezinambuzane, futhi izinyoni ezivuthiwe ziyazidla lapho zingakutholi okunye ukudla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuze ugcwalise izindleko zawo zamandla, i-kestrel kufanele idle inani elinjalo lokudla ngosuku, elilingana nengxenye eyodwa kwezine yesisindo somzimba wayo. Esiswini sezinyoni ezifile, kwakutholakala amagundane amabili agaywe ngesigamu ngasikhathi sinye.
I-kestrel inezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuzingela: ihlasela kungaba kusuka esandeni (okuthunyelwe, uthango, amagatsha), noma ngqo kusuka endizeni. Inketho yokuqala yokuzingela iphumelela kakhulu ngenkathi ebandayo, kanti eyesibili - ngenkathi efudumele. Amacebo okundiza okundiza ayisici esivelele sale nyoni, ukhozi lumiswa phezulu endaweni eyodwa, lukhiqize amaphiko alo anamandla. Le nyoni ivamise ukuba nendiza edla amandla ngalezo zindawo lapho ibone khona inyamazane enkulu. Lapho isisulu sidlulwa, khona-ke siphethwe ngozipho bezinyoni abukhali bamba emzimbeni, khona-ke i-kestrel isebenzisa inqubo yokuqedela inyamazane ebanjiwe ngoqhwaku lwayo esifundeni sayo se-occipital. Izindlela ezinjalo zokuzingela zijwayele izidalwa eziningi ezinamaphiko.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoni ejwayelekile kestrel
Nsuku zonke, i-kestrel evamile indizela ezindaweni zayo zokuzingela. Lapho umoya uhamba kahle, uhlela kahle phezulu ngenhla. Lezi zingulube ziyakwazi ukundiza ngisho esikhaleni esivaliwe, lapho kunganyakazi khona uquqaba lomoya, futhi lapho zikhuphuka, izinyoni zijikela ngasemoyeni. Amehlo ezinyoni aqaphela imisebe ye-ultraviolet namamaki womchamo ashiywe amagundane kulokhu kukhanya. Lapho ukukhanya kukhanya ngokwengeziwe, lapho kuncipha ibanga lesisulu esingaba yisisulu, lapho liyibona, enezimpaphe iqala ukwehla ngokushesha ibheke phansi, ilibambe ngozipho.
Amandla okuhlala endizeni ephephezelayo uyisici esihlukanisa i-kestrel kusuka kwamanye ama-falcons aphakathi nendawo. Phakathi nalokhu kundiza, i-kestrel ivula umsila wayo njengefeni futhi ivame ukushaya kakhulu amaphiko ayo. Ngakho-ke, le nyoni indizela ebangeni eliphakeme lamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-20 bese ibheka isithombe sayo esingaphansi. Ukusuka ngaphandle kubukeka buhle futhi buhle.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amandla we-kestrel abukekayo angaphezu kwezikhathi ezimbili nengxenye ephakeme kunaleyo yomuntu. Uma abantu bebenokuqapha okunjalo, bebengalifunda kalula lonke itafula ehhovisi likadokotela wezifo zamehlo ebangeni elingamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye.
Ububanzi bemisindo yama-kestrel buhluke kakhulu. Abesilisa bangakhiqiza cishe amasiginali ayisishiyagalolunye wezwi ahlukene, nabesifazane cishe abayishumi nanye. Imvamisa, ukudlidlizela, ukuphakama nokuphakama kwephimbo kuncike esimweni esithile lapho kukhishwa khona isignali.
Ngosizo lokukhala, ososayensi bathole ukuthi, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala unomphela, i-kestrel ingaba:
- ukuzulazula;
- ukuhlala phansi;
- ukufuduka.
Izinqubo zokufuduka kwezinyoni zithonywa ukutholakala kokudla ezindaweni lapho kuhlala khona izinyoni. Izinyoni ezifudukayo zindiza ziphansi, azikhuphuki ngaphezu kwamamitha ayikhulu, kepha ngokuvamile zindiza ziphansi kakhulu kunalolu phawu (ngaphakathi kuka-40 - 50 m). Ngisho nesimo sezulu esibi asikwazi ukumisa ukuhamba kwekestrel enenjongo. Izinyoni ezinesibindi zinganqoba izintaba eziphakeme, ngoba azizizwa zincike kakhulu ekuqondisweni kokugeleza komoya. Uma isimo sidinga lokho, izidlakela ezinamaphiko ezinesibindi zindiza ngisho naphezu kweziqongo zezintaba zeqhwa ezigcwele iqhwa. Lokhu kufakazela isimo sabo sokuqina nokuqina.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: UKestrel Ovamile ovela eRed Book
Ensimini ye-Central Europe, inkathi yomshado wezinyoni ibonwa kusuka ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa benza izindiza zokubonisa ukuheha abalingani babo. Le midanso yasemoyeni ibonakala ngokushintshana okucijile, ijike nge-eksisi yayo, amaslayidi asheshayo, aphazanyiswe ukushaywa kwamaphiko asakazeka ngokuziqhenya. Zonke lezi ziqubu zihambisana nokubabaza okumema okufanele kuhehe intokazi futhi kumake imingcele yesizinda sale nyoni.
Insikazi uqobo lwayo ibiza umlingani ukuba baye ocansini, indiza isondele kuye futhi imemeze njengentshontsho elilambile, ikhombisa ukuthi ikulungele ukukhwelana. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwale nqubo, i-cavalier enezimpiko igijimela endaweni yokwakha isidleke futhi ibize intokazi yenhliziyo ngosizo lwe-poker yesonor. Ehlezi esidlekeni, uyaqhubeka nokuthinta futhi uqala ukuklwebha isidleke, enza ukucindezeleka okukhulu kakhulu ngezinzipho zakhe. Lapho insikazi indiza, umnumzane weqa ngokujabula, weqa. Wenza lokhu ukuze umlingani akhethe isidleke sakhe, ukuba sobala kokuzikhethela kuthonywe ukwelashwa okulungiselelwe kusengaphambili ngumnumzane.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Uma isidleke se-kestrel singekho esihlahleni, kubukeka njengeplatifomu esuliwe noma ukucindezeleka okuncane. I-kestrel ivame ukusebenzisa izidleke zabanye abantu ezishiyiwe ekubekeni kwayo.
Ngesikhathi sokufukamela, izinyoni zingahlangana ngamaqembu afinyelela kwamabili ngazimbili. Ku-clutch ye-kestrel kungaba namaqanda asukela kwayi-3 kuye kwayi-7, kepha kaningi kunama-4 kuye kwayi-6. Isikhathi sokufukamela sihlala cishe inyanga. Kokubili amaqanda abesilisa nabesifazane ngokunye. Amantshontsho asanda kuzalwa ambozwe yimfucumfucu emhlophe, ephenduka ngokushesha ibe mpunga. Uzipho noqhwaku lwezingane kupendwe ngokumhlophe. Lapho enenyanga eyodwa, amaphuphu azama ukwenza izindiza zawo zokuqala, futhi lapho enezinyanga ezimbili ubudala, aqala ukuzingela yedwa. Izinyoni zivuthwa ngokocansi lapho sezinonyaka owodwa. Isikhathi sokuphila sezinyoni se-kestrel cishe siyiminyaka eyi-16, kepha ukufa kwamantshontsho kuphakeme kakhulu, ngakho-ke yingxenye yentsha kuphela ephila isikhathi esingangonyaka.
Izitha zemvelo zesidleke esivamile
Isithombe: I-Kestrel Ejwayelekile
Yize i-kestrel iyisilwane esidla ezinye, inezitha endaweni yayo engokwemvelo; amatshwele angenakho ukuzivikela futhi angenakho okuhlangenwe nakho asengozini enkulu, futhi izinduku nazo ziyonakala. Njengoba sekushiwo, izinyoni ezihlala emaphethelweni ehlathi zivame ukuboleka izidleke zabanye abantu, okungukuthi, izimbila, ama-rook namagwababa. Yizo kanye lezi zinyoni ezibalwa phakathi kwezitha zemvelo zama-kestrels. Benza ukuhlasela okungadli izinyoni ezivuthiwe, kepha kumatshwele nakumaqhugwane amaqanda. Izidleke ze-Kestrels zingacekelwa phansi ngama-weasel nama-martens, angaphikisi ukudla okulula kuwo womabili amatshwele namaqanda.
Isitha se-kestrel futhi singumuntu ongachitha isidleke ngenxa nje yelukuluku. Abantu, benza umsebenzi wabo onamandla, bavame ukuxosha izinyoni ezindaweni zabo ezijwayelekile, yize lezi zinyoni zikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nempilo eseduze kwabantu, zihlala emadolobheni amakhulu nasemadolobheni. Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, i-kestrel yahlushwa ngabazingeli, manje ukuyizingela kuyivelakancane.
Izitha ze-kestrel zivame ukuba yizimo zemvelo ezinzima, eziholela ekufeni kwezinyoni eziningi. Ukufa kwezinyoni kuphezulu kakhulu, lezo ezihlala ebusika ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo zihlupheka kakhulu. Ama-Falconies, ikakhulukazi, awabulawa yiqhwa, kodwa yindlala, ngoba ebusika akulula ukuthola ukudla. Amaphesenti angama-50 kuphela amaphuphu anqoba umkhawulo weminyaka ubudala, ongeke wethuse.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Kestrel Ejwayelekile emvelweni
Inani labantu bezinhlobo ezithile ze-kestrel lincane kakhulu, ngakho-ke liyavikelwa. Ngokuqondene ne-kestrel evamile, inani labantu libhekwa njengelikhulu kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-kestrels. Ngokwezibalo ze-IUCN, inani lale nyoni eYurophu liyahlukahluka kusuka kubantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-819 kuya kwezi-1.21, okuphakathi kwamabhangqa ezinyoni angama-409 kuye kwangama-603. Kunobufakazi bokuthi inani lezinyoni ezikhethe i-Europe cishe zingamaphesenti ayi-19 enani eliphelele lalezi zinyoni, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, ezinabantu abavuthiwe abasuka ezigidini ezingama-4.31 kuya kwezi-6.37.
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu elidlule, kube nokwehla okungaguquki kwezibalo zezinyoni, kepha manje, ngokusho kososayensi, kunokuzinza kwabantu, okuyizindaba ezinhle. Noma kunjalo, kunezici eziningi ezingezinhle ze-anthropogenic ezithinta kabi impilo ye-kestrel, ngenxa yokuthi ivikelwe ezindaweni ezithile zezwe lethu.Lezi zinto zifaka phakathi ukuhlala kwamadlelo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokugawulwa kwezihlahla, ukuvela kwemililo emikhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emasimini atshaliwe, lapho izinyoni zivame ukuzingela zonke izinhlobo zamagundane.
Ukuvikelwa kwesidleke esivamile
Isithombe: UKestrel Ovamile ovela eRed Book
Kwashiwo phambilini ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zama-kestrels zisengozini (iMauritian neSeychelles) futhi zibhalwe ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List. Futhi i-kestrel evamile, yize ibhekwa njengeyande kakhulu futhi iningi, ibhalwe kuRed Data Books yezifunda ezithile ezisendaweni yaseRussia. kulezi zindawo, imfuyo yakhe yehle kakhulu.
I-kestrel ejwayelekile ibhalwe ohlwini lweMoscow Red Data Book kusukela ngo-2001; izinhlobo zinesimo esengozini kule ndawo. Izici ezinkulu ezikhawulela ukunwetshwa kwemingcele yedolobha, ukuncishiswa kwezindawo zamadlelo nezindawo ezivulekile ezilungele ukuxazulula izinyoni. Ochwepheshe bayaqaphela ukuthi ngokusho kwedatha ka-2010, inani lama-kestrels lenyuke kakhulu, okuyinto ekhuthazayo kakhulu.
I-kestrel ejwayelekile nayo ibhalwe kuRed Data Books esifundeni saseMurmansk naseRyazan, futhi ivikelekile endaweni yaseBuryatia. Yonke indawo le nhlobo ikleliswe esigabeni sesithathu, isimo sayo sithi le nyoni ayivamile futhi incane ngenani, isimo sabantu esiseduze nokusongela. Kumazwe omhlaba, lolu hlobo lwezinyoni lufakiwe kuSithasiselo II soMhlangano we-CITES, Isithasiselo II sezivumelwano zeBonn neBerne.
Izinyathelo zokuvikela ezidingekayo zifaka phakathi okulandelayo:
- ukwenziwa kwezinqolobane nezindawo ezingcwele;
- ukufakwa kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke ezindaweni ezivikelwe;
- ukulawulwa kwemisebenzi yezomnotho ezindaweni zezidleke;
- ukuvinjelwa okuphelele ekuzingeleni;
- ukwanda kwenhlawulo yokonakalisa izindawo zokwakha izidleke nemisebenzi yokuzingela;
- ukulengisa amabhokisi ezidleke ngaphakathi kwedolobha nasezindaweni ezivikelwe;
- izindlela zokuvikela ezemfundo phakathi kwabahlali bendawo.
Ukudweba iziphetho, kusala ukungeza lokho i-kestrel evamile, empeleni, inyoni engajwayelekile futhi ethakazelisa kakhulu ecishe ifane nenkohliso enhle, inciphe ngosayizi. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zayo, umuntu angazizwa eziqhenya futhi abe. Izinzuzo ze-kestrel kubantu azinakuphikwa, ngoba isindisa amasimu atshaliwe kusuka kumagundane amaningi nezinambuzane, ngakho-ke kufanele sibonise inhlonipho ethe xaxa ngezimpaphe ukuze impilo yayo yezinyoni ibe nokuthula futhi ijabule.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 01.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/23/2019 ngo-22: 35
