Snipe inyoni ebonakalayo kakhulu emelwe kabanzi ezilwaneni zaseRussia. Kungaba nzima ukukubona ngenxa yombala wayo ongaqondakali onsundu nemvelo yayo eyimfihlo. Kepha ehlobo, lezi zinyoni zivame ukuma ezintanjeni zocingo noma zikhuphukele esibhakabhakeni ngokundiza okusheshayo, okugwegwile kanye nomsindo "onomoya" ongajwayelekile owenziwe ngomsila. Ungafunda kabanzi ngale nyoni encane yoqobo kulesi sihloko.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Snipe
I-snipe iyinhlobo yezinyoni ezincane ezinezinhlobo ezingafika ku-26. Lezi zinyoni zisatshalaliswa cishe emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwe-Australia. Ububanzi bezinhlobo ezithile ze-snipe bunqunyelwe e-Asia naseYurophu, kanti iSnipe Coenocorypha itholakala kuphela eziqhingini ezikude zaseNew Zealand. Ezilwaneni zezwe laseRussia kunezinhlobo eziyi-6 - isnipe, isijaphu saseJapan kanye nesase-Asia, isikhuni sokhuni, isinqe sentaba nokuthwebula nje.
Ividiyo: Snipe
Izinyoni kukholakala ukuthi ekuqaleni bekuyiqembu lama-theropod dinosaurs avela enkathini yeMesozoic. Ubudlelwano obusondelene phakathi kwezinyoni nama-dinosaurs buqale phambili ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ngemuva kokutholwa kwenyoni yakudala i-Archeopteryx eJalimane. Izinyoni nama-dinosaurs angewona ama-dinosaurs aqothulwayo ahlanganyela ngezici eziningi ezihlukile zamathambo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsalela zezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu zama-dinosaurs angewona avian aqoqiwe ngezimpaphe ezisindile. Izinsalela zibuye zibonise ukuthi izinyoni nama-dinosaurs babelana ngezici ezivamile ezinjengamathambo angenalutho, ama-gastroliths ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla, ukwakha izidleke, njll.
Yize imvelaphi yezinyoni ngokomlando ibiyinkinga eyimpikiswano ngaphakathi kwebhayoloji yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, bambalwa ososayensi abasaphikisana ngemvelaphi yezinyoni ze-dinosaur, okuphakamisa ukwehla kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo ze-archosaurian. Ukuvumelana okusekela ukhokho lwezinyoni ezivela kuma-dinosaurs kuphikisana nokulandelana ngqo kwemicimbi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuholele ekuveleni kwezinyoni zokuqala phakathi kwamathrophu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-bird snipe
Ama-Snipes yizinyoni ezincane ezizulazulayo ezinemilenze emifushane nezintamo. Uqhwaku lwawo oluqondile, olulinganisa u-6.4 cm, lulingana cishe kabili nenhloko futhi lusetshenziselwa ukuthola ukudla. Abesilisa bakala isilinganiso sama-gramu ayi-130, abesifazane bancane, banesisindo sobubanzi obungu-78-110 amagremu. Le nyoni inamaphiko angamasentimitha angama-39 kuye kwangama-45 nobude obumaphakathi bomzimba obungu-26.7 cm (23 kuya ku-28 cm). Umzimba uhlukahluka ngephethini elimnyama noma elinsundu + imivimbo enombala ophuzi ngotshani phezulu nesisu esiphaphathekile. Banomugqa omnyama ohamba ngamehlo, onemigqa ekhanyayo ngaphezulu nangaphansi kwayo. Izimpiko zingunxantathu, zikhombe.
I-snipe ejwayelekile iyona evame kakhulu ezinhlotsheni eziningana ezifanayo. Lokhu kufana kakhulu ne-snipe yaseMelika (i-G. delicata), okuthi kuze kube muva nje ibithathwe njenge-subspecies ye-snipe ejwayelekile (G. Gallinago). Ahlukile enanini lezimpaphe zomsila: ngazimbili eziyisikhombisa ku-G. Gallinago namabhangqa ayisishiyagalombili ku-G. delicata. Izinhlobo zaseNyakatho Melika nazo zinomphetho omncane omhlophe wokulandela umkhondo emaphikweni. Ziyafana kakhulu ne-Asiatic snipe (G. stenura) ne-Hollow snipe (G. megala) evela e-East Asia. Ukukhonjwa kwalezi zinhlobo kunzima kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: USnipe wenza imisindo ephezulu, yingakho abantu bevame ukuyibiza ngokuthi iwundlu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi le nyoni iyakwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhala okuthile ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
I-snipe iyinyoni ebonakalayo kakhulu. Ekhanda, umqhele unsundu onsundu ngemivimbo ephaphathekile ebonakalayo. Izihlathi namaphakethe endlebe kufakwe umbala onsundu onsundu. Amehlo ansundu. Imilenze nezinyawo zinombala ophuzi noma ompunga.
Ihlala kuphi isnipe?
Isithombe: Snipe eRussia
Izindawo zokudlela izinyoka zitholakala kakhulu eYurophu, eNyakatho ye-Asia naseMpumalanga yeSiberia. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kweNyakatho Melika zizalela eCanada naseMelika kuze kufike emngceleni waseCalifornia. Ububanzi bezinhlobo zase-Eurasia bunabela eningizimu bunqamula eningizimu ye-Asia naseCentral Africa. Ziyafuduka futhi zichithe ubusika ezimweni ezifudumele zase-Afrika Ephakathi. Ama-Snipes nawo angabahlali base-Ireland naseGreat Britain.
Izindawo zabo zokuzalela zitholakala cishe kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-Asia, zisuka entshonalanga ziye eNorway, empumalanga kuya oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, naseningizimu enkabeni yeMongolia. Zibuye zizalele ngasogwini olungaphandle kwe-Iceland. Lapho i-snipe ingazali, bathuthela eNdiya, yonke indlela eya ogwini lwaseSaudi Arabia, ngasenyakatho yeSahara, entshonalanga yeTurkey nasenkabeni ye-Afrika, kusukela entshonalanga impela kuya eMauritania kuya e-Ethiopia, kudlulela kude eningizimu, kubandakanya iZambia.
Isnipe yizinyoni ezifudukayo. Zitholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ezinamanzi angenasawoti nasezimfundeni ezimanzi. Izinyoni zihlala esidlekeni esomile, esingenazikhukhula eduze nezindawo zokudla. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, kutholakala izinyenyela eduze kwamanzi angenasawoti avulekile noma izingodo ezinama-brackish, izimfunda ezinamanzi kanye ne-swundy tundra lapho kukhona uhlaza olunothile. Ukukhethwa kwendawo yokuhlala ngesikhathi sokungazali kuyafana nokwesizini yokuzalanisa. Bahlala futhi ezindaweni zokuhlala ezenziwe ngabantu ezinjengezilayisi.
Idlani isnipe?
Isithombe: I-Wading bird snipe
Amaphimpi adla ngamaqembu amancane, aphume ayodoba ekuseni nantambama, emanzini angajulile noma eduze kwamanzi. Le nyoni ifuna ukudla ngokuhlola inhlabathi ngoqhwaku lwayo olude oluzwelayo, olwenza iminyakazo eshaywayo. Izinyoka zithola ukudla kwazo okuningi emithonjeni ejulile enodaka ngaphakathi kwamamitha angama-370 esidleke. Bahlola inhlabathi enomswakama ukuthola iningi lokudla kwabo, okuqukethe ikakhulukazi ama-invertebrate.
Kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Agasti, lapho inhlabathi ithambe ngokwanele ukuzwa uqhwaku, ukudla kwe-snipe kuzoba nezibungu zomhlaba nezibungu zezinambuzane. Uqhwaku lwe-snipe lwenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukujwayela lolu hlobo lokudla. Ukudla kwabo phakathi nonyaka kufaka phakathi u-10-80%: imisundu, izinambuzane ezindala, izinambuzane ezincane, ama-gastropods amancane nama-arachnids. Imicu yezitshalo nembewu kudliwa ngamanani amancane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukufundwa kwendle yesinipe kukhombisile ukuthi iningi lokudla bekuqukethe imisundu (61% yokudla ngesisindo esomile), izibungu zomiyane abanemilenze emide (24%), iminenke nama-slugs (3.9%), izibungu zezimvemvane namabhu (3.7% ). Amanye amaqembu entela, abalwa ngaphansi kokungu-2% wokudla, afaka ama-midges angalumi (1.5%), amabhungane amadala (1.1%), ama-rove beetles (1%), izibungu zebhungane (0.6%) nezicabucabu (0.6 %).
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, le nyoni iphonsa uqhwaku lwayo olude phansi futhi, ngaphandle kokuyikhipha, igwinya ukudla. USnipe ubhukuda kahle futhi angangena emanzini. Akavamile ukusebenzisa amaphiko akhe lapho efuna ukudla, kepha kunalokho uhamba phansi. Usebenzisa amaphiko ukufudukela emazweni afudumele.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Snipe ngokwemvelo
ISnipe ivumelane kahle nezindawo ezimanzi, ezinamaxhaphozi. Le nyoni ayithobekile futhi ingakwazi nokuzinza enhlabathini yobumba, eduze kwamachibi namachibi anezimila ezanele, lapho ingazitholela khona indawo engathembela kuyo. Ngokuya ngebanga ukusuka ezidlekeni kuya ezindaweni zokuphakela, abesifazane bangahamba noma bandize phakathi kwabo. Lezo zinhlwathi ezondla ngaphakathi kwamamitha angama-70 ukusuka ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke ziyahamba, kanti labo abangaphezu kwamamitha angama-70 ukusuka ezindaweni zokuphakela bandiza baye emuva naphambili.
Umbala wezimpaphe zale nyoni uhlangana kahle nendawo ezungezile. Impaphe efihliwe enjalo yenza ukuthi umcibisholo ungabonakali esweni lomuntu. Le nyoni ihamba endaweni emanzi bese ihlola inhlabathi ngoqhwaku lwayo, iqalaza ngamehlo aphakeme. Kubaleka inyoka ephazamiseke ngokungalindelekile.
Ubusika buchithwa ezindaweni ezifudumele. Izindawo zobusika zitholakala eduze nemizimba yamanzi amasha, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ogwini lolwandle. Abanye abantu bahlala phansi noma bafuduka kancane. ENgilandi, abantu abaningi bahlala ebusika njengoba izinyoni ezivela eScandinavia nase-Iceland zijoyina abantu bendawo ukujabulela izimfunda ezikhukhulayo ezibanikeza imithombo yokudla eningi nezimila zokuzivikela. Ekufudukeni zindiza njengezihlambi, ezibizwa ngokuthi "ukhiye". Babukeka bevilapha ukundiza. Izimpiko zingunxantathu abacijile, kuthi uqhwaku olude lubhekiswe ngezansi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-bird snipe
Ama-Snipes yizinyoni ezizodwa, okusho ukuthi owesilisa oyedwa uhlangana nowesifazane oyedwa ngonyaka. Abesilisa bangahlukaniswa njengabaphezulu noma abazithobayo. Abesifazane bakhetha ukukhwelana nabesilisa abaphezulu, abahlala ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, izindawo ezibizwa ngokuthi yizindawo eziphakathi nendawo, ezisenkabeni yendawo yabo yokuhlala eyinhloko.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Abesifazane bakhetha abesilisa ngokuya ngekhono labo lokushaya izigubhu. IDrum roll iyindlela yomoya, futhi izimpaphe zangaphandle zomsila zakha umsindo oyingqayizivele, oqondene nezinhlobo ezithile.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa isnipe siqala ekuqaleni kukaJuni kuya maphakathi noJulayi. Zakha ezindaweni ezifihlwe uhlaza, eduze namachibi asemaxhaphozini. Imvamisa, ama-snipes abeka amaqanda ama-4 anombala womnqumo anezindawo ezimnyama nsundu. Isikhathi sabo sokufukamela sihlala cishe izinsuku eziyi-18-21. Ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwamaqanda, kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-15-20 ngaphambi kokuba amaphuphu ashiye isidleke futhi ahambe ngendiza yawo yokuqala. Ama-Snipes afinyelela ekuvuthweni kokuzala ngemuva konyaka ongu-1.
Ngesikhathi sokufukamela, abesilisa abahlangene kakhulu namaqanda kunabesifazane. Ngemuva kokuba insikazi izalele amaqanda, ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi iwafukamela. Kodwa-ke, abesifazane abachithi isikhathi esiningi esidlekeni emini njengoba besenza ebusuku, ikakhulu ngenxa yamazinga okushisa abandayo ebusuku. Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa kwamaqanda, abesilisa nabesifazane banakekela ngokulingana amawundlu amabili aze ashiye isidleke.
Izitha zemvelo ze-snipe
Isithombe: Snipe
Yinyoni efihlwe kahle futhi eyimfihlo evame ukucasha eduze kohlaza emhlabathini bese indiza kuphela lapho kusondela ingozi. Ngesikhathi sokusuka, ama-snipes enza imisindo enzima futhi andiza esebenzisa uchungechunge lwama-zigzags asemoyeni ukudida izilwane. Esikhathini sokutadisha imikhuba yezinyoni, izazi ze-ornithologists zabona izinguquko enanini lamabhangqa azalanayo futhi zathola ukuthi izilwane eziyinhloko eziyizisulu ezaziwayo zezilwane yilezi:
- impungushe ebomvu (i-Vulpes Vulpes);
- igwababa elimnyama (Corvus Corone);
- i-ermine (Mustela erminea).
Kepha isilwane esidla izinyoni ngokuyinhloko yindoda (Homo sapiens), efuna inyoka ukuze idle inyama nenyama. Ukuzifihla kungavumela i-snipe ukuthi ingatholakali ngabazingeli ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi. Uma inyoni indiza, abazingeli baba nobunzima bokudubula ngenxa yendlela engazinzile yokundiza yale nyoni. Ubunzima obuhambisana nokuzingelwa kwesinipe kwaveza igama elithi "sniper", njengoba esiNgisini kushiwo umzingeli onekhono eliphakeme ekucibisheni umcibisholo nokufihla okwathi kamuva waphenduka isinqamu noma umuntu oshutha endaweni ecashile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igama elithi "sniper" lavela ngekhulu le-19 lisuka egameni lesiNgisi le-snipe snipe. Ukundiza kwama-zig-zag nosayizi omncane wesinqe kwenza kube inhloso enzima kepha efiselekayo, njengoba umdubuli owele kuyo abhekwa njenge-virtuoso.
Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, isilinganiso saminyaka yonke sokuzingela izinyoka cishe ezibalelwa ku-1,500,000 ngonyaka, okwenza abantu babe yizisulu eziyinhloko zalezi zinyoni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-bird snipe
Ngokusho kohlu lwe-IUCN, inani eliphelele lezinyoka liyancipha kancane kancane, kepha kuseyizinhlobo ze- "Least Concern". Ngokwemithetho yezinyoni ezifudukayo, i-snipe ayinaso isimo esikhethekile sokongiwa kwemvelo. Abantu abahlala emaphethelweni aseningizimu ebangeni lokuzalela eYurophu bazinzile, noma kunjalo, inhlobo iyancipha endaweni kwezinye izindawo (ikakhulukazi eNgilandi naseJalimane), ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokugeleza kwezinsimu nokuqina kwezolimo.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Usongo olukhulu kulezi zinyoni ukushoda kwamanzi ngenxa yokushintsha kwendawo. Lokhu kuholela ekuswelekeni kokudla kwesitshulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usongo luvela kubantu abazingela izinyoni. Cishe i-1,500,000 izinyoni ziyafa unyaka nonyaka ngenxa yokuzingela.
Izinyathelo zokonga ezenzelwe i-snipe zifakwe kuphela ohlakeni lwe-Europe, lapho zibhalwe khona ku-Annexes II no-III we-EU Birds Directive. Isithasiselo II kulapho izinhlobo ezithile zingazingelwa phakathi nezikhathi ezithile. Isikhathi sokuzingela ngesineke singaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Isithasiselo III sibala izimo lapho abantu kungenzeka balimaze inani labantu futhi basongele lezi zinyoni. Izinyathelo zokongiwa ezihlongozwayo zifaka phakathi ukumiswa kokugeleza kwamanzi amaxhaphozi abalulekile nokugcina noma ukubuyisa amadlelo aseduze kwamaxhaphozi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 10.06.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 22.09.2019 ngo-23: 52
