Kharza - uhlobo olukhulu lomndeni weasel. Ngaphezu kosayizi, iyabonakala phakathi kwamanye ama-marten anombala ogqamile. Ngenxa yokuhluka kwesikimu sombala, unegama eliphakathi elithi "marten-breasted marten". Ensimini yaseRussia, itholakala eMpumalanga Ekude. Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukubizwa nge- "Ussuri marten".
Incazelo nezici
I-Kharza ingahlukaniswa njengesilwane esivamile. Isakhiwo esijwayelekile somzimba we-harza sifana nawo wonke ama-martens. Ubukhali nokushesha kuyabonakala emzimbeni omncane, emide, emilenzeni eqinile nasemsileni omude. Isisindo sowesilisa ovuthiwe ngenkathi eyondliwe kahle singafinyelela ku-3.8-4 kg. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-64-70. Umsila unwetshwa ngo-40-45 cm.
Ikhanda lincane. Ubude begebhezi lilingana no-10-12% wobude bomzimba. Ububanzi begebhezi bungaphansi kancane kobude. Ukuma kogebhezi, uma kubhekwa phezulu, kungunxantathu. Isisekelo sikanxantathu umugqa ophakathi kwezindlebe ezincane, eziyindilinga. Okuphezulu yipipi le-jet-black ekhaleni. Ingxenye engenhla yesifonyo inombala onsundu, icishe ibe mnyama, ingxenye engezansi imhlophe.
Umzimba uphumule ezingalweni ezinde kakhulu. Umbhangqwana ongemuva ubonakala unemisipha ephawuleka ngokwengeziwe futhi mude ukwedlula owangaphambili. Zombili zimbozwe buthakathaka ngoboya, zigcina ngezidladla ezinhlanu. Kharza— isilwane isitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ama-paws we-harza athuthukiswe kahle, kusukela kuzipho kuya esithendeni.
I-Kharza inkulu kunazo zonke kuhlobo lwe-marten futhi inemibala egqame kakhulu
Umzimba wonke wesilwane, ngaphandle kwethiphu yekhala namaphakethe weminwe, umbozwe ngoboya. Kukhona uboya obufushane, obunzima ngisho naphansi kwamathe. Ngokuya ngobude bezinwele zoboya, i-kharza isalela ngemuva kwezihlobo zayo. Ngisho nomsila wakhe awunaboya obukhulu. Uboya basehlobo buqinile kunobusika. Izinwele zimfushane futhi zikhula kancane.
Hhayi uvolo wekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu nengubo yangaphansi enxeshezelwa ngombala oyingqayizivele. UKharza esithombeni kubukeka kumangalisa. Umbala ngokusobala ungowesilwane esishisayo futhi ubukeka ungavamile ikakhulukazi ehlathini elibuhlungu laseMpumalanga Ekude.
Isihloko sekhanda lesilwane simnyama ngombala onsundu. Ezihlathini, ikhava ithole umbala obomvu, izinwele zombala omkhulu zifakwa noboya obumhlophe emaphethelweni. Ngemuva kwezindlebe kumnyama, ngaphakathi kunombala ophuzi. I-nape ibunsundu nge-sheen ephuzi egolide. Iscruff nomhlane wonke kudwetshiwe kulo mbala.
Ezinhlangothini nasesiswini, umbala uthatha umbala ophuzi. Intamo nesifuba sesilwane kukhanya ngokusagolide, okukhanyayo. Ingxenye engenhla yemilenze yangemuva insundu, ingxenye engezansi nezinyawo kumnyama. Imilenze yangemuva inemibala efanayo. Isisekelo somsila sinsundu ngokumpunga. Umsila ngokwawo umnyama ngejet. On ichopho kukhona ukucabanga onsomi.
Wonke ama-weasel, kufaka phakathi i-harza, anezindlala zangaphambi kokuzalwa. Lezi zitho zikhipha imfihlo enephunga eliqhubekayo, nelingemnandi. Empilweni enokuthula, uketshezi lwalezi zindlala kusetshenziselwa ukwazisa ezinye izilwane ngobukhona bazo, lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Uma kwenzeka wethuka, iphunga elikhishwe liqinile kangangokuba lingethusa umhlaseli ohlasele i-kharza.
Izinhlobo
I-marten enomphunga ophuzi, kharza kude empumalanga, I-Nepalese marten, i-chon wang yigama lesilwane esifanayo, esifakwe kusihlukanisi semvelo ngaphansi kwegama lesiLatini elithi Martes flavigula noma harza. Ungowohlobo lweMartens. Lapho kutholakala khona:
- angler marten (noma ilka),
Esithombeni, i-marten ilka
- American, ihlathi, itshe marten,
Ngezinwele ezimhlophe esifubeni, i-marten yamatshe ibizwa ngokuthi umphefumulo omhlophe
- kharza (iMpumalanga Ekude, Ussuri marten),
- UNilgir kharza,
- Ama-sables aseJapan futhi ajwayelekile (eSiberia).
Ukufana ngombala nosayizi kubonakala phakathi kwesidalwa i-Ussuri kanye noNilgir harza ongajwayelekile ohlala eningizimu yeNdiya. Ukufana kwangaphandle kwaveza amagama afanayo. Kufakwe i-epithet egameni lesakhamuzi saseNdiya esihlotshaniswa nendawo ahlala kuyo - iNilgiri Upland.
I-Kharza iyinhlobo ye-monotypic, okungukuthi, ayihlukaniswanga ngama-subspecies. Amandla aphezulu wokuzivumelanisa nawo akuvumela ukuthi kube khona emaxhaphozini aseBurma nasezintabeni eziwugwadule zasePakistan, emahlathini aseSiberia. Ngokwemvelo yezindawo lapho kuhlala khona lo mhlaseli, okulandelayo kungahlukaniswa izinhlobo ze-harza:
- ihlathi,
- umashi,
- ihlane lentaba.
Izici zendawo ngokuvamile zilandelwa izinguquko ekudleni, imikhuba yokuzingela, neminye imikhuba yokuphila. Okungathinta ngqo izimpawu zokuziphatha nokwakheka komzimba. Kepha i-harza yahlala ithembekile kuyo futhi isethulwa kuphela njengeMartes flavigula.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
UKharza uhlala kuma-biospheres ahluke kakhulu. Ububanzi bayo busuka enyakatho yeNdiya buye eRussia Far East. Kuvame ukutholakala e-Indochina, isinda ngempumelelo eNhlonhlweni YaseKorea naseziqhingini zase-Indonesia. Yenzelwe impilo nokuzingela ezinhlelweni eziningi zemvelo, kepha ichuma kakhulu ehlathini.
Ama-martens anamabele aphuzi ahlala futhi azingela ngamaqembu amancane ezilwane ezi-3 kuya kwezi-7. Imvamisa isisekelo seqembu kungowesifazane onemidlwane evela kudoti wangonyaka odlule. Ukuzingelwa kwamaqembu kusebenza ikakhulukazi ebusika. Njengoba ihlobo lisondela, iqembu lezilwane ezidliwayo lingahlakazeka. Okusho ukuthi, impilo emhlambini ongapheli onobukhosi obungachazwanga isici se-harza.
UKharza uhola indlela yokuphila ekhuthele kakhulu
I-marten enamabele aphuzi ingabandakanyeka ekukhishweni kokudla nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku. Akanawo amandla okubona ebumnyameni, ngakho-ke uzingela ubusuku obungenamafu lapho inyanga ikhanya ngokwanele. UHarza uthembele kumuzwa wakhe wokuhogela nokuzwa kungengaphansi kokubona kwakhe.
Ekuboneni okuhle kakhulu, ukuzwa nomuzwa wokuhogela kunezelwa izimfanelo zejubane, ezisetshenziswa ngumzingeli ikakhulu emhlabathini. Isilwane siyahamba, sincike kulo lonke unyawo. Indawo yokwesekwa eyandisiwe ikuvumela ukuthi uhambise ngokushesha hhayi kuphela emhlabathini oqinile, kodwa futhi nasezindaweni ezinamanzi noma ezimbozwe yiqhwa.
I-harza inganqoba izindawo okungangeneki kuzo ngokugxuma kusuka esihlahleni kuye esihlahleni, kusuka egatsheni kuye egatsheni. Amandla okuhamba ngokushesha ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, ukushintshana kokugijima phansi ngokugxuma ezihlahleni kunika ithuba lapho uxosha isisulu noma ugwema ukuphishekela.
Azikho izitha eziningi kangangokuba ama-martens anebele eliphuzi kufanele esabe. Zisencane, izilwane ezisakhula zihlaselwa ama-martens noma ama-lynx afanayo. Endaweni evulekile, i-kharza egulayo, ebuthakathaka ingabanjwa yiqembu lezimpisi. Iningi lezilwane ezidla ezinye zazi ngesikhali esiyimfihlo se-harza - izindlala ezikhipha uketshezi ngephunga elibi - ngakho-ke akuvamile ukuthi zihlasele.
Isitha esikhulu sekharza ngumuntu. Njengomthombo wenyama noma woboya, i-marten enesifuba esiphuzi ayinayo intshisekelo kubantu. Uboya obuphansi nenyama. Abazingeli abangochwepheshe bakholelwa ngokungathi sína ukuthi i-kharza iqothula amathole amaningi kakhulu emisipha yenyamazane, izinyamazane nezindlovu. Ngakho-ke, ama-martens anamabele aphuzi aqoshwa njengezilokazane futhi adutshulwa ngendlela efanayo nezimpisi noma izinja ze-raccoon.
Umonakalo omningi kakhulu emhlambini womhlambi awudalwa abazingeli abazama ukugcina izinyamazane noma izindololwane. Izitha eziyinhloko zezilwane ezihlala ehlathini zingabagawuli bemithi. Ukugawulwa kwemithi ngobuningi kungukucekelwa phansi kwe-Far Eastern biocenosis, ukuhlaselwa kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Endaweni yaseRussia, e-taiga yaseMpumalanga Ekude, i-kharza ithatha isikhundla sesinye sezilwane ezinamandla kakhulu. Yiqiniso, ayinakuqhathaniswa nengwe yase-Amur noma ingwe. Ubukhulu be-harza, ulaka nemvelo yempango kuyibeka ezingeni elifanayo ne-trot. Izisulu ezincane kunazo zonke izinambuzane. Kaningi kunamabhungane nezintethe, amachwane nezinyoni ezincane zingena ekudleni kwawo.
Ikhono lokukhuphuka nokushesha lenze i-harzu ibe usongo oluhlala njalo ezidlekeni zezinyoni nasezilwaneni ezihlala phansi naphakathi ehlathini. Ukucasha emgodini wesikwele noma ilulwane akutholi iziqinisekiso zokuphepha. UKharza ungena ezindaweni ezicashile zokucasha ngeziqu zemithi. Akayekeli i-harza kanye nabanye, abamele abancane bama-mustelids.
Ekuzingeleni amagundane, i-harza incintisana ngempumelelo nezidliwayo ze-taiga ezincane nezisemaphakathi. Izindlwana eziyimfihlo nezisheshayo ngezikhathi ezithile zithola i-marten enamabele aphuzi ngesidlo sasemini. Abantu abasha abangasetshenzisiwe bavame ukuhlushwa yi-harza. Izingulube namankonyane avela ezingulubeni zasendle kuya ezinyamazaneni ezibomvu nakuma-elk afika kwi-marten enesifuba esiphuzi esidlweni sasemini yize kuvikelwe izilwane ezindala.
UKharza ungomunye wabadli be-taiga abambalwa abaye baba nezindlela ezihlangene zokuhlasela. Inqubo yokuqala ukuzingela ngokuqamekela. Iqembu lama-martens amaningi anesifuba esiphuzi lishayela isisulu endaweni lapho kuhlelwa khona abaqamekeli. Enye indlela yokuzingela ukushayela isilwane esinezinselo eqhweni lomfula noma echibini. Ebusweni obushelelayo, inyamazane ilahlekelwa ukuqina kwayo, amandla okucasha kulabo abayilandelayo.
Izinyamazane ezincane, ikakhulukazi izinyamazane ze-musk, yindebe yokuzingela eyintandokazi ye-kharza. Ukufaka ubuthi esilwaneni esisodwa kunikeza izidlo eziningana ukudla kwezinsuku eziningi. Ukuzingelwa kwamaqembu kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ebusika. Ngokuqala kwentwasahlobo, ukuvela kwenzalo phakathi kwezakhamuzi eziningi ze-taiga, isidingo sezenzo ezihleliwe siyanyamalala.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ekuqaleni kwekwindla, izilwane ezineminyaka emibili ubudala ziqala ukufuna izithandani. Iminonjana yephunga iyabasiza kulokhu. Lezi zidlakudla azinakho ukunamathela okuqinile endaweni ethile, abesilisa bashiya izindawo zabo zokuzingela bese beya endaweni yabesifazane, belungele ukuqhubeka nohlobo.
Uma kwenzeka umhlangano nomphikisi, kuba nezimpi ezinamandla. Udaba aluzi ekubulaweni kwembangi, owesilisa obuthakathaka kakhulu uyaxoshwa. Ngemuva kokuxhunyaniswa kowesifazane nowesilisa, imisebenzi yabazali besilisa iyaphela. Insikazi ithwala imartens yangakusasa kuze kufike intwasahlobo.
I-marten enamabele aphuzi ivamise ukuzala imidlwane emi-2-5. Isibalo sabo sincike eminyakeni yobudala nokukhuluphala kukamama. Amawundlu awaboni, angenaboya, awakwazi ukuzisiza ngokuphelele. Kuthatha lonke ihlobo ukukhulisa ngokuphelele izilwane. Ekwindla, ama-kharza amancane aqala ukuhambisana nonina lapho ezingela. Bangakwazi ukusondelana nomzali noma ngabe sebekwazi ukuzimela.
Zizwa isifiso nethuba lokuqhubeka nomjaho, izilwane ezincane zishiya iqembu lomndeni ziyofuna abalingani. Ukuthi i-martens enamabele aphuzi ihlala isikhathi esingakanani ku-taiga ayitholakalanga ncamashi. Cishe iminyaka eyi-10-12. Isikhathi sokuphila ekuthunjweni siyaziwa. E-zoo noma ekhaya, i-harza ingahlala kuze kube yiminyaka engu-15-17. Kulokhu, abesifazane baphila ngaphansi kancane kunabesilisa.
Ukunakekelwa nokunakekelwa kwasekhaya
Ukugcina izilwane ezixakile ekhaya sekuwumsebenzi odumile impela. Akekho omangazwa yi-ferret ehlala efulethini lomuzi. UKharza akavamile kangako njengesilwane esifuywayo. Kepha ukumgcina akunzima ukwedlula ikati. Njengoba abantu abaningi befuna ukugcina i-harzu endlini, amathuba okuthi uhlobo olusha luzovela ngokuzayo yanda - harza ekhaya.
Ukulinyazwa kweHorza sekuzanywe kaningi futhi kuphumelela njalo. Ngokwemvelo, iyisilwane esidla ezinye esingesabi, esizethembayo. UKharzu akazange neze esatshiswe yindoda, futhi ubheka izinja njengalingana naye. Ukuthatha i-harzu uyingenise endlini, kufanele ukhumbule izici eziningana zalesi silwane:
- UHorza angakhipha iphunga elinyanyekayo ngezikhathi zobungozi.
- Kharza — marten... Isazela esidlayo kuye asinakufa. Kepha njengekati, uyakwazi ukuzwana ngisho nezinyoni.
- Lesi silwane sihamba kakhulu futhi siyadlala. Ifulethi noma indlu lapho kuhlala khona umhlaseli kufanele ibe banzi. Kungcono ukususa izinto eziphukayo ezindaweni zokuhlala ze-harza.
- I-Ussuri marten kufanele iqeqeshelwe ithreyi kusuka emavikini okuqala emva kokuzalwa.
- UKharza, ohlala ezindlini zezinyoni, uzoba seduze kwesilwane esidla imvelo kunemikhuba yakhe kunasekhaya.
Lapho usondla isilwane, khumbula ukuthi sidla. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye eyinhloko yokuphakelayo kuyinyama, okungcono hhayi okunamafutha. Ngaphezu kwenkomo yenkomo noma inkukhu eluhlaza, izingcezu zenyama ebilisiwe ziyafaneleka. Ukudla okuhle kwamaprotheni kuyasuswa: isibindi, amaphaphu, inhliziyo. Imifino eluhlaza noma eyisitshulu kumele ingezwe endishini.
Usayizi wokuphaka ubalwa njengenja ehambayo. Cishe ama-20 g nge-1 kg yesisindo sesilwane. Ungondla i-kharza izikhathi ezingu-1-2 ngosuku. Ama-martens anezifuba eziphuzi anomkhuba wokufihla izingcezu ezingadliwanga usuku lwemvula. Ngakho-ke, udinga ukuqapha ukuthi isidlo siphela kanjani. Nciphisa ingxenye uma kwenzeka kudla okusalile.
Intengo
Izilwane zomndeni weasel sezihlale isikhathi eside futhi ziphumelela emizini yabantu - lezi ngama-ferrets. Abantu bafunde ukuzigcina, bahlala beletha inzalo. Imidlwane yalezi zilwane ingathengwa esitolo sezilwane noma kumuntu wangasese ngama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-5-10. Ama-Harza amawundlu noma ama-Ussuri martens amadala anzima kakhulu ukuthenga.
Kuzofanele uqale ngokubheka umfuyi, umthandi ogcina imartens enamabele aphuzi ekhaya. Uzosiza ukuthola i-harza. Kukhona enye indlela enzima kakhulu. EVietnam naseKorea, lezi zilwane zithengiswa ngokukhululeka. Kepha inani le-marten elethwe ngasese lizobe liphakeme kakhulu.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
I-Amur Travel yinkundla yezokuvakasha yamazwe omhlaba. Okwesibili yabanjwa ngoJulayi 2019 edolobheni laseZea. I-kharza yakhethwa njengesibonakaliso. Isilwane esihle, esisheshayo, sengathi sizalelwe ukufanekisa ukuhlangana kwabathandi bemvelo yaseMpumalanga Ekude. Ukungezwani kwavela negama. Kuze kube umzuzu wokugcina, akukho ukukhetha okwenziwe phakathi kokukhethwa kukho: Amurka, Taiga, Deya. Ngemuva kokuvota kwi-Intanethi, umaskandi wesithangami waqala ukubizwa ngegama elithi Taiga.
Ehlobo lika-2019, kwenzeka into engajwayelekile e-zoo ye-Khabarovsk Territory - i-harza ethunjiwe yaletha inzalo: abesilisa aba-2 nowesifazane. Eminyakeni emibili edlule, umcimbi ofanayo waphela kabuhlungu - umama akazange azondle izingane, zafa. Imidlwane yamanje inenhlanhla - i-harza yesifazane yawamukela, ikusasa eliqhakazile lemidlwane alinakungatshazwa.
Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi i-marten enamabele aphuzi ayisongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Uhlala endaweni enkulu. Inani lezilwane lizinzile futhi alibangeli ukukhathazeka. Yini ebhalwe kwiRed Book yamazwe omhlaba. Kepha izwe lethu lithinteka ngumngcele osenyakatho yendawo ye-kharza. Emaphethelweni endawo yokuhlala, izinombolo zayo ziphansi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-kharza yafakwa ohlwini ngo-2007 eRed Book of the Far Eastern Federal District njengohlobo olusengozini.
