Isicabucabu phalanx Isilwane esingalindelekile. Bambalwa abantu abahlala ogwadule abakhungathekisa kangaka ngokuziphatha kwabo futhi babukeka njengabafokazi. La ma-arachnid anedumela elibi eliye lenziwa yihaba izinganekwane, izinkolelo-ze nezinsumansumane zabantu. Kepha empeleni, yizilwane ezithandekayo nezingaqondakali, ezinendlela yokuphila ehluke kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo. Akunandaba noma ngabe kusabeka kanjani ekubukekeni nasekuziphatheni, izicabucabu ze-phalanx, ngenhlanhla, azinabungozi kubantu nasezilwaneni ezifuywayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isicabucabu se-Phalanx
I-oda lifaka izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-1000 ezichazwe emgudwini ongu-153. Ngaphandle kwamagama abo ajwayelekile, abazona ofezela beqiniso (Scorpiones noma izicabucabu zangempela (Araneae). Impikiswano ngokubambisana kwabo iyaqhubeka ngochwepheshe. Ingabe yizicabucabu noma ofezela ngempela? Inqobo nje uma zihlala kulesi sigaba, kodwa ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungaholela ekushintsheni kwesimo).
Leli qembu lama-arachnids linamagama ajwayelekile ahlukahlukene, ama-phalanges, ama-solpugs, ama-bihorks, ofezela bomoya, izicabucabu zelanga, nabanye. Lezi zidalwa ezihlukile zinamagama amaningi ajwayelekile esiNgisini nase-Afrika, amaningi awo afaka igama elithi "spider" noma "Scorpion". Yize ngokwezici zezinto eziphilayo, lezi zilwane ziyinto ephakathi kofezela nezicabucabu.
Ividiyo: Isicabucabu phalanx
Ukufana okusobala abelana ngakho nezicabucabu ukuthi banemilenze eyisishiyagalombili. Ama-phalanges awanazo izindlala ezinobuthi futhi awanabungozi kubantu, yize enolaka kakhulu, ahamba ngokushesha futhi angadala ukulunywa okubuhlungu. Igama lesiLatini "solifugae" livela ku- "fugere" (ukugijima, ukundiza, ukubaleka) kanye no- "sol" (ilanga). Imivubukulo emidala kunayo yonke ye-oda yiProtosolpuga carbonaria, eyatholakala e-USA ngo-1913 kumadiphozithi weLate Carboniferous. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibonelo zitholakala ezingxenyeni zaseBurma, eDominican, eBaltic naseCretaceous eBrazil.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Igama "isicabucabu selanga" lisetshenziswa kulezo zinhlobo ezisebenzayo emini. Ngomzamo wokugwema ukushisa, baziphonsa kusuka ethunzini kuya kwelinye - imvamisa isithunzi somuntu. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwenziwa umbono ophazamisayo wokuthi bashushisa umuntu.
Kubukeka sengathi i-phalanx yesifazane ibheka izinwele njengezinto ezifanele esidlekeni. Eminye imibiko ithe bagunda izinwele zabantu abangazi lutho ngazo. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bayakuphikisa lokhu, i-arachnid ayishintshelwanga ukugunda izinwele, futhi lesi sitatimende sihlala siyinsumansumane. Yize ama-salpugs engafoli fluoresce ngokugqamile njengofezela, enza i-fluoresce ngaphansi kobude obufanele namandla okukhanya kwe-UV.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isicabucabu se-phalanx
Umzimba we-hodgepodge uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili:
- prosoma (igobolondo);
- i-opisthosoma (umgodi wesisu).
I-Prosoma inezingxenye ezintathu:
- i-propeltidium (ikhanda) iqukethe i-chelicerae, amehlo, ama-pedipalps kanye namabili emilenze yokuqala;
- i-mesopeltidium iqukethe imilenze emibili yesithathu;
- i-metapelptidium iqukethe imilenze emibili yesine.
Ngaphandle, isicabucabu se-phalanx sibonakala sinemilenze eyi-10, kepha empeleni, izigaxa zokuqala ezihlanganisiwe zingama-pedipalps athuthuke kakhulu asetshenziselwa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene njengokuphuza, ukubamba, ukondla, ukukhwelana nokukhuphuka. Kuphela ngazimbili zemilenze yangemuva kuphela okusetshenziselwa ukugijima. Isici esingajwayelekile kakhulu izitho eziyingqayizivele ezithombeni zemilenze. Ezinye izicabucabu zingasebenzisa lezi zitho ukukhuphuka zibheke phezulu.
Imilenze emibili yokuqala mincane futhi imifushane futhi isetshenziswa njengezitho ezithintekayo. Ama-phalanges awanayo i-kneecap (ingxenye yomlenze etholakala kwizicabucabu, ofezela, nakwamanye ama-arachnids). Imilenze emibili yesine yinde kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi zinamabhangqa ama-5 amaqakala, kuyilapho izingane ezinamabhangqa angama-2-3 kuphela. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi yizitho zemizwa zokuthola ukudlidlizela emhlabathini.
Ubude bomzimba buhluka kusuka ku-10-70 mm, kanti ubude bomlenze bufinyelela ku-160 mm. Inhloko inkulu, isekela i-chelicerae enkulu (imihlathi) enamandla. I-propeltidium (carapace) iyaphakanyiswa ukwamukela imisipha ekhulisiwe elawula i-chelicerae. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo esiphakeme esigabeni esikhuluma isiNgisi, bavame ukubizwa ngokuthi "izicabucabu zekamela". I-chelicera inezinzwane ezihleliwe zomgogodla nozwane we-ventral oshukumayo, womabili ahlome ngamazinyo we-cheliceral wokuchoboza isisulu. Lawa mazinyo angenye yezinto ezisetshenziswe ekuhlonzeni.
Ezinye izinhlobo zinamehlo amakhulu kakhulu emaphakathi. Ziyakwazi ukubona ubujamo futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuzingela nokubona izitha. Lawa mehlo ayaphawuleka ngokwakheka kwangaphakathi. Izinhlobo eziningi azinawo amehlo asemaceleni, futhi lapho zikhona, zimane nje ziyisisekelo. Isisu sithambile futhi siyanwebeka, esivumela isilwane ukuthi sidle ukudla okuningi. Umzimba wezinhlobo eziningi umbozwe ngama-bristles anobude obuhlukahlukene, amanye aze afike kuma-50 mm, afana nebhola lezinwele elicwebezelayo. Eziningi zalezi zinhlayiya ziyizinzwa ezithintekayo.
Uhlala kuphi isicabucabu se-phalanx?
Isithombe: Isicabucabu se-Phalanx eRussia
Lawa ma-arachnids athathwa njengezinkomba ezihlala njalo zama-biomes asogwadule futhi ahlala ezimweni ezomile kakhulu. Ukushisa kuzoba ngcono kubo. Izicabucabu ze-Phalanx zihlala ezindaweni ezikude lapho kuhlala khona izinto ezimbalwa kuphela eziphilayo. Ukuguquguquka kwazo maqondana nendawo yazo yokuhlala bekuyiyona nto eqhubayo ezimpilweni zazo ezigidini zeminyaka. Okumangaza kuphela ukuthi abahlali e-Australia nhlobo. Yize leli zwekazi liyindawo eshisa kakhulu, akukho zilwane ezitholakale lapho.
Ukuvumelana nezimo endaweni ehlala kuyo kuvumela isicabucabu i-phalanx ukuba sihlale emadlelweni nasezindaweni ezingamahlathi. Kepha nasezindaweni ezinjalo, bazobheka izindawo ezifudumele kakhulu zokuhlala. Ensimini yaseRussia, batholakala eNhlonhlweni YaseCrimea, esifundeni saseLower Volga (Volgograd, Astrakhan, Saratov, eKalmykia), naseTranscaucasia naseNyakatho Caucasus, eKazakhstan, eKyrgyzstan (esifundeni sase-Osh), eTajikistan, njll. ISpain, iPortugal, iGrisi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunemindeni eyi-12, izinhlobo eziyi-140 nezinhlobo eziyi-1,075 ze-solpuga emhlabeni. Futhi eningizimu ye-Afrika, kubhalwa imindeni eyisithupha, izinhlobo ezingama-30 nezinhlobo ezingama-241. Ngakho-ke, ama-22% esitokwe somhlaba sazo zonke izinhlobo ze-phalanx spider sitholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwekazi lase-Afrika. INyakatho Kapa (izinhlobo ezingama-81) neNamibia zinesibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke. Umfula i-Orange awukuvimbeli ukusatshalaliswa kwawo.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 zeSolifugae eNew World. Imindeni emibili kuphela (i-Eremobatidae ne-Ammotrechidae) etholakala eNyakatho Melika. Okungenani izinhlobo ezintathu zezilwane zithuthelekela eningizimu yeCanada ngezikhathi ezithile. Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu bezinhlobonhlobo zesicabucabu se-phalanx yi-Middle East.
Manje uyazi lapho isicabucabu se-phalanx sitholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini esidliwa yisicabucabu se-phalanx?
Isithombe: Isicabucabu esinobuthi phalanx
Isinambuzane asikaze siphuthelwe ithuba lokudla, noma ngabe i-arachnid ayilambile. Isilwane siqoqa amafutha omzimba ukuze siphile ezikhathini lapho ukudla kuba yindlala. Izicabucabu ze-Phalanx zidla zombili izinambuzane eziphilayo kanye nalezo ezitholakale zifile. Bangadla izinyoka, izibankwa, amagundane, amabhungane, nomuhlwa. Noma kunjalo, lokho abakudlayo ngokuvamile kuya ngendawo nesikhathi sonyaka. Kubonakala sengathi abanankinga ngokudla okuncane kunosayizi wabo. AmaSalpugs ngokuyinhloko ayazingela ebusuku.
Zonke izinhlobo zesicabucabu se-phalanx zidla kakhulu noma zimnandi. Bangabazingeli abanolaka futhi abadla ngokukhohlakele konke okuhambayo. Isisulu siyatholakala futhi sibanjwe ngemilenze yonyawo, bese siyabulawa bese sinqunywa yizicucu. Lapho-ke isisulu siyancishwa, futhi uketshezi lungena emlonyeni. Yize bengavamisile ukuhlasela abantu, i-chelicerae yabo ingangena esikhunjeni somuntu futhi ibangele ukulunywa okubuhlungu.
Ukudla kwesicabucabu se-phalanx kuqukethe:
- umuhlwa;
- IZhukov;
- izicabucabu;
- ofezela;
- ama-arthropods amancane asemhlabeni;
- inyoka;
- amagundane;
- izinambuzane ezihlukahlukene;
- ezihuquzelayo ezincane;
- izinyoni ezifile.
Izicabucabu ze-Phalanx zingadla ezinye izilwane ezifana namalulwane, izinzwane kanye nezinambuzane. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyizilwane ezidliwayo kuphela. Abanye abantu bahlala emthunzini bese beqamekela izisulu zabo. Abanye bayayibamba inyamazane bayidle isaphila, badwengula ngamandla inyama ngokunyakaza okubukhali kwemihlathi yabo enamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuzimuzimu buphawulwa ku-phalanx spider, bahlala behlasela izihlobo zabo kanye nokunqoba okuqine kakhulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isicabucabu se-Phalanx e-Astrakhan
Izicabucabu ze-Phalanx zivame ukuba sebusuku, kepha kunezinhlobo zezinkukhu ezijwayele ukukhanya ngombala ezinemivimbo ekhanyayo nemnyama kubude bazo bonke, kuyilapho izinhlobo zasebusuku zimnyama futhi zivame ukuba nkulu kunezikhathi zasemini. Ukubona i-phalanx, ijubane labo elihlanyayo liyabonakala ngokushesha. Ngenxa yakhe, bathola igama elithi "ufezela-umoya". Bahamba ezindaweni ezimbi noma esihlabathini esithambile, okwenza ezinye izilwane eziningi zibambeke noma zehle ijubane. I-Phalanx nayo iyabagibeli abahle ngokumangazayo.
Izicabucabu zamakamela zijwayezwe kahle ezindaweni ezomile. Zimboziwe ngezinwele ezinhle, zihlukanisiwe nokushisa kwasogwadule. Ama-bristles amancane, amade asebenza njengezinzwa ukusiza ukuthola isisulu lapho sithintwa. Ngenxa yama-receptors akhethekile, bafuna ulwazi mayelana ne-substrate lapho isilwane sidlula khona futhi sikwazi nokuthola inyamazane engaphansi komhlaba ekujuleni okungajulile. Lolu uhlobo lwesicabucabu okunzima ukuzibona. Abagcini ngokufihla okuhle kuphela, kodwa futhi bayathanda ukucasha. Zitholakala kunoma iyiphi indawo emnyama noma ngaphansi kwezinqwaba zamabhodi noma zamatshe.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Isicabucabu se-phalanx singesinye esisheshayo. Ingahamba ngesivinini esingu-16.5 km ngehora. Kepha, imvamisa, uhamba kancane kakhulu, uma engekho engozini, futhi akudingeki asheshe ashiye indawo eyingozi.
Kunzima ukuqeda iSalpugi ngenxa yezindawo eziningi zokucasha abazithola endlini. Eminye imindeni kuye kwadingeka ishiye amakhaya ayo ngemuva kokuthi yonke imizamo yokuqeda ngempumelelo lezi zigcawu zamakamela ihlulekile. Ezinye izinhlobo zingenza umsindo wokuhayiza lapho zibona ukuthi zisengozini. Lesi yisexwayiso sokuthi sikwazi ukuphuma esimeni esinzima.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isicabucabu sikaPhalanx eKazakhstan
Ngokunaka ulaka lwabo olujwayelekile, umbuzo uvela ukuthi izicabucabu ze-phalanx zikhiqiza kanjani ngaphandle kokubulalana. Ngempela, "isigaba se-dash" ngesikhathi sokuqomisana singaphanjaniswa nomzamo wokudla abantu. Owesifazane angadudula ofake isicelo abaleke abaleke noma athathe isikhundla sokuzithoba. Owesilisa uyibamba maphakathi nomzimba bese emhlikihla ngemihlathi, abuye amphulule nge-pedipalps nangemilenze yokuqala.
Angamqukula futhi amthwale ibangana, noma aqhubeke nokuqoma lapho uqala ukuxhumana naye. Ekugcineni, ukhipha ithonsi lesidoda lapho evula khona isitho sangasese, asicindezele emihlathini yakhe, bese esebenzisa i-chelicera yakhe ukuphoqa isidoda ukuba sivuleke esithweni sangasese sowesifazane. Amasiko wokukhwelana ayahlukahluka phakathi kwemindeni futhi angabandakanya ukudluliswa kwesidoda okuqondile noma okungaqondile.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izicabucabu ze-Phalanx ziphila ngokushesha futhi zife zincane. Isikhathi sabo sempilo esimaphakathi cishe isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.
Bese insikazi imbe umgodi ibeke amaqanda, bese iwashiya emgodini. Izinkatho zingaba amaqanda angama-20 kuye kwangama-264. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyazigada zize zichamusele. Amaqanda achamisela cishe ezinsukwini eziyishumi nanye ngemuva kokubekwa. Inzalo idlula eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele ebudaleni. Ubudala besikhashana yisikhathi esiphakathi kwama-molts. Njengawo wonke ama-arthropods, izicabucabu ze-phalanx kufanele zichithe ngezikhathi ezithile izizinda zazo ukuze zikhule.
Izitha zemvelo zesicabucabu phalanx
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isicabucabu se-phalanx
Ngenkathi izicabucabu ze-phalanx zivame ukubhekwa njengezilwane ezidlayo, zingaba futhi ukwengeza okubalulekile ekudleni kwezilwane eziningi ezitholakala ezindaweni ezomile nezomile. Izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo nama-arachnids ziphakathi kwezilwane ezibhaliswe njengezidla inyama ze-solpugi. Ama-phalanges nawo abonwe ukuthi adla omunye komunye.
Izikhova mhlawumbe yizinyoni ezivame kakhulu ezizingelayo ezizingela izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-phalanx. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanqe Omhlaba Omusha nama-Old World lark kanye nezinqola ziye zabonwa ukuze zidle la ma-arachnids. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsalela ze-chelicera zitholakale nakuthosi we-bustard.
Izilwane ezincelisayo eziningana zihlanganisa ama-phalanges ekudleni kwawo:
- impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu (O. megalotis);
- ufuzo oluvamile (G. genetta);
- Impungushe yaseNingizimu Afrika (V. chama);
- I-civet yase-Afrika (C. civetta);
- impungushe enomhlane omnyama (C. mesomelas).
I-Phalanges itholakale iyisisulu sesine esivame kakhulu se-gecko enemishwe yaseTexas (Coleonyx brevis), ngemuva komuhlwa, ama-cicadas nezicabucabu. Abanye abacwaningi bathi izilwane ezihuquzelayo zase-Afrika ziyazondla, kepha lokhu akukakaqinisekiswa.
Izilwane ezidla i-arthropod ku-phalanx spider akulula ukuzibala. Amacala amabili ama-arachnids (Araneae) aqoshwa eNamibia. Cishe zonke izinganekwane zezimpi ezishubile phakathi kwezicabucabu ze-phalanx nawofezela ziyinganekwane. Le milayezo ixhunywe nomthelela womuntu ekuphikiseni kwalezi zilwane, zihlelwe ezimeni ezikhethekile. Ezimweni zemvelo, izinga lokuhlukumezeka kwabo komunye nomunye alicaci.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Spider phalanx eCrimea
Ukuphila kwasogwadule kwesicabucabu se-phalanx akusivumeli ukuthi simise ngokunembile ukwanda kwabantu bezinhlobo zaso. ISolifugae sekuyiyona ndaba yezinganekwane eziningi kanye nehaba ngobukhulu bazo, ijubane, indlela abaziphatha ngayo, ukuthanda kwabo ukudla nokubulala ukuluma. Amalungu alesi sikwati awanabo ubuthi futhi awaluki iwebhu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kukholakala ukuthi isicabucabu se-phalanx sidla inyama yomuntu ophilayo. Indaba eyinsumansumane ithi lesi sidalwa sijova umuthi othile wokubulala izinzwa esikhunjeni esivulekile sesisulu esilele, bese sifunza inyama yaso ngobugovu, okuholela ekutheni isisulu sivuke ngenxeba elixegayo.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zigcawu azikhiqizi ukubulala izinzwa okunjalo, futhi njengezidalwa eziningi ezinesifiso sokuphila, azihlaseli inyamazane enkulu kunazo, ngaphandle kwezimo zokuvikela noma zokuvikela inzalo. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwabo okuyindida nokuthi benza umsindo ohayizayo lapho bezizwa besongelwa, abantu abaningi bayabesaba. Kodwa-ke, usongo olukhulu abalubeka kubantu ukuziluma kwabo ekuzivikeleni.
Isicabucabu phalanx ihola impilo yempambano ngakho-ke ayinconywa njengesilwane esifuywayo. Indlela yokuphila yokuzulazula kwesinye isikhathi iletha isicabucabu i-phalanx ezindlini nakwezinye izindawo zokuhlala. Asikho isizathu se-alamu, ngakho-ke i-arachnid ingafakwa esitsheni bese ikhishelwa ngaphandle. Akukho nokufa okukodwa okurekhodwe ngqo okubangelwe ukulunywa, kepha ngenxa yemisipha eqinile ye-chelicera yabo, bangenza isilonda esikhulu, esine-lacerated lapho isifo singakhula khona. Uhlobo olulodwa kuphela, iRhagodes nigrocinctus, olunobuthi, kepha ukulunywa kwalo akulimazi kubantu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12.12.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/13/2019 ngo-14: 16
