Ixoxo lengilazi (i-Centrolenidae) lihlukaniswa ngososayensi bezinto eziphilayo njenge-amphibian engenamsila (Anura). Bahlala ezifundeni ezishisayo eziseNingizimu Melika. Isici sabo ukucaca ngokuphelele kwamagobolondo. Yingakho ixoxo lengilazi lalinaleli gama.
Incazelo nezici
Abamele abaningi balesi silwane banohlaza okukhanyayo ngombala ngamabhuleki amancane anemibala ehlukahlukene. Ixoxo lengilazi angadluli ku-3 cm ubude, noma kunezinhlobo ezithi ukuba zikhulu ngosayizi.
Eziningi zazo, isisu kuphela esisobala, lapho, uma kufiswa, zonke izitho zangaphakathi zingabukwa, kufaka phakathi amaqanda kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamaxoxo engilazi, ngisho namathambo nezicubu zemisipha kuyabonakala. Cishe akekho noyedwa wabamele umhlaba wezilwane ongaqhosha ngaleyo ndawo yesikhumba.
Noma kunjalo, lesi akusona ukuphela kwesici sala maxoxo. Amehlo nawo awenza ahluke. Ngokungafani nezihlobo zaso eziseduze kakhulu (amaxoxo ezihlahla), amehlo amasele engilazi akhanya ngokungajwayelekile futhi aqondiswe ngqo phambili, kanti amehlo amaxoxo ezihlahla asemaceleni omzimba.
Lokhu kuwuphawu lomndeni wabo. Abafundi bavundlile. Emini, zisesimweni semifantu emincane, kuthi ebusuku, abafundi bakhule ngokuphawulekayo, bacishe babe yindilinga.
Umzimba wexoxo uyisicaba, futhi ubanzi, njengenhloko. Izitho zihlangene, zizacile. Kunezinkomishi ezithile zokudonsa emilenzeni, ngosizo lwazo amasele abamba kalula emahlamvu. Futhi, amaxoxo asobala anokufihla okuhle kakhulu ne-thermoregulation.
Izinhlobo
Izinhlobo zokuqala zala ma-amphibian zatholakala emuva ngekhulu le-19. Ukwahlukaniswa kweCentrolenidae kushintsha njalo: manje lo mndeni wama-amphibians uqukethe imikhaya emibili kanye nesizukulwane esingaphezulu kweshumi samaxoxo engilazi. Zatholwa futhi zaqala zachazwa nguMarcos Espada, isazi sezilwane saseSpain. Kunabantu abathakazelisa kakhulu phakathi kwabo.
Isibonelo, iHyalinobatrachium (ixoxo elincane lengilazi) ifaka izinhlobo ezingama-32 ezinesisu esibonakala ngokuphelele namathambo amhlophe. Ukusobala kwabo kukuvumela ukuthi ubone kahle cishe zonke izitho zangaphakathi - isisu, isibindi, amathumbu, inhliziyo yomuntu ngamunye. Kwezinye izinhlobo, ingxenye yomgudu wokugaya imbozwe ngefilimu elula. Isibindi sabo siyindilinga, kuyilapho emaxoxo wesinye isigaba sinamaqabunga amathathu.
Kuhlobo lweCentrolene (geckos), okubandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-27, abantu abanamathambo aluhlaza okotshani. Ehlombe kukhona uhlobo lokuphuma okumise okwegwegwe, okusetshenziswa yiduna ngempumelelo lapho kukhwelwa, kulwelwa indawo. Kuzo zonke izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu, zithathwa njengezikhulu ngobukhulu.
Kubamele bamaxoxo eCochranella, amathambo nawo aluhlaza futhi yifilimu emhlophe e-peritoneum, emboza ingxenye yezitho zangaphakathi. Isibindi siyindilinga; izingwegwe zamahlombe azikho. Baqamba igama labo ngokuhlonipha udokotela wezilwane uDoris Cochran, owaqala wachaza lolu hlobo lwamaxoxo engilazi.
Phakathi kwabo, umbono othakazelisa kakhulu ingilazi yesele elinezinqa (Cochanella Euknemos). Igama lihunyushwe lisuselwa esiGrekini "ngemilenze enhle". Isici esihlukile yimiphetho enenyama ngaphambili, izitho ezingemuva nezandla.
Isakhiwo somzimba
Isakhiwo sexoxo lengilazi ifana kahle nendawo ahlala kuyo kanye nendlela yakhe yokuphila. Isikhumba sayo sinezindlala eziningi ezihlala zikhipha amafinyila. Ihlale ithambisa ama-casings futhi igcina umswakama ezindaweni zazo.
Ubuye avikele isilwane kuma-microorganisms we-pathogenic. Futhi, isikhumba sibamba iqhaza ekushintshaneni kwegesi. Njengoba amanzi engena emzimbeni wabo ngesikhumba, indawo enkulu yokuhlala inomswakama, izindawo ezimanzi. Lapha, esikhumbeni, kunezinhlungu nezinzwa zokushisa.
Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa ukwakheka komzimba wexoxo indawo eseduze yamakhala nameso engxenyeni engenhla yekhanda. I-amphibian can, ngenkathi ibhukuda emanzini, igcina ikhanda nomzimba ngaphezu kobuso bayo, iphefumule futhi ibone indawo ezungezile.
Umbala wexoxo lengilazi uncike kakhulu endaweni ehlala kuyo. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukushintsha umbala wesikhumba kuye ngezimo zemvelo. Kulokhu, banamaseli akhethekile.
Izitho zangemuva zale amphibiya zide ngosayizi kunalezo zangaphambili. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngaphambili kufakwa ukusekelwa nokwehla, futhi ngosizo lwangemuva bahamba kahle emanzini nasogwini.
Amaxoxo avela kulo mndeni awanazo izimbambo, kanti umgogodla uhlukaniswe waba izingxenye ezine: umlomo wesibeletho, i-sacral, i-caudal, i-trunk. Ugebhezi lwexoxo elisobala lunanyathiselwe emgogodleni nge-vertebra eyodwa. Lokhu kuvumela isele ukuba lihambise ikhanda lalo. Izitho zixhunywe emgogodleni ngamabhande angaphambili nangemuva ezithweni. Kubandakanya izindwani zamahlombe, i-sternum, amathambo okhalo.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa lwamaxoxo luyinkimbinkimbi kancane kunenhlanzi. Siqukethe umgogodla nobuchopho. I-cerebellum incane ngoba lawa ma-amphibiya ahola impilo yokuhlala futhi ukunyakaza kwabo kuyisidina.
Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla lunezici ezithile. Sisebenzisa ulimi olude, olunamathelayo emlonyeni waso, lelixoxo libamba izinambuzane futhi lizibambe ngamazinyo alo atholakala emhlathini ongenhla kuphela. Ngemuva kwalokho ukudla kungena emphinjeni, esiswini, ukuze kuqhutshekwe nakho, ngemuva kwalokho kudlulele emathunjini.
Inhliziyo yalezi zasemanzini inamakamelo amathathu, iqukethe ama-atria amabili kanye ne-ventricle, lapho kuxutshwa khona igazi le-arterial and venous. Kunemijikelezo emibili yokujikeleza kwegazi. Uhlelo lokuphefumula lwamaxoxo lumelwa ngamakhala, amaphaphu, kepha isikhumba sezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini naso siyabandakanyeka enqubeni yokuphefumula.
Inqubo yokuphefumula imi ngale ndlela elandelayo: amakhala exoxo avulekile, ngasikhathi sinye phansi kwe-oropharynx yayo kuwela nomoya ungene kuwo. Lapho kuvaleke amakhala, ngezansi kuphakama kancane bese kungena umoya emaphashini. Ngesikhathi sokuphumula kwe-peritoneum, kukhishwa umoya.
Uhlelo lokukhishwa kwemithi lumelwe yizinso, lapho igazi lihlungwa khona. Izinto ezizuzisayo zifakwa kuma-tubules wezinso. Bese kuthi umchamo udlule phakathi kwe-ureters bese ungena esinyeni.
Amaxoxo engilazi, njengawo wonke ama-amphibian, anokuhamba kancane komzimba. Ukushisa komzimba wexoxo kuxhomeke ngqo emazingeni okushisa asezingeni elifanele. Lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo, ziba nje, zifuna izindawo ezifihlekile, ezifudumele, bese zilala ubusuku bonke.
Izinzwa zibucayi impela, ngoba amaxoxo ayakwazi ukuhlala emhlabeni nasemanzini. Aklanywe ngendlela yokuthi izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile zokuphila. Izitho ezisemugqeni wekhanda ohlangothini zizisiza ukuba zihambe kalula esikhaleni. Ngokubukeka, zifana nemivimbo emibili.
Umbono wexoxo lengilazi likuvumela ukuthi ubone izinto zihamba kahle, kepha aziziboni kahle izinto ezimile. Umuzwa wephunga, omelwe ngamakhala, uvumela isele likwazi ukuzijwayeza kahle ngephunga.
Izitho zokuzwa ziqukethe indlebe yangaphakathi naphakathi. Maphakathi luhlobo lomgodi, kolunye uhlangothi lunokuphuma ku-oropharynx, kanti olunye luqondiswe eduze kwekhanda. Kukhona ne-eardrum, exhunywe endlebeni yangaphakathi nge-stapes. Kungenxa yayo lapho imisindo idluliselwa endlebeni engaphakathi.
Indlela Yokuphila
Amaxoxo engilazi ikakhulukazi asebusuku, kuthi emini aphumule eduze kwechibi lotshani obumanzi. Bazingela izinambuzane emini, emhlabathini. Lapho, emhlabathini, amasele akhetha umlingani, umlingani futhi abeke amahlamvu notshani.
Kodwa-ke, inzalo yabo - onoshobishobi, bakhula emanzini kuphela futhi kuphela ngemuva kokuphenduka iselesele nabo baye ezweni ukuze bathuthuke ngokuqhubekayo. Ukuziphatha kwabesilisa kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, okuthi, ngemuva kokuba owesifazane ezele amaqanda, ahlale esondele enzalweni futhi ayivikele ezinambuzaneni. Kodwa okwenziwa ngowesifazane ngemuva kokubeka akaziwa.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-Amphibian azizwa esesimweni esintofontofo osebeni lwemifula esheshayo, phakathi kwemifudlana, emahlathini aswakeme asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezinkangala. Ixoxo lengilazi lihlala emaqabungeni ezihlahla nezihlahlana, amadwala anamanzi nodoti wotshani. Kula maxoxo, into esemqoka ukuthi kukhona umswakama eduze.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Njengazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, amaxoxo engilazi awakhathali ekufuneni kwawo ukudla. Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane: omiyane, izimpukane, izimbungulu, amacimbi, amabhungane nezinye izinambuzane ezifanayo.
Futhi onoshobisho cishe bazo zonke izinhlobo zamaxoxo abanawo umlomo. Ukutholakala kwawo kwezakhamzimba kuphela isonto ngemuva kokuthi unoshobishobi eshiye iqanda. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuguqulwa komlomo kuqala, futhi kulesi sigaba sokuthuthuka, onoshobishobi bangazondla ngokuzimela ngezinto ezineseli elilodwa ezitholakala emizimbeni yamanzi.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha
Abesilisa beselesele bengilazi badonsa ukunakwa kwabesifazane ngemisindo ehlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi semvula, ixoxo i-polyphony lizwakala emifuleni, imifudlana, osebeni lwamachibi. Ngemuva kokukhetha umlingani nokubeka amaqanda, owesilisa unomona kakhulu ngensimu yakhe. Lapho kuvela umuntu ongamazi, owesilisa uphendula ngolaka kakhulu, agijimele ukulwa.
Kunezithombe ezinhle lapho ingilazi yesele ifanekisiwe ivikela inzalo yayo, ihleli phezu kweqabunga eceleni kwamaqanda. Owesilisa uyinakekela ngokucophelela i-clutch, ayithambisa njalo ngokuqukethwe esinyeni sakhe, ngaleyo ndlela ayivikele ekushiseni. Lawo maqanda atheleleke ngamagciwane adliwa abesilisa, ngaleyo ndlela avikele ibamba ekuthelelekeni.
Amaxoxo engilazi abekela amaqanda ngqo ngaphezulu kwemizimba yamanzi, emaqabungeni nasotshanini. Lapho unoshobishobi uvela eqandeni, ushelela emanzini, lapho kwenzeka khona ukuqhubeka nokukhula. Kuphela ngemuva kokuvela kofeleba lapho owesilisa eyeka ukulawula inzalo.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sempilo yengilazi asikakafundwa ngokuphelele, kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi ezimweni zemvelo impilo yabo imfushane kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yesimo esingesihle semvelo: ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okungalawulwa, ukukhishwa okuvamile kwemfucuza ehlukahlukene yokukhiqiza emizimbeni yamanzi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi isilinganiso sobude bempilo yengxoxo yesele endaweni yayo yemvelo singaba seminyakeni engu-5-15.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-60 zamaxoxo engilazi emhlabeni.
- Phambilini, amaxoxo engilazi ayeyingxenye yomndeni weselesele.
- Ngemuva kokulala, insikazi iyanyamalala futhi ayinandaba nenzalo.
- Inqubo yokukhwelwa kwamaxoxo ibizwa nge-amplexus.
- Ummeleli omkhulu wexoxo lengilazi nguCentrolene Gekkoideum. Abantu bafinyelela kuma-75 mm.
- Ukuqanjwa kwezwi kwabesilisa kubonakala ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemisindo - amakhwela, ukukhala noma ama-trill.
- Impilo kanye nokuthuthuka kofeleba akufundwa.
- Amaxoxo engilazi ambozwa ngosawoti we-bile, atholakala emathanjeni futhi asetshenziswa njengamadayi athile.
- Amaxoxo alo mndeni anombono we-binocular, i.e. zikwazi ukubona ngokulingana ngamehlo womabili ngasikhathi sinye.
- Izwe lomlando lamaxoxo asobala lisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika.
Ixoxo lengilazi liyisidalwa esiyingqayizivele, esintekenteke esidalwe yimvelo, enezici eziningi zomgudu wokugaya ukudla, ukuzala kanye nendlela yokuphila jikelele.
