Bleak - inhlanzi encane enomzimba omuhle, ovulekile. Kuhlala amadamu amanzi angenasawoti e-Eurasia. Ngasentshonalanga, umngcele wendawo emnyama ufinyelela eFrance, enyakatho useduze ne-Arctic Circle, empumalanga ifinyelela eYakutia, eningizimu ifinyelela emazweni ase-Central Asia.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo kufaka phakathi okuluhlaza ngaphansi kwegama elithi Alburnus alburnus. Kunamagama amaningana ajwayelekile wale nhlanzi. Into esemqoka izwakala isikhulu esincane - okuvamile kufiphele. Bese kuba khona amagama athandwayo: i-bleak, i-sillyavka, i-sebelisoa, ngisho ne-herring.
Kukhona amagama afanayo amaningi angenakuphikwa. Isifunda ngasinye, umfula omkhulu unika igama lawo okuvamile. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunamagama aseRussia angaphezu kwama-20 kuphela.Ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo abazange bame eceleni - baklomelisa okungacacile ngama-systemic binomen angama-33 (amagama ngesiLatini kuhlukaniso lwezinto eziphilayo). Zonke ziyafana negama elithi Alburnus alburnus.
Incazelo nezici
Bleak — inhlanzi ngaphandle kwezici ezishiwoyo. Usayizi mncane ngisho nasezinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti. Ayidluli intende yesandla somuntu omdala. Emifuleni nasemachibini amakhulu, ubude obufiphele bungafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-30. Kepha lokhu kuyirekhodi elingajwayelekile.
Ikhanda lincane, lithatha u-15% wobude bomzimba wonke. Impumulo ikhonjisiwe, enemithambeka engenhla nengezansi elinganayo. Ekhanda kukhona: umlomo omncane, amehlo, ukuvuleka kwamakhala okungabonakali. Ikhanda ligcina kuma-gill slits.
Umlomo ongenalutho usendaweni ephakathi nendawo phakathi kowamanqamu nowaphezulu. Ingabhekwa njengokugcina, phezulu. Lokho wukuthi, ukufiphaza kusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuqoqa ukudla: kulanda ukudla ebusweni bamanzi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kulungele ukukha ukudla ngaphambi kwalo.
Umlomo omkhulu ujwayelekile ezinhlanzini okudla kwazo kufaka ukudla okungadingi ukusetshenziswa komzamo wokukugaya, futhi lokhu kudla kuyashoda njalo. Umlomo omncane ongenalutho, uthi uhlala ezindaweni lapho kunokudla okwanele kobulukhuni obumaphakathi.
Imihlathi ayilingani - engezansi yinde kunaleyo engenhla. Lapho umlomo uvaliwe, umhlathi ongezansi ungena enotsheni ebekwe ngaphezulu. Amazinyo wepharyngeal akhona emlonyeni wenhlanzi. Izingcezu eziyi-7 emigqeni emibili, phezulu nangaphansi. Abatholakali emihlathini, kodwa emakhothameni e-gill.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ku-pharynx, esigabeni sayo esingenhla, kukhona ukuphuma okuqinile kwezicubu ze-horny - itshe lokugaya. Igama layo lihambisana nenhloso yalo. Itshe lokusila, kanye namazinyo alo, kugaya ukudla okungena kupharynx. Amazinyo e-pharyngeal namatshe okugaya yizici ze-morphological ezinquma ukuthi yikuphi okungekho emndenini we-cyprinid.
Ngaphambi kwamehlo, ezinhlangothini zombili zekhanda eduze kwesibhakabhaka, kukhona ukuvuleka kwamakhala okuhlangene. Iglu yesithombeKubonakala sengathi ayinayo le mininingwane yokwakheka, kepha izinhlanzi ziyakwenza. Amakhala agcina enzwa (iqoqo lamaseli abucayi) asabela ekunukeni.
Amehlo ayindilinga, ane-iris yesiliva. Usayizi wabafundi mkhulu ngokwanele, okukhombisa umbono omuhle ngisho nasezimeni zokubonakala okulingene. Imininingwane ebonakalayo isiza kakhulu ekuqoqeni izinambuzane ebusweni bamanzi.
Ukuphela kwekhanda kumakwe ngama-gill slits, avikelwe yi-operculum. Umzimba uyacabalele, uvulekile. I-fin etholakala ngemuva idluliselwe kolunye uhlangothi lomzimba. Isiphetho se-caudal sinobungqingili, sinama-lobes ahlukaniswe kahle, alinganayo.
Umphetho we-anal noma we-caudal mude kunomphetho we-dorsal. Izitho zokubhukuda zesifuba nesisu zithuthuke kahle. Phakathi kwamaphiko we-caudal ne-pelvic kukhona i-keel - umhlana wesikhumba olengisiwe ongenazo izikali.
Amaphiko ezinhlamvu - izitho zokunyakaza, kusobala ukuthi agxile ekubhukudeni okunesivinini esikhulu nokuhamba kalula. Imisebe yabo iyanwebeka, ayiqinisi, ayigwegwelezi. Abakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wokuvikela, njengameva eruff noma enye indawo.
Isitho sezinhlanzi esimangalisa kakhulu ulayini ohlangothini. Kuma-bleach, imbozwe izikali ezingama-45-55 ezihlanganisa imisele emincane kakhulu. Baxhuma imvelo yangaphandle nomugqa wangempela we-lateral. Futhi, idlulisa ukudlidliza kwendawo enamanzi kumaseli e-receptor.
Kubo, ulwazi lungena ebuchosheni obumnyama, lapho kwakhiwa khona isithombe, esifana nesibonwayo. Ngokubona ukudonsa okungasho lutho kobukhulu bamanzi, izinhlanzi zingazizwa isilwane esihlasela ngaphandle kokuzibona.
Umbala wezinhlanzi ungabizwa ngokugqamile. Ukukhanya okuncane okwenziwa yizinhlanzi lapho kuhamba kuhamba kunencazelo ethile yokuvikela. Umhlambi wokukhazimula okukhazimulayo, okuhamba ngokushesha kungadida i-asp noma i-pike.
Izinhlangothi kuphela ezikhanya nge-metallic sheen. Ingemuva limnyama, linombala oluhlaza noma ompunga noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isisu simhlophe, kwesinye isikhathi sinombala ophuzi kancane. Amaphiko aguquguqukayo, lwesinaphi noma ompunga. Umbala we-blak ungahluka ngokuya ngokusobala kwedamu lapho behlala khona.
Isembozo sezinhlanzi esiliva sakhuthaza amaShayina. Bakha okwenziwe ngumama weparele ngezikali ezimbi. Waba umsunguli wamaparele okwenziwa. Abantu baseYurophu abasebenzayo bawuthatha lo mbono futhi baqala ukukhiqiza ubucwebe-mbumbulu. Kepha lokhu ngokushesha kwalahlekelwa ukuhlobana kwayo futhi kwafana nenganekwane.
Izinhlobo
Okuphaphatheka okuvamile kuyingxenye yomndeni we-carp, uhlobo lwayo luqanjwe ngegama elifiphele, ngesiLatin: Alburnus. Akuzona zonke izinhlobo ezavela ohlotsheni ngokushesha. Njengomphumela wezifundo ze-phylogynetic, izinhlobo eziningi ezivela kuhlobo lweChalcalburnus noma ishemaya zadluliselwa kuhlobo olumnyama.
Ngokombono wabadobi kanye nabahlali bendawo, i-shemai, noma, njengoba ibizwa kanjalo, i-shamayki, ihlale i-shamayk. Ngokombono wezazi zezinto eziphilayo, ziye zaba mnyama. Uhlobo lwe-Alburnus lwandiswe lwaba yizinhlobo ezingama-45 ngemuva kwalokhu kulungiswa.
Uhlobo oludume kakhulu luyisifo esivamile. Okushiwo kaningi: Caucasian, Danube, Italian, Black Sea, Azov, North Caucasia. Phakathi kwama-bleaks, kunezindawo eziningi ezihlala kuphela ezihlala esitsheni esithile noma emzimbeni othize wamanzi.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Kunzima ukuthola umfula omkhulu, ichibi, elizokweqiwa ngumuntu ojwayelekile kufiphele. Lapho kutholakala khona le herring yesiliva ihlale ikhona nezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwemizimba ebalulekile yamanzi, okuluhlaza kungavela emadanyini nasemiseleni yasemadolobheni, imifudlana emincane nasemachibini okwenziwa.
Ama-rapids e-Stony awahambisani nokumnyama. Kukhethwa amanzi azolile wokujula okuphakathi. Esikhathini samanje esizolile, okuluhlaza kuhlanganiswe ngamabhuloho, amapayipi kanye nezinqwaba zomuntu ngamunye. Ubhukuda aye ezindaweni zokugeza nezindawo zokuphumula: akesabi ngomsindo womuntu.
UBleak uhlala kakhulu ehlala phansi. Kwenza ukufuduka okuphoqelelwe okuhambisana nokonakala kwekhwalithi yamanzi noma ukwehla kokutholakala kokudla. Ukwanda kwamanzi olwandle emifuleni yamafula kungadala ukufiphala kukhuphuke ngomfula.
Lapho kuqala ubusika, izikole zezinhlanzi zifuna izindawo ezijulile ezibavumela ukuba babekezelele isithwathwa. Njengoba sebebuthene emigodini yasebusika, okufiphele kuvele kuphele amandla. Bleak ukudoba ngalesi sikhathi akusebenzi. Thaw, ukufudumeza amanzi kubuyisela izinhlanzi ekuphileni.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukwamukelwa ngomunye wemvelo ngesinye sezizathu zokwanda okuphezulu kwalezi zinhlobo. Esikhathini esiningi okuluhlaza kuhileleke ekuqoqeni ukudla ebusweni bamanzi. Lezi kungaba izinambuzane ezihamba ngaphezulu kwamanzi noma ngengozi ziwele kuwo.
Idili lokudla lokumnyama, njengalezo zezinye izinhlanzi, liza ngesikhathi sokuqhamuka kwenqwaba yezinsana. Ngaphezu kwamabhu ngokwawo, okuluhlaza kudla izibungu zawo. Ukuqondiswa kokudla okuntanta phezulu akuyona ngokuphelele. Izitika ziqoqa ukudla ezitshalweni zasemanzini nasemhlabathini.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izikole zezinhlanzi zesiliva zihlasela ngenkuthalo amaqanda ezinye izakhamuzi zasemanzini. Ukuba kuyo yonke indawo nenani elikhulu lesibhakabhaka kusongela inzalo yezinye izinhlanzi. I-Caviar, izibungu, gazinga ziyadliwa. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, yena ubanjwe kahle induku yokudoba imnyama.
Ukopha ngokuvamile kusebenza njengesisulu kunesilwane esidla inyama. Kunoma yimuphi umzimba wamanzi kunabantu abaningi abafuna ukubamba le nhlanzi. I-pike, i-perch noma i-asp ihlaselwa njalo imihlambi emnyama. Izinombolo ezinkulu nokuhamba okuphezulu kungenye yezindlela zokusinda zezinhlanzi ezincane zokufunda.
Ubukhazikhazi bezinhlanzi eziningi budida izidalwa zasemanzini, kepha kuheha ezomoya. Noma iyiphi inyoni ekwaziyo ukuhlwitha inhlanzi phezulu izingela okuluhlaza. Ama-seagull, ama-tern, namanye amadada ayaphumelela kuleli bhizinisi. Emanzini angajulile, izindwandwe zibanjwa njalo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Lapho eneminyaka emibili, umuntu uba mfiliba lapho eba mnyama. Ukulungele ukuqhubeka nomjaho. Ukuzalela kuqala ngoMeyi, kuze kube ngoJuni noma ngoJulayi. I-Bleak izala ngezindlela eziningana. Okokuqala, amaqanda abekwa ngabantu abadala, asebekhulile. Bese kufika isikhathi senhlanzi eneminyaka emibili noma emithathu ubudala.
Ngokuzala, izindawo ezingajulile, kwesinye isikhathi ezikhulisiwe, kuyakhethwa izindawo. Ukuzalela kuyashesha impela. Okokuqala, izikole zezinhlanzi zihamba ngezindawo ezikhethiwe. Ngemuva kwalokho, kushukumisa ukukhishwa kwamaqanda, ukunyakaza kuyashesha, inhlanzi iqala "ukugcoba". Amahlanga afakwe emhlambini aziphatha ngodlame lapho kukhishwa amaqanda nobisi, agxume aphume emanzini.
Izindlela zokusabalalisa ziyaphindwa ngemuva kwamasonto amabili. Uquqaba olunamathelayo lwamaqanda avundisiwe luhlala otshanini, izinkuni ezikhukhulayo, amatshe bese unamathela kuwo. Ukuzalela izingxenye ezithile kwandisa amathuba okuba nenzalo.
Izibungu zivuthwa ngokushesha. Ukufukamela kuyaphela lingakapheli isonto. Ngokuya ngezinga lokushisa kwamanzi, inqubo yokwakheka kokufiphala kwesibungu ingahamba ngokushesha okukhulu noma kancane. Abantu abachanyuselwe abedluli ku-4 mm ubude. Ungashiyi izindawo ezingashoni, ezigcwele kakhulu.
Amafry akhula ngokushesha futhi ekwindla afinyelela kubude obungu-3-5 cm.Okungukuthi, aba yimifantu egcwele engaphila iminyaka eyi-6-7. Kepha zimbalwa izinhlanzi ezikwazi ukufinyelela kule minyaka. Iminyaka emihlanu efiphele isivele iyindlala. Lo mhlali osilika emifuleni nasemachibini unezitha eziningi kakhulu.
Intengo
I-Bleak yinhlanzi engeyona inzuzo yezentengiselwano, noma kunjalo, ibanjwa ngamanani alinganiselwe futhi inikelwe kumthengi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wenza izindima ezahlukahlukene.
Ukwakha ichibi eliqinile, elingaba nomdlandla kubadobi, akwanele ukwenza ngcono, ngokwesibonelo, ichibi. Kudinga ukugcinwa. Benza lo msebenzi, odokotela be-ichthyologists badedela izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlanzi echibini, idamu lokuzenzela. Ibhalansi yezinto eziphilayo izogcinwa uma ukufiphala okuvamile kuphakathi kwabo.
Ngezinhloso zesitoko, okuluhlaza kuthengiswa bukhoma. Izindleko zezinhlanzi zincike kumthamo wokuthengisa futhi zisebangeni lama-ruble angama-500-750 ngekg. Sikhishwa echibini, ichibi elifiphele liyakhula futhi landa ngokushesha. Ukuyilandela, kuzokwanda inani lezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye.
Kepha okumnyama kuthandwa hhayi kuphela nge-pike kanye ne-pike perch, abantu bayakujabulela ukuyisebenzisa. Abadobi abakhulu nabaphakathi nendawo abaphazanyiswa yinto engabalulekile kangako. Amapulazi amancane abamba ukufiphala.
Indlela ejwayelekile yokuhlinzeka okuluhlaza ekuhwebeni isesimweni esomile. Le nhlanzi encane eyomile ibiza cishe ama-ruble angama-500. ngekhilogremu ngayinye. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungayithenga esitolo sezinhlanzi esiseduzane. Kepha kwi-Intanethi, le nhlanzi ihlala inikelwa.
Ukubamba kufiphele
Ukuhweba ngenhloso yokuhweba kwenziwa ngamanani alinganiselwe ngokweqile. Abadobi abakhulu bale nhlanzi abadobi abayizimfundamakhwela. Kwesinye isikhathi babhekana nomsebenzi wokungabambeki okufiphele, kepha, kunalokho, ukususa ukunakwa kwawo.
Ukuqeda okucasulayo, kusetshenziswa amasu alula. Phonsa imvuthu kude neflothi yabo. Umhlambi we-bleaks, uzwa i-splash, uya ku-groundbait. Abadobi, ngenxa yesibindi esibi, basebenzisa isicupho esikhudlwana nogwegwe.
Lokho wukuthi, ukuze ukufiphaza kungaphazamisi ezinhlosweni ezibekiwe, kudinga ukunikezwa okuthile okudliwayo kude nendawo yokudoba. Sebenzisa ukubamba nokudoba ngentshisekelo encane kule nhlanzi. Khetha ngokucophelela indawo kanye nendawo yokudoba.
Kodwa inhlanzi emnyama ayinamafutha, iyamnandi. Abantu abaningi bayakwazisa futhi bakubambe ngenjabulo. Ukubamba kufiphele ibhizinisi lokugembula nelinenzuzo. Ukubhekana nobusika nehlobo ukubamba okuluhlaza kulula - imvamisa kuyinduku yokudoba. Ebusika, i-jig ingezwa ekubhekaneni. Ehlobo, induku yokudoba engathululwanga ingasetshenziselwa ukudoba izimpukane ukuze kube mnyama.
Amabhola enhlama, ama-bloodworms, amaqanda ezintuthwane nezilwane ezifanayo noma ukulingiswa kwazo kusetshenziswa njengemibhobho. Kwesinye isikhathi abadobi bondla kamnyama. Ukuze wenze lokhu, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-turbidity kuyasetshenziswa. Ukuyidala, kusetshenziswa ubisi, ufulawa, imvuthu yokudla exutshwe nobumba, kanye "nama-cocktails" afanayo.
Amanye ama-anglers aqhubekayo athi lokho lolo olumnyama ngaphandle kwephunga elidingekayo akuyona indlela yesimanje yokudoba. Ukunambitheka kwasekhaya okufana namaconsi e-anise kanye no-oyela we-sunflower kusasebenza, kepha abathengisi banikela ngezinto eziningi ezinamakha ahlukile.
Babamba kufiphele, ikakhulu ngentonga yokudoba. Kwesinye isikhathi kusetshenziswa okubizwa nge- "muzzle". Lezi yizigaxa ezimbili eziboshwe. Omunye ufakwa kokunye. Phambilini, izigaxa zazilukiwe ngezinduku zazo, manje - ngentambo yazo yenayiloni. Kukhona ukubhekana okulula - inetha lokufika.
Ukudoba ibleak akukhawulelwe ngokomthetho ngesikhathi. I.e mfiliba entwasahlobo ingabanjwa ngokukhululeka lapho kusebenza izithibelo zokudala. IBleak inenye ikhwalithi esetshenziswa ama-anglers - kuyisithiyelo esihle kakhulu sokubamba izinhlanzi ezidla amanzi angenasawoti, imvamisa i-zander ne-asp.
Imvamisa kusetshenziswa ukufiphala okuphilayo. Kusetshenziswa izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko: ngemuva, ngemuva kwendebe nangezinyongo. Indlela engcono kakhulu umbhobho odlula emigodini. Ileash ibanjwe ngokucophelela ngaphansi kwe-operculum, idonswe ngomlomo bese kuboshwa ingwegwe ephindwe kabili.
Kule nguqulo, inhlanzi ayilimazanga, ingabhukuda isikhathi eside, isebenze njengesithiyelo. Lapho ufika ku-hook ngemuva noma emlonyeni, okuluhlaza kuziphatha njengenhlanzi elimele. Lokhu kungaba isisusa esingeziwe sepike noma i-walleye. Kepha okufiphele okulimele akuhlali isikhathi eside, kusheshe kulahlekelwe yikhwalithi, njengodobo.
