Moray - uhlobo lwezinhlanzi ezinkulu, ezidlayo ezinomzimba wenyoka. Ama-Moray eel yizakhamuzi zaphakade zaseMedithera; zitholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle ezifudumele, ikakhulukazi emanzini nasolwandle olunamadwala. Banolaka. Kukhona amacala aziwayo okuhlaselwa okungashukunyiswa yi-moray eels kwabatshuzi.
Incazelo nezici
Isimo somzimba, indlela yokubhukuda nokubukeka okusabisayo kuyizimpawu zezimbila zithutha. Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezinhlanzini ezijwayelekile yathuthukisa amaphiko - iqoqo lezitho zokuhamba. Ama-Moray eels athuthukiswe ngendlela ehlukile: bakhetha ukugoba komzimba okuvayizisa amaphiko.
Moray — inhlanzi hhayi okuncane. Ukunwetshwa komzimba we-moray eel kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kwenani lama-vertebrae, hhayi nokwandiswa kwe-vertebra ngayinye. Ama-vertebrae angeziwe ayengezwa phakathi kwezifunda zangaphambi kwe-caudal kanye ne-caudal yomgogodla.
Ubude obujwayelekile bomuntu ovuthiwe bungamamitha ayi-1, isisindo cishe siyi-20 kg. Kunezinhlobo ezincane ezingadluli ku-0.6 m ubude futhi zinesisindo esingeqile ku-10 kg. Kukhona izinhlanzi ezinkulu ikakhulukazi: imitha elilodwa nohhafu ubude, ezikhule zaba yisisindo esingu-50 kg.
Umzimba we-moray eel uqala ngekhanda elikhulu. Impumulo ende ihlukaniswe umlomo obanzi. Ama-canines acijile, athambile emgqeni owodwa onamachopho emihlathi engenhla nengezansi. Ukubamba, ukubamba, ukukhipha ucezu lwenyama kungumsebenzi wamazinyo e-moray eels.
Ngokwenza ngcono izinto zabo zokusebenza, ama-moray eels athola isici se-anatomical, ososayensi abasibiza nge- "pharyngognathia". Lona omunye umhlathi otholakala kupharynx. Lapho ubamba inyamazane, umhlathi womphimbo uya phambili.
Indebe ibanjwa ngamazinyo atholakala kuyo yonke imihlathi yenhlanzi. Ngemuva kwalokho i-pharyngeal umhlathi we-moray eel ihlangene nesisulu, iya endaweni yayo yoqobo. Isisulu sisekupharynx, siqala ukuhamba kwaso ngomphimbo. Ososayensi bahlobanisa ukuvela komhlathi wepharyngeal nomsebenzi ongakathuthukiswa wokugwinya kuma-moray eels.
Ngenhla komhlathi ongaphezulu, phambi kwempumulo, kunamehlo amancane. Bavumela izinhlanzi ukuthi zihlukanise ukukhanya, isithunzi, izinto ezihambayo, kepha azinikezi isithombe esicacile sendawo ezungezile. Lokho wukuthi, umbono udlala indima esekelayo.
UMoray eel ufunda ngokusondela kwesisulu ngephunga. Ukuvuleka kwamakhala ezinhlanzi kutholakala ngaphambi kwamehlo, cishe ekugcineni kwempumulo. Kunemigodi emine, emibili yayo ayibonakali neze, emibili imakwe ngesimo samashubhu. Ama-molecule ephunga afinyelela kumaseli we-receptor ngamakhala ngokusebenzisa imigudu yangaphakathi. Kubo, imininingwane iya ebuchosheni.
Ukunambitha amaseli we-receptor awatholakali emlonyeni kuphela, kepha ahlakazekile emzimbeni wonke. Mhlawumbe ukuzwa kokunambitha nomzimba wonke kusiza ama-moray eels ahlala emigodini, emifantwini, emigedeni engaphansi kwamanzi ukuze ezwe futhi aqonde ukuthi kwenzekani eduze kwakhe, nobani noma nalokho okusondelene naye.
Inhloko yomswakama ihamba kahle emzimbeni. Lolu shintsho alubonakali, kufaka phakathi ngenxa yokungabikho kwamakhava we-gill. Izinhlanzi ezijwayelekile, ukuhlinzeka ukugeleza phakathi kwezigilo, ukuthatha amanzi ngemilomo yazo, ukudedela ngezembozo zegill. Ama-Moray eels angena futhi aphume emanzini ampontshwe ngemilomo ngomlomo. Yingakho ihlala ivulekile kubo.
Ukuqala kwe-dorsal, i-dorsal fin iqondana nokuphela kwekhanda nokudlulela emzimbeni. Umphetho udlulela kuwo kanye umsila. Kwezinye izinhlobo, kuyabonakala futhi kunikeza inhlanzi ukufana neribhoni, kokunye kuboniswe ngobuthakathaka, ama-moray eel afana nezinyoka.
Isiphetho se-caudal yisandiso semvelo sokuphela komzimba. Awehlukanisiwe ne-dorsal fin futhi ayinayo i-lobes. Indima yayo ekuhleleni ukuhamba kwezinhlanzi inesizotha; ngakho-ke, i-fin incane kakhulu.
Izinhlanzi ezise-oda lama-eels azinazo amaphiko oketshezi, kanti izinhlobo eziningi futhi azinawo amaphiko we-pectoral. Ngenxa yalokhu, iqembu lama-eels, igama lesayensi i-Anguilliformes, lathola igama lesibili elithi Apode, elisho ukuthi "elingenamthetho".
Ezinhlanzi ezijwayelekile, lapho unyakaza, umzimba uyagoba, kepha kancane. Ijingi elinamandla kakhulu liwela ekugcineni komsila. Kuma-eel nama-moray eel, kufaka phakathi, umzimba ugoba ngobude bawo bonke nge-amplitude efanayo.
Ngenxa yokuhamba okunganyakazi, ama-moray eels ahamba emanzini. Ijubane elikhulu alikwazi ukufinyelelwa ngale ndlela, kepha amandla asetshenziswa kwezomnotho. UMoray ubheka ukufuna ukudla phakathi kwamatshe nama-coral. Endaweni enjalo, ukusebenza kwejubane akubalulekanga kangako.
Ukufana nenyoka kugcwaliswa ukungabikho kwesikali. Ama-moray eel ambozwe i-lubricant eshelelayo. Umbala uhluke kakhulu. Moray eel esithombeni kuvame ukuvela ngengubo yomkhosi, ezilwandle ezishisayo imibala ehlukahlukene enjalo ingasebenza njengokufihla.
Izinhlobo
Uhlobo lwe-moray eel luyingxenye yomndeni wakwaMuraenidae, okungukuthi, ama-moray eels. Iqukethe eminye imikhakha engu-15 nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-200 zezinhlanzi. Zingu-10 kuphela ezingabhekwa njengezinsalela zokuziphatha okubi kanjalo.
- UMuraena appendiculata - Uhlala emanzini asePacific asogwini lwaseChile.
- IMuraena argus yizinhlobo ezisakazekile. Kutholakala eduze naseGalapagos, ugu lwaseMexico, ePeru.
- UMuraena augusti - otholakala e-Atlantic Ocean, emanzini aseduze neNyakatho Afrika kanye nogu oluseningizimu yeYurophu. Ihluka ngombala oyingqayizivele: amachashazi wokukhanya angavamile kusizinda esimnyama-nsomi.
- IMuraena clepsydra - le ndawo ihlanganisa amanzi asogwini aseMexico, ePanama, eCosta Rica, eColombia.
- IMuraena helena - Ngaphezu koLwandle iMedithera, itholakala empumalanga ye-Atlantic. Eyaziwa ngamagama: iMedithera, i-European moray eels. Ngenxa yobubanzi bayo, yaziwa kakhulu ngabatshuzi be-scuba kanye nama-ichthyologists.
- IMuraena lentiginosa - ngaphezu kwengxenye yayo yomdabu, empumalanga yePacific Ocean, ibonakala ezindaweni zasemanzini, ngenxa yobude bayo obulinganiselayo nombala obabazekayo.
- Muraena melanotis - lokhu moray eel e-Atlantic eshisayo, ezingxenyeni ezisentshonalanga nasempumalanga yayo.
- UMuraena pavonina - owaziwa njenge-moray eel enamabala. Indawo ehlala kuyo ngamanzi afudumele ase-Atlantic.
- IMuraena retifera iyi-net moray eel. Kwakunalezi zinhlobo lapho kutholakala khona umhlathi wepharyngeal.
- UMuraena robusta - uhlala e-Atlantic, evame ukutholakala endaweni esempumalanga yenkabazwe yolwandle.
Lapho sichaza izinhlobo zama-moray eel, imvamisa sikhuluma nge-giant moray eel. Le nhlanzi ingekahlobo lweGymnothorax, igama lesistimu: Gymnothorax. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-120 kule nhlobo. Zonke zazo zifana kakhulu nezinhlanzi zohlobo lwe-moray eel, igama lesayensi lohlobo luthi Muraena. Akumangalisi ukuthi ama-moray eels ne-hymnothorax angabomndeni owodwa. Ama-hymnothorax amaningi anegama elithi "moray" egameni lawo elijwayelekile. Isibonelo: okuluhlaza okotshani, okwe-turkey, amanzi angenasawoti kanye nama-giant moray eels.
I-moray eel enkulu ithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nobubi bayo. Le nhlanzi inegama elikhombisa kahle uhlobo lohlobo - iJavanese Gymnothorax, ngesiLatini: Gymnothorax javanicus.
Ngaphezu kweGymnothorax, kukhona olunye uhlobo oluvame ukushiwo lapho kuchazwa ama-moray eels - lawa angama-megader. Ngaphandle, awehlukile kakhulu kuma-moray eel weqiniso. Isici esiyinhloko ngamazinyo anamandla lapho i-echidna moray igaya khona amagobolondo ama-mollusks, ukudla kwawo okuyinhloko. Igama elithi megadera linamagama afanayo: i-echidna ne-echidna moray eels. Uhlobo aluningi: izinhlobo eziyi-11 kuphela.
- U-Echidna amblyodon - uhlala esifundeni seziqhingi zase-Indonesia. Ngokwendawo ehlala kuyo, yathola igama elithi Sulawesian moray eel.
- Echidna catenata - chain moray eel. Itholakala emanzini asogwini, angaphakathi entshonalanga ye-Atlantic. Idume ngama-aquarists.
- I-Echidna delicatula. Elinye igama lale nhlanzi yi-echidna moray eel enomusa. Ihlala ezixhotsheni zamakhorali eduze kwaseSri Lanka, eSamoa, naseziqhingini eziseningizimu yeJapane.
- I-Echidna leucotaenia iyi-moray eel ebhekene nomhlophe. Uhlala emanzini angajulile e-Line Islands, eTuamotu, eJohnston.
- Echidna nebulosa. Ububanzi bayo yiMicronesia, ugu olusempumalanga ye-Afrika, iHawaii. Le nhlanzi ingabonakala ezindaweni zasemanzini. Amagama ajwayelekile yi-morw yeqhwa, inkanyezi noma inkanyezi yomsoco.
- I-Echidna nocturna - izinhlanzi zakhetha iGulf of California, amanzi asogwini lwasePeru, iGalapagos ukuba khona kwazo.
- I-Echidna peli - eyaziwa njenge-pebble moray eel. Uhlala empumalanga ye-Atlantic.
- I-Echidna polyzona - ingwe enemishwe noma ingwe, i-zebra eel. Wonke amagama amukelwa ngombala oyingqayizivele. Ububanzi bayo uLwandle Olubomvu, iziqhingi eziphakathi kweMpumalanga Afrika neGreat Barrier Reef, eHawaii.
- I-Echidna rhodochilus - Yaziwa njenge-eel pink-lipped moray eel. Uhlala eduze naseNdiya nasePhilippines.
- I-Echidna unicolor iyi-moray eel e-monochromatic, etholakala phakathi kwamakhorali asePacific.
- U-Echidna xanthospilos - ubazi kahle amanzi asogwini lweziqhingi zase-Indonesia nasePapua New Guinea.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Iningi lama-moray eel ahlala emanzini anosawoti. Ulwandle olwandle kuhola ubukhona obusondele ezansi. Emini, kusendaweni yokukhosela - indawo yamakhorali noma yamatshe, i-niche, umgodi. Umzimba wonke ufihliwe, ikhanda livezwa ngaphandle ngomlomo ovulekile.
UMoray eel unikina ikhanda njalo endizeni evundlile. Yile ndlela imisebenzi emibili efezwa ngayo: ukubuka konke kwezwe elizungezile kwenzeka futhi ukugeleza kwamanzi njalo ngomlomo kunikezwa. Ama-Moray eels aziwa ukuthi awanazo izembozo ze-gill. Amanzi eza ezinsikeni futhi akhishwe ngomlomo.
Ama-Moray eel izinhlanzi ezinamanzi angajulile. Ukujula okuphezulu lapho kutholakala khona le nhlanzi akweqi kumamitha angama-50. Ukungazimiseli ukujula kungenzeka kubangelwe uthando lwemfudumalo. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elithandwayo lingu-22 - 27 ° C. Iziqhingi, amadwala, izingqimba ezinamadwala angajulile olwandle olushisayo nolushisayo - isici se-moray eels.
Okuqukethwe kwama-moray eels ku-aquarium
Ama-aquarists okuqala ukugcina ama-moray eel kwakungamaRoma asendulo. Ezinqolobaneni zamatshe - ama-vivariums - bakhipha ama-moray eels. Sabondla. Sibe nethuba lokunambitha okusha inyama ebolile... Izazi-mlando azishiyi ngaphandle ukuthi izigqila ezenze lo msebenzi kabi noma ezazingahloniphi umnikazi zazinikezwa ama-moray eels ukuthi adliwe.
Ama-aquarists anamuhla agcina ama-moray eel kuphela ngezinhloso zokuhlobisa nezithombe. Ama-moray eel ahehwa, okokuqala, ngokubukeka okungajwayelekile nengozi, okuvame ukuqanjwa, okuvela kuma-moray eel. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-moray eel amelana nezifo, angadli ngokudla.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ze-aquarium yi-echidna star moray eel, igama lesayensi: i-Echidna nebulosa, ne-moray eel egolide-ngomsila, ngaphandle kwalokho i-eel enomsila wegolide noma iGymnothorax miliaris. Ezinye izinhlobo nazo ziyatholakala, kodwa inani lazo liphakeme ngenxa yokwanda kwazo okuphansi.
Amanye ama-moray eel abhekwa njengamanzi angenasawoti. Kepha lokhu kuchaza ukuguquguquka kwezinhlanzi emanzini anezinga elingafani likasawoti. Ama-Moray eels azizwa anethezeke kakhulu ezindaweni zasemanzini ezikhiqiza kabusha umoya wendawo yamakhorali.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Moray wokudlela isebenzisa kuphela iprotheni yokudla. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-moray eel zigxile ohlotsheni oluthile lokudla. Iningi lithanda impilo yasolwandle engaphansi kwegobolondo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- izinhlanzi ezigwinyiwe ngokuphelele;
- ama-octopus, ama-moray eel adliwa ngezingxenye, akhiphe izingcezu zenyama;
- i-cuttlefish, ama-moray eel abaphatha ngonya njengama-octopus.
Zimbalwa izinhlobo zama-moray eel ama-durophages, okungukuthi, izilwane ezondla ngezinto eziphilayo ezifakwe egobolondweni. Ama-moray eel anjalo ahlasela izinkalankala, izimfanzi nama-molluscs.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Cishe eminyakeni emithathu ubudala, ama-moray eel aqala ukunakekela inzalo yawo. Kukholakala ukuthi ama-moray eel anezitho zokuzala zabesilisa nabesifazane. Noma kunjalo, inqubo yokuzalanisa ibhangqiwe: ama-moray eel amabili ahlangana ndawonye. Izinhlanganisela ezinjalo zenzeka esiqongweni sehlobo, lapho amanzi efudumala ngangokunokwenzeka.
Elinye lama-moray eel likhiqiza i-caviar, elinye likhiqiza ubisi. Zombili izinto zikhishwa ngokukhululeka emanzini, zixutshwe kuwo, futhi iningi lamaqanda livundiswa. Okusho ukuthi, inqubo yokudala i-pelagic - kukholamu yamanzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqanda ashiywa yedwa. Ngemuva kwamaviki 1-2, izibungu ziyazalwa. Ngaphambi kokuthosa, i-moray eel encane, izibungu ziyakhukhula isikhathi eside ungqimba lwamanzi. Kulesi sigaba sempilo yabo, izibungu zondla i-detritus emiswe emanzini - izingxenye ezincane kakhulu zemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.
Njengoba zikhula, izibungu ziya e-plankton. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usayizi wokudla uyakhuphuka. Ama-moray eel amancane aqala ukufuna isiphephelo, athuthele endleleni yokuphila yenhlanzi edla inyama. UMoray eels uchitha iminyaka eyi-10 yempilo yakhe elinganiswa ngemvelo ekhaya labo, eyokuzingela nokuzala.
Inqubo yokuzalanisa ama-moray eels ayiqondakali kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola izibungu ze-moray endaweni yokufakelwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokokuqala ngqa e-aquarium kwenzeka ukuthola inzalo yama-moray eels ngo-2014. Lokhu kwenzeka e-Austria, eSchönbrunn Zoo. Lokhu kudale ukuzwa emhlabeni we-ichthyological.
Intengo
Ama-Moray eel angathengwa ngezinhloso ezimbili: njengokudla nanjengenhlanzi yokuhlobisa - ohlala e-aquarium. Ezitolo zezinhlanzi ezifuywayo, ama-moray eel awathengiswa amasha, noma afriziwe, futhi awabhenywa. EMedithera, emazweni aseNingizimu Asia, ama-moray eel atholakala kalula njengokudla.
Amateurs aseRussia kaningi awadli ama-moray eel, kepha uwagcine ezindaweni zasemanzini. Ezinye izinhlobo, isibonelo, i-Gymnothorax tile, ingahlala emanzini amasha isikhathi eside. Kungokwemvelo ukuthi ama-moray eel abekhona ku-aquarium yasolwandle.
Izinhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu yi-echidna star moray eel. Intengo yayo ingama-ruble angama-2300-2500. ikhophi ngalinye. Ngengwe echidna moray eel bacela ama-ruble angama-6500-7000. Kukhona nezinhlobo ezibiza kakhulu. Izindleko kufanelekile ukubona ucezu lolwandle olushisayo ekhaya.
Ngaphambi kokuxhumana nama-moray eels, umbuzo uvame ukuvela: I-moray eel inobuthi noma cha... Uma kukhulunywa ngokuluma, impendulo ithi cha. Lapho ulungiselela ukudla kwama-moray, kungcono ukwazi imvelaphi yawo.
Ama-moray amadala ahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo avame ukudla izinhlanzi ezinobuthi, aqoqe ubuthi bawo esibindini nakwezinye izitho zomzimba. Ngakho-ke, ama-moray eel aseMedithera angadliwa ngokuphepha, kungcono ukwenqaba izinhlanzi ezibanjwe eCaribbean.
