Izimpande zasendulo zesilwane esincelisayo, esaziwa ngombala onemigqa eyingqayizivele, silele esikhathini esidlule sase-Afrika. Umlando wegama uqobo lwedube, incazelo yegama ilahlekile ebunzimeni besikhathi.
Kepha ingubo ekhanyayo ye "ihhashi elinemigqa" ehlala ezwenikazi elikude yaziwa ngisho nasenganeni. Igama lesilwane idube ithole incazelo entsha ehlotshaniswa nokuguquguquka kwempilo.
Incazelo nezici
Isilwane sihlanganisa izici zembongolo nehhashi. Idube liyisilwane encane ngosayizi, ubude bomzimba bungaba ngu-2 m, isisindo esifinyelela ku-360 kg. Abesilisa bakhulu kunama-mares, ubude babo obukhulu ngu-1.6 m.
Ukwakhiwa okuqinile, izindlebe eziphakeme, nomsila omude ngokwedlulele kubonisa izici zembongolo ejwayelekile. Ku-zebra, umhlwenga wezinwele ezimfushane zesakhiwo esiqinile utholakala ume mpo. Ibhulashi loboya lihlobisa ikhanda, liluleke emuva ngomsila.
Imilenze iphansi, iminyene, iqiniswe ngezinselo eziqinile. Izilwane zigxuma ngokushesha, zifike kuma-75 km / h, yize ziphansi kunamahhashi ngejubane. Isu lokugijima ngokujika okubukhali, ukunyakaza kokubaleka kusiza ukugwema ukulandela. Amadube angaphezulu ekulweni nezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye ngenxa yamandla omzimba nokubekezela kwawo.
Zebra esithombeni ngamehlo okuveza, kepha umbono wakhe ubuthakathaka, yize isilwane, njengomuntu, sihlukanisa imibala. Umuzwa omuhle wokuhogela ukuvumela ukuthi uzulazule, ngenxa yalokho, izilwane zizwa ingozi ebangeni elifanele ukusuka kumzingeli.
Ngokumemeza ngokusongela kokuhlaselwa, amadube athunyelwayo azisa yonke imindeni. Imisindo eyenziwe yizilwane yehluke kakhulu - izwi ledube ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene lifana nokukhala kwamahhashi, ukukhonkotha kwezinja ezifuywayo, ukukhala kwembongolo.
Lalela izwi ledube
Idube liyisilwane esinemigqa iphethini ehlukile koboya yikhadi lokushaya lomuntu ngamunye. Imidwebo ngayinye yombala wesilwane ibonakala ngokushintshaniswa kwemivimbo, ehlukile ngobubanzi, ubude, isiqondiso. Ukuhlelwa okuqondile kwemigqa kujwayelekile ekhanda nasentanyeni, iphethini etshekile isemzimbeni, imivimbo evundlile isemilenzeni.
Umbala uhlotshaniswa nobubanzi bokuhlala bemindeni:
- abantu abanephethini elimnyama nelomhlophe bayizici zezindawo eziphansi ezisenyakatho ye-Afrika;
- amadube anemivimbo empunga emnyama-grey, nombala onsundu woboya - okwezingxenyana zaseningizimu ye-Afrika.
Izilwane ziyazazana ngokuphelele, kanti nezinyamazane ngokungangabazeki zikhomba umama. Izingxabano mayelana nokuthi umbala ongumbala ongakanani umbala beziqhubeka isikhathi eside. Ngokuvamile encazelweni yedube, kutholakala incazelo yehhashi elimnyama ngokuba khona kwemivimbo emhlophe, eqinisekisa ukutadishwa kwemibungu. Umbala omnyama uhlinzekela i-pigmentation, uma ingekho i-pigmentation ingubo emhlophe yakhiwa.
Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ekuthuthukisweni kokuvela kwemvelo, umbala wemvelo wavela njengendlela yokuvikela izimpukane eziningi zamahhashi, ezinye izinambuzane, ezinamehlo ahlanganisiwe abona imivimbo engafani ngezindlela ezehlukene, ibabona njengento engadliwayo.
Enye inkolelo-mbono yososayensi ihlobanisa umbala ohlukile nokuvikelwa ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, imivimbo eshintshashintshayo ivimbela ekuboneni inyamazane engaba khona emoyeni othuthumelayo weSavana. Iphuzu lesithathu lokubuka lichaza ubukhona bemivimbo nge-thermoregulation ekhethekile yomzimba - imivimbo ishiswa ngamazinga ahlukahlukene, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisekise ukuhamba komoya endaweni eseduze. Yile ndlela amadube akwazi ngayo ukusinda ngaphansi kwelanga elishisayo.
Izinhlobo
Esigabeni samadube kunezinhlobo ezintathu:
Idube laseSavannah. Kukhona igama lesibili - uBurchell, ngoba okokuqala izakhamuzi ezinemigqa zase-Afrika zafundwa futhi zachazwa ngudokotela wezilwane uV. Burchell. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo, lolu hlobo luningi, lusatshalaliswa eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika.
Isilwane esincane, esingamamitha ayi-2.4 ubude, sinesisindo esifinyelela ku-340 kg. Ukuqina kombala, ukucaca kwephethini yejazi kuncike endaweni ohlala kuyo, ngenxa yalokho okutholakele okungu-6 subspecies of savanna zebra. Incazelo yohlobo lwe-quagga zebra, eyaqothuka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, isasinda.
Ukuvela kwesilwane bekungacaci - umbala we-chestnut wehhashi ngemuva komzimba, iphethini enemigqa ngaphambili. Izilo ezathanjwayo zaqapha imihlambi isikhathi eside. Amaqembu omndeni eSavana aqukethe cishe abantu abayi-10. Ezikhathini ezomile ikakhulukazi, izilwane zisondela eduze kwezindawo ezisezintabeni zifuna uhlaza oluluhlaza.
Idube lasogwadule. Igama elengeziwe - idube likaGrevy lavela ngemuva kobuholi base-Abyssinia bethela uMongameli waseFrance umhlali wasehlane onemigqa. Izilwane zigcinwa ngempumelelo ezindaweni zamapaki kazwelonke empumalanga ye-Afrika - i-Ethiopia, iKenya, i-Uganda, iSomalia.
Umhlali wasogwadule mkhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zamadube - ubude bomuntu ngamunye bungu-3 m, isisindo silinganiselwa ku-400 kg. Umehluko obalulekile ubonwa kumbala wejazi omhlophe kakhulu, ubukhona bomugqa omnyama ogwini. Isisu sedube sikhaphukhaphu, asinamivimbo. Imvamisa yamabhande iphezulu - ahlukaniswe ngokuqina. Izindlebe zinombala onsundu ngombala, ziyindilinga.
Idube lentaba. Ukwahlukaniswa kufaka izinhlobo ezimbili - iCape neHartmann. Zombili lezi zinhlobo, naphezu kwezinyathelo zokuvikela ezithathwe izazi zezilwane, zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele ngenxa yephutha labazingeli bendawo abadubula izakhamuzi zomdabu eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. Idube laseKapa linezinhlobo ezincane, alinaphethini esiswini.
UZebra Hartman unezindlebe ezinde ikakhulukazi.
Indawo ehlukile ihlala izinhlamvu ezivele ngenxa yokuwela idube nehhashi lasekhaya, idube nembongolo. Indoda iyidube, lapho kuvela khona umbala omthende. Ikhwalithi ebalulekile yabantu abangxubevange ukuguquguquka kokuqeqeshwa kuqhathaniswa nedube lasendle.
Ama-Zebroid afana namahhashi, apendwe ngengxenye ngemivimbo kayise. Zebrulla (oslosher) - isilwane esifana nedube ngokuba khona kuphela kwemivimbo ezingxenyeni ezithile zomzimba. AmaHybrids anomlingiswa onolaka kakhulu ongalungiswa. Izilwane zisetshenziswa njengezokuthutha kwepakethe.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Idube yisilwane sasendle Izwekazi lase-Afrika. Enyakatho, izakhamuzi zasendle zamathafa aluhlaza zaqothulwa endulo. Izizwe zasogwadule, izinhlobo ze-savannah zebra zigcinwa engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwekazi ezindaweni ezisemaqeleni eziya ezifundeni eziseningizimu zaleli zwekazi. Izinombolo ezincane zamadube asezintabeni zihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba.
Izibopho zomphakathi zezilwane ziboniswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Izilwane kwesinye isikhathi zihlangana ngemihlambi emincane evela emaqenjini ahlukene abantu abayishumi kuya kwangama-50. Umndeni wamadube (owesilisa, ama-5-6 ama-mares, amathole) unesikhundla esiqinile, amawundlu ahlala engaphansi kokuvikelwa kwabantu abadala.
Amaqembu womndeni angahlala ngokwahlukana, ngaphandle komhlambi. Izilwane zasethafeni zinenhlangano yabesilisa abancane abangakazitholi izidleke zabo. Baxoshwa emhlambini ngempilo yokuzimela lapho sebeneminyaka yobudala emi-3. Abantu abanesizungu abangazange banamathele ezihlotsheni zabo bavame ukuba yizisulu zezimpisi, izingwe, amabhubesi namingwe.
Isici sokuziphatha kwedube ukukwazi ukulala umile, uqoqene eqenjini ukuze uvikele ezilwaneni ezizingelayo. Onogada abaningana bagcina ukuthula komndeni. Zenqabe izitha, uma kunesidingo, zinike abaphelelwe yithemba. Imvelo engaguquguquki yedube ngesikhathi sokulwa, ukukhuthazela akuvumeli ngisho nengonyama ukubhekana nakho.
Lapho kuvela isitha, izilwane zenza imisindo yokukhonkotha. Ukuqapha okungokwemvelo, ukwesaba kushiya ithuba elincane lezilwane ezizingelayo zokubhekana nedube. Abantu ababuthakathaka ngokuhlukile, amathole angavuthiwe ngokomzimba, ahlukaniswe nomhlambi, aba yizisulu.
Zebra eSavana Ihlangana kahle emihlambini nezinye izakhamuzi zase-Afrika - izinsephe, izinyathi, izinkonkoni, izintshe, izindlulamithi, ukuze kumelane nokuhlaselwa kwezilwane ndawonye.
Amahhashi anemigqa avame ukuhlaselwa ngesikhathi sokunisela. Isilwane siyazivikela ngokukhahlela okusebenzayo - ukushaya ngenqina kungabulala isitha. Ukulunywa idube kubuhlungu kakhulu. Lapho isilwane sikhula, usayizi waso ngokubukeka uyakhuphuka, okunomphumela owesabekayo esitheni.
Lapho bebuka indlela idube eliziphatha ngayo, ososayensi bathi empilweni yansuku zonke ukulutheka kwezilwane ukugeza odakeni ukuze kususwe izimuncagazi. Isihlahla somuthi wezinkomo sisiza ukuba ngamadube ahlanzekile, ahlala ngokukhululeka esikhunjeni sesilwane futhi akhethe zonke izinambuzane eboyeni. Idube, naphezu kokushaya kwale nyoni ngoqhwaku lwalo, alixoshi ukuhleleka kwalo.
Isimo sezilwane ezithanjisiwe sinqunywa ukunyakaza kwezindlebe:
- esimweni esijwayelekile - esisendaweni iqonde;
- emhlane onolaka - ophambukile;
- ngesikhathi sokwesaba, baya phambili.
Izilwane ezingenakho ukwaneliseka zikhombisa ukuhogela. Ngisho nabantu abathanjisiwe bagcina ukubonakaliswa kwezihlobo zasendle.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ama-herbivores adinga inani elikhulu lokudla ukuze kugcwalise umzimba ngenombolo edingekayo yama-calories. Ukudla kuyisembozo sotshani esimnandi, ama-rhizomes ezitshalo, amaqabunga, amahlumela ezihlahleni, amagxolo ezihlahla, noma yikuphi ukukhula okuncane. Izilwane zibandakanyeka ekufuneni ukudla ngokuqhubekayo. Ngenkathi eyomile, imihlambi ihamba iyofuna amadlelo.
Izilwane zinesidingo esibalulekile samanzi, ziwadinga okungenani kanye ngosuku. Amanzi abaluleke kakhulu kwabesifazane abancelisayo. Ukufuna imithombo yendawo yokunisela, imihlambi ihlanganisa amabanga amade. Uma imifula yomile ngenxa yokushisa, amadube afuna iziteshi ezingaphansi komhlaba - emba imithombo yangempela, aze afike engxenyeni yemitha, alinde amanzi aphume.
Imikhuba yokudla yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane ezincelisayo incike esifundeni esihlala kuyo. Ngakho-ke, ukudla kwamadube asogwadule kubuswa ukudla okumuncu ngesakhiwo esinemicu, amagxolo, amahlamvu. Abantu basezintabeni badla utshani obuthambile obumnandi obumboze imithambeka eluhlaza. Zebras musa ukwenqaba izithelo namanzi, efihlekile, amahlumela ithenda.
Ngaphezu kokudla kwemvelo, abantu abathanjisiwe banikezwa izithako zamaminerali, amavithamini, athuthukisa ukukhuthazela ngokomzimba, athinta impilo ende yokuphila.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Inzalo ivuthwa ngokocansi ineminyaka engu-2,5-3 ubudala. Amadube esifazane akulungele ukukhwelana ngaphambi kwesikhathi, abesilisa kamuva. Ukukhiqizwa kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni emithathu, yize umlando wokubuka uhlanganisa izibonelo zokubonakala kukadoti minyaka yonke. Abesifazane bazala izingane iminyaka eyi-15-18 yokuphila kwabo.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sowesifazane izinsuku ezingama-370. Imvamisa kuzalwa ithole elilodwa, elinesisindo esingama-30 kg. Umbala obomvu osanda kuzalwa. Kusukela emahoreni okuqala, izinyane likhombisa ukuzimela - lima ngemilenze yalo, limunca ubisi.
Emasontweni ambalwa kamuva, idube elincane liqala ukucoboshisa utshani obuncane kancane kancane, kepha umsoco womama uyagcinwa unyaka wonke, njengoba uvikela ezifweni zezinto ezintekenteke zezingane, futhi uvikela nokusebenza okuthembekile kwamathumbu. Ubisi lweZebra lombala opinki ongandile.
Izilo zigadwe ngokucophelela emindenini yibo bonke abantu abadala, kepha, noma kunjalo, ukufa kwenzalo ekuhlaselweni yizilwane ezihlala phansi kuhlala kuphezulu. Impilo yedube endaweni yemvelo ihlala iminyaka engama-30, uma ingabi yisisulu sezitha zemvelo.
Ezimweni ezivikelekile zamapaki kazwelonke, amadube afuywayo aba yisibindi eside iminyaka engama-40.Zebra - isilwane se-Afrika, kepha inani laso ohlelweni lwezemvelo alinayo imingcele yezwekazi. Isithombe sesakhamuzi esinemigqa esinenkani singene emasikweni nasemlandweni.
