I-Blackbird fieldberry Ingabe ukufuduka nobusika inyoni, eyathola igama layo ngenxa yothando lwamajikijolo e-rowan. Ngeka-oda labantu abadlulayo. Mikhulu impela, inokwehluka okuthile kwezinye izinhlobo zethrush.
Incazelo nezici
Inyoni endala isisindo esingama-150 amagremu. Ubude bomzimba bungu-30 cm ngokwesilinganiso. Iphiko lingamasentimitha angama-45. Abesifazane nabesilisa abahlukani ngosayizi nombala wophaphe. Umbala wale nyoni uyi-motley, unemibala ehlukahlukene. Isifuba sikhanya, siphuzi kancane, ikhanda nentamo kuzimpunga. Ingemuva elinomsila linsundu ngokumpunga.
Ngezansi kwamaphiko nomsila kumhlophe. Kunezimpaphe ezimnyama, ezicishe zibe mnyama esifubeni nasentanyeni. Umlomo uqine, mfushane futhi ubukhali. Kumnyama ekugcineni kunasesisekelweni. Amehlo aphakathi nendawo ngosayizi, ayindilinga, anohlaka olumnyama, ngenxa yalokho, esithombeni i-blackbird fieldberry ubukeka eqinile futhi ethukuthele.
Lezi zinyoni azikwazi ukuhamba phansi, zihamba ngokugxuma okuncane, okuncane. Izidladla zazo zimnyama ngombala ngezinzwane ezincane kodwa eziqinile nezinzipho ezibukhali. Uphaphe luminyene, lufakwe i-sebum, evumela ukuthi inyoni ingabi manzi ebusika, imbe eqhweni ifuna ukudla.
Izwi lika-Fieldbird akunakubizwa ngokuthi yi-chorister Esikhundleni salokho, iyakhwishiza futhi iyakhala, iyafana nemisindo: "chak-chik-chak", futhi uma kunengozi: "ra-ra-ra". Abavamisile ukucula, bangaba yi-twitter endizeni. Zimemeza kakhulu uma kunengozi, zixwayisa ikoloni nezinye izinyoni. Lapho izinyoni ezimnyama zihlala eduze kwabantu, zidala ukuphazamiseka ngokukhala kwazo okunomsindo.
Lezi zinyoni zinamahloni futhi ziyaxwaya. Ababethembi ngempela abantu, kepha kwesinye isikhathi, abanye babo, baba nesibindi sokwakha isidleke ngaphansi kophahla lwendlu yangasese noma ngqo kuvulandi wesakhiwo esinezitezi ezinhlanu.
Izinhlobo
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-60 emndenini we-thrushes. Izinhlobo ezingama-25 kuphela ezitholakala eRussia, noma kunjalo, ezivame kakhulu kuzo ziyisishiyagalombili. Ngezansi kunohlu lwezinhlobonhlobo ezingabonakala emadolobheni aseRussia nakwezinye izindawo.
- Ingoma yezinyoni. Lezi zinyoni zehlukile kwezinye ngezwi lazo lomculo, elimnandi, elikhumbuza ukucula kwe-nightingale. Umbala ubunsundu ngesisu esinsundu, esimhlophe noma esiphuzi.
Yizwa izwi lenyoni yengoma
- Umnyama omnyama. Abesilisa balolu hlobo banezimpaphe ezimnyama. Abesifazane banombala okhanyayo, nge-motley splashes. Eduze kwamehlo kukhona uhlaka oluphuzi olukhanyayo, izwi lokucula.
Lalela inyoni emnyama icula
- I-thrush emhlophe. Isici esihlukile umugqa omhlophe ngaphezu kwamehlo, ofana neshiya. Izimpaphe zingu-motley, zimpunga ngamachashazi amnyama nabomvu. Ukucula kwe-red-brows kufana ne-trill.
Lalela ukucula kwe-redbird enkulu
- Ithrush kaMissel. Ilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke lohlobo. Ehlukile ngombala, isifuba se-mistletoe simhlophe, emuva nomsila onombala onsundu ngokumpunga.
Lalela i-thrush
- Izinkuni thrush. Izinhlobo ezincane kakhulu zezinyoni ezimnyama. Umbala uyakhanya, ikakhulu ubomvu. Abesilisa banezimpaphe eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka entanyeni yabo. Maphakathi nomphimbo kunendawo emhlophe ekhanyayo, ngenxa yokuthi amahlumela ehlathi athola igama lawo lesibili elithi "white-throat".
- I-Shama thrush. Isici esiyinhloko esihlukanisayo yimilenze ebomvu nomsila omude. Abesilisa balolu hlobo banombala omnyama ngesisu esinsundu. Umsila umhlophe ngaphansi. Izinsikazi ziphelile, zimpunga ngombala.
- I-monochrome thrush. Umbala walezi izinyoni ezimnyama ezimpunga, ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Isifuba silula ukwedlula wonke umzimba. Imilenze imnyama, nezinzwane ezilula nezinzipho ezimnyama.
- Ukuzulazula kwe-Thrush. Uphaphe lumnyama lunamabala amhlophe asemehlweni nasentanyeni. Isisu sinombala osawolintshi ogqamile.
Ngaphezu kokubukeka kwazo, izinyoni ziyehluka endleleni yazo yokuphila, ekudleni nasekuziphatheni.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Izinyoni zasendle zingahola impilo yokuzulazula kanye nokuhlala phansi. Zakha kuyo yonke inyakatho ye-Eurasia, bese zifudukela eningizimu, ziye e-Afrika, e-Asia Minor noma eYurophu. Ezweni lakithi, ama-thrushes alolu hlobo ahlala eSiberia. Muva nje, abaqaphi bezinyoni bakuqaphele lokho izinyoni zasendle kaningi kakhulu bahlala emadolobheni, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni ethelayo.
Kunamakholoni ezinyoni ezingama-300, phakathi kwamakhelwane nasemadlelweni asemadolobheni. Abakutholi ukusweleka kokudla futhi bakhuthazelela kalula ubusika obunzima baseRussia. Bahlala emapaki amakhulu nasemadolobhaneni lapho kukhula khona umlotha wasentabeni. Azakhi izidleke emaqeleni noma emahlathini ajulile.
I-Fieldfare iyinyoni ehlakaniphile. Bangabanikazi abakhulu, abazama ukugcina ezinye izinyoni, abantu nezilwane kude nezindawo zabo zokwakha izidleke. Izindlela zabo zokuzivikela ngudoti. "Zishisa" lonke ikoloni ezindiza ngenyoni noma ngesilwane. Le ndlela iyasebenza, ngoba imfucumfucu ye-thrush iyabukeka futhi iyingozi.
Ukungena koboya noma ezimpapheni, kuyanamathela kubambisane, kumunceke esikhunjeni, bese kuyakonakalisa. Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa okunjalo, ezinye izinyoni ziphelelwa amandla okundiza futhi zife ngamanxeba abangelwa yilokho. Ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa, inyoni yasendle ivusa umsila, ngalesi sibonakaliso izitha ziyaqonda ukuthi zisengozini.
Kodwa-ke, amagwababa anobuqili - izitha ezifungelwe zabasebenza enkundleni, afunde ukukhohlisa izinyoni ezimnyama. Bahlasela ngokulandelana. Isibonelo, igwababa elilodwa liyaphazamisa ikoloni lodwa, zonke izinyoni ezimnyama ziyandiza, zishiya izidleke ukuba ziqhwakele isila kanye "nomlilo". Ngasikhathi sinye, igwababa lesibili likhwela ngokuthula lithele izidleke, likhiphe amaqanda futhi lidle amatshwele asanda kuzalwa.
Ngaphezu kokuvikela insimu yabo, izinyoni zasendle zisiza abanye, abafowethu abancane ukunqoba izilwane ezidla ezinye. Uma kunengozi ezayo, bazisa wonke umuntu ngokumemeza okukhulu. Izinyoni ezincane, njengondlunkulu namabele, zizama ukuhlala eduze kwamakholoni e-blackbird ukuze zivikelwe.
Lapho kunezitha eziningi kakhulu, phakathi kwazo izingwejeje, amajayi kanye noxhaka, izinyoni ezimnyama ziyashiya izidleke zazo. Ezindizeni ezinde, bafuna indawo yokuhlala ephephile. Ama-thrushes angalawulwa, enziwe inyoni efuywayo. Ukwenza lokhu, thatha amatshwele amancane awela esidlekeni futhi angazi ukuthi angandiza kanjani.
Bakha amakheji enziwe ngokhuni, abanzi futhi made, aze afike kumitha elilodwa. Bazohlomisa izindlu neziphambano zokuzijabulisa. Phansi imbozwe ngosisi notshani obomile. Izinyoni zondliwa ngezibungu, ukudla okuthambile, izithelo ezigayiwe nokusanhlamvu.
Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, lo mbhangqwana ubekwa endaweni yezindiza evulekile kakhulu. Imvamisa, abathandi bezinkanyezi abazali umdlalo wasensimini njengesilwane esifuywayo, kepha izinyoni zezingoma ukujabulela izwi lazo ne-trill.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Izinyoni ezimnyama abathandi bokudla abakhulu. Ukudla abakuthandayo ebusika ijikijolo elifriziwe. Bayakujabulela ukutotosa izithelo zomlotha wasentabeni, ulwandle isihlahla somhlanga, isihlahla sama-apula, i-viburnum. Izinyoni zigasela ngempela kulezi zihlahla.
Emihlanjini bahlala emagatsheni, badabule amajikijolo ezixukwini, bawaginye wonke. Okwezihlahla, lokho kuhlasela kuyasiza. Lapho umhlambi uba nedili, amajikijolo amaningi awela phansi, lapho imbewu iqhuma khona lapho kuqala intwasahlobo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijusi elisuka esiswini se-thrush aliqedi nya okusanhlamvu futhi izinyoni zithwala imbewu, zichithe yonke indawo. Ekupheleni kwekwindla, cishe zonke izihlahla ezisemaphandleni nasemadolobheni zihlala zinganalutho, futhi ngaphansi kwezihlahla ze-rowan, eqhweni, imidwebo eminingi yeminwe yezinyoni ezinde iyabonakala.
Abahlali basehlobo nabalimi abathandi kakhulu ukuhlasela okunjalo. Abantu benza izinhlayiya ezahlukahlukene zokwelapha kusuka emlotheni wentaba efriziwe, into eyinhloko ukuthi ube nesikhathi sokuqoqa amajikijolo ngaphambi kokuvela kwama-thrushes. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinyoni zithanda amaswidi futhi uma ama-cultivars, njengama-currants noma ama-cherry, ekhula eduze kwesihlahla se-viburnum noma i-apula, izinyoni ezimnyama zizozicika kuqala.
Bayazikhumbula izindawo ezinjalo "ezihlwabusayo", futhi bazondizela khona minyaka yonke. Abanye abantu bondla ama-thrushes ngokwakha ama-feeder. Zithelwa ngezithelo ezomisiwe, amajikijolo omisiwe nama-apula aqoshiwe.
Ngentwasahlobo, lezi zinyoni zilimaza izitshalo ezingadini zemifino nasemasimini. Bangakwazi ukumba imibhede ngoqhwaku lwabo, befuna izibungu, baphonse kuphela imbewu etshaliwe ngaphezulu bese banyathela izithombo. Futhi, bahlasela imibhede ye-sitrobheli, amajikijolo e-peck angavuthiwe.
Amasimu ezithelo lapho izinhlobonhlobo zamajikijolo ezingavamile nezibizayo kutshalwa khona kuyingozi kakhulu. Ezifundeni eziningana zezwe lethu, kuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukudubula izinambuzane ehlobo nasentwasahlobo. Ehlobo izinyoni ezimnyama ziyondla izikelemu zomhlaba, izintwala zezinkuni, amacimbi, izicabucabu kanye nama-crustaceans amancane.
Bondla amaphuphu abo kuphela ngezibungu nangezibungu zezinambuzane. Zindiza ziye "ukuyokuzingela" amasimu aseduze nendawo yokuhlala ikoloni bese zibheka inyamazane enkampanini enkulu. Bakhanda ubulembu, bakhipha ama-slugs lapho, baphendule amatshe, bambe inhlabathi namaqabunga awile.
Bacwaninga ngokuzimisela nangokucophelela umhlaba. Ngesinyathelo ngasinye babheka emhlabathini, batshekisele amakhanda abo kolunye uhlangothi. Ngokubona isibungu, i-thrush iyasibamba ngokushesha bese iyasikhipha emhlabathini, kodwa ayisidli ngokushesha.
Le nyoni ifuna ukuqoqa ukudla okwengeziwe, futhi ukuze isibungu singaphazamisi, siyiphonsa phansi, siyimboze ngomlomo wayo, bese siqhubeka nokumba otshanini. Wenza futhi ngeminenke emincane - ubanquma ngamatshe ukuze ahlukanise igobolondo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
I-Fieldfare ifika endaweni yokwakha izidleke ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. Bahlala kuphela emakoloni, lapho kukhona khona amapheya angaba ngu-40. Banabaholi - izinyoni ezindala nezinolwazi, okuhlala kubo izindawo ezinhle esihlahleni "emndenini".
Ama-thrushes amadala akha izidleke ngaphambi kwezinyoni ezincane, anquma indawo yokuhlala futhi ahlole ubungozi nokusondela kokudla. Abathandi amahlathi anomthunzi, ngakho-ke bakhetha izihlahla lapho kunelanga eliningi khona. Bavame ukuhlala ndawonye nabamele olunye uhlobo - okubomvu okubomvu. Ukudla nokuziphatha kwalezi zinyoni kufana kakhulu.
Ukwakhiwa kwesidleke, kuphela owesifazane... Okokuqala, udonsa amagatsha amancane, agobekayo, aluka kuwo isitsha. Ugcwalisa izikhala ngotshani obomile, bese enamathisela izindonga zesidaka ngobumba nodaka, ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngenxa yalokhu, izidleke zezinyoni ezimnyama ziqinile, zithembekile, aziwi kungakapheli iminyaka engu-2-3.
Abesilisa bezinsimu ungabambi iqhaza kulolu daba, kodwa hamba nabashadikazi lapho endizela izinto zokwakha. Uqapha ngokucophelela owesifazane ukuthi angahlaselwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Ngemuva kokuthi "usimende" osesidlekeni usomile, izinyoni ziletha utshani obuthambile, amahlamvu nobulembu lapho. Isidleke sikulungele ukugcina amaqanda.
I-clutch eyodwa imvamisa iqukethe amaqanda ama-3 kuye kwayi-5, anombala oluhlaza-nsundu ngombala, anezinkomba ezimnyama. Lo mbala usebenza njengesifihla kusuka kokubi, emehlweni adlayo. Ngesinye isikhathi, izazi ze-ornithologists zaqopha inani lamarekhodi lamaqanda ku-clutch eyodwa - izingcezu eziyi-12.
Ukufukamela kuthatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-16, owesifazane kuphela owenza lokhu. Abesilisa, ngalesi sikhathi, bavikela izidleke nezinsikazi zabo. Azilethi kudla, ngakho-ke kufanele alumule emaqandeni futhi andizele ukudla. Lapho amaphuphu echanyuselwa, abazali babondla ngokulandelana.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-15, izinyoni ezimnyama ezincane ziqala ukuhlola umhlaba ngaphandle kwesidleke. Okwamanje abazi ukuthi bangandiza kanjani, kodwa bagxuma emagatsheni noma bahlale ezimpandeni zezihlahla. Yazi omakhelwane futhi uxhumane nezinyoni ezincane.
Abazali bazoqhubeka nokubondla amasonto amabili, ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, amaphuphu azimele. Bayazi vele ukuthi bangandiza kanjani amabanga amafushane ukusuka ekhaya futhi bathole ukudla. Ngemuva kwalokho, owesifazane ungabeka amaqanda futhi.
Ngemuva kokuphela kwesikhathi sokuzalela, abaholi baqoqa wonke umuntu ngemihlambi, futhi izinyoni ezimnyama ziyandiza. Baqala "ukuzulazula", bayeke lapho kunokudla okwanele khona. Lapho izimpahla ziphela, umhlambi ubheka indawo entsha.
Isikhathi sokuphila se-field thrushes sisuka eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kwengu-15, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle. Ekuthunjweni, izinyoni zingaphila isikhathi eside, kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20. Kepha, ngeshwa, ezimweni zemvelo, ababaningi babo abaphila impilo yabo kuze kube sekupheleni.
Cishe ama-20% ama-broods kuleli koloni adliwa ephila yizilwane ezidla ezinye, abanye, njengoba sebebadala nje, babhekana nesimo esifanayo. Izinyoni eziningi zifa empini, zivikela izidleke zazo noma lapho zifuduka. Isikhathi esilinganiselwe sempilo yasendle sasendle siyiminyaka eyi-6.
