Ama-cicadas ajwayelekile - naphezu kwaleli gama, izinambuzane ezihlukile ezingaphansi kwe-hemiptera (Latin Lyristes plebejus). Zihlanganiswe yimindeni yama-cicadas noma ama-real (Cicadidae), kanye nama-leafhopper amancane, amapeni, ama-humpbacks, nawo enza i-suborder egcwele ngokugcwele.
Izingoma zakhiwa ngezinambuzane, zikhonjiswe kwimidwebo, kwenziwa ama-brooches obucwebe. Zidume kakhulu emhlabeni wonke kangangokuba bekukhona ngisho nochungechunge lwe-anime "Ukukhala ama-cicadasยป.
Incazelo nezici
Kuma-cicadas amaningi, ubude bomzimba abudluli kuma-36 mm, futhi uma kulinganiswa ngamaphiko agoqiwe, cishe ngama-50 mm. I-Antenna eneflagellum, imvamisa ifushane kakhulu. Ingaphezulu lamathanga angaphambili lihlotshiswe ngamazinyo amabili amakhulu.
Ekhanda lama- cicadas okucula, phakathi kwamehlo amakhulu ahlanganisiwe, kunamehlo amathathu alula. I-proboscis yinde futhi ingakwazi ukumboza ngokukhululeka ubude besifuba sonke.
Abesilisa banezinto ezakhiwe kahle zokwenza imisindo ephezulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, esingahlala amasonto ambalwa, umsindo wokucula kwabo uqhathaniswa nomsindo wesitimela odlula esitimeleni futhi uzwakala ku-100-120 dB, esivumela ukuthi sizibize ngokuthi izinambuzane ezinomsindo kakhulu emhlabeni wethu. Umbala wama-cicadas ajwayelekile omnyama kakhulu noma ompunga, ikhanda nesinqe sangaphambili sihlotshiswe ngamaphethini aphuzi ayinkimbinkimbi.
Izibungu ngokuvamile azidluli ngo-5 mm ngosayizi futhi azibukeki njengabazali bazo. Zinezidladla zangaphambili ezinamandla ezimba ngazo umhlabathi wokucasha kusukela ebusika futhi zidlulele ekuthuthukisweni okuthuthukile kuye ekubeni yi-nymph. Zihlukaniswa ngumzimba okhanyayo, kepha umbala othize uncike ezinhlotsheni nasendaweni ezihlala kuyo.
I-cicada yasebusika akekho umuntu omdala - ngenxa yokuthi baphila kancane, abantu abasinda ekuguqulweni komzimba bafa ngisho nangaphambi kweqhwa lokuqala. Kusele izibungu kuphela, ezigebha zijule emhlabathini, kanti ama-nymphs, alinde izinsuku ezifudumele ezizayo ukuthi ziqale ukuzala, ahlala.
Ngakho-ke, ngokuqhubekayo sizokhuluma kuphela ngezibungu. IMedithera nenhlonhlo yaseCrimea kubhekwa njengendawo yokuhlala yecicada ejwayelekile. Futhi, lezi zinambuzane zivamile esifundeni saseCaucasus naseTranscaucasus.
Izinhlobo
Okuhlaba umxhwele kunawo wonke ama-cicadas kungabizwa ngokuthi yiRoyal (Potponia imperatoria), ethathwa njengeyinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ubude bomzimba wayo bungu-65 mm, kanti amaphiko ayo ingama-217 mm. Lezi ziqhwaga zitholakala endaweni yasePeninsular Malaysia naseSingapore.
Umbala wezidalwa zasebukhosini ufana namagxolo esihlahla, lapho icicada yezinambuzane futhi ichitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yayo yasemhlabeni. Izimpiko ezibonakalayo azikonakalisi ukufihla, ngakho-ke kunzima ngempela ukubona isidalwa esikhulu kangaka.
Ama-cicadas aculayo athandwa kakhulu ezifundeni ezinezimo ezishisayo nezinomswakama. Ngakho-ke, zingu-1 500 izinhlobo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo. EYurophu, izinhlobo eziyi-18 zalezi zinambuzane zisabalele. Ezinye zazo ziningi kakhulu. I-Cicadas izakhamuzi ezihlala unomphela ze-Eurasia, i-Indonesia, kodwa nezinye izindawo, ngokulandelana, izinhlobo zazo zehlukile:
1. I-cicada eluhlaza... Itholakala yonke indawo eChina, Kazakhstan, e-USA, ezifundeni eziningi zeRussian Federation nasemazweni amaningi eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Bahlala kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamanzi, ezimfundeni ezinamanzi noma ezimanzi, lapho kukhula khona utshani obuningi obumnandi. Izimpiko ziluhlaza okotshani, umzimba uphuzi, futhi isisu simnyama-buluhlaza. Kubhekwa njengesinambuzane. Izinhlamvu zithinteka ikakhulukazi ngama-cicadas aluhlaza.
2. Icicada emhlophe - i-metalcafe noma i-citrus. Inombala ompunga ngombala omhlophe, ubude abudluli ku-9 mm, isinambuzane, kanye namaphiko, sinomumo omude. Kubukeka kancane njengethonsi, noma kubukeka njengenundu elincane.
Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi ukuqhuma okuluhlaza okuvela ezitshalweni phakathi nentwasahlobo yizibungu ezibukhoma ze-metalcafe ezilimaza izitshalo zezolimo.
3. Inyathi cicada noma umphunga cicada... Ngaphezulu kwekhanda labo kukhona uhlobo lokukhula olwanika igama lolu hlobo. Ikhubaza ngeziqu zamagilebhisi eziluhlaza, lapho ifihla khona amaqanda, ngemuva kokusika amagxolo esiqu nge-ovipositor, okubangela ukufa kweziqu ezilimele.
4. I-cicada yentaba... Kusatshalaliswe eChina, e-USA, eTurkey, ePalestine, nakho kwenzeka ngobuningi eMpumalanga Ekude naseningizimu yeSiberia. Umzimba wayo ungaba ngu-2.5 cm ubude, umnyama kakhulu, ucishe ube mnyama, amaphiko mancane futhi asobala.
5. I-ash cicada... Ingxenye yobukhulu bento ejwayelekile. Ososayensi bezinambuzane bathi lokhu kungenxa yomndeni oculayo. Igama livela esihlahleni se-manna ash, amagatsha awo akhethwa yizinambuzane zokubeka amaqanda. Usayizi womzimba wezinhlobo ezithile ufinyelela kuma-28 mm, amaphiko afinyelela kuma-70 mm.
Esiswini esishubile, esicishe sibonakale, izingxenye ezibomvu kanye nezinwele ezincane zibonakala kahle. Kunezindawo ezinsundu emithanjeni nasebusweni bamaphiko. Zondla ngosawoti kuphela, olukhishwe ezitshalweni, emagatsheni amancane ezihlahla. Bakhetha iminqumo, u-eucalyptus, amagilebhisi.
Ama-cicadas ahlukile (i-Magicicada) avela eNyakatho Melika, okuphila kwawo kuyiminyaka eyi-13 nengu-17, nawo abizwa nangokuthi abaculi. Zihlukile ngokuthi zizalwa kabusha ngamandla zibe ngabantu abadala. Izinambuzane kwesinye isikhathi zinikezwa uhlobo lwesidlaliso - "isikhonyane esineminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa". Kepha azihlanganise lutho nesikhonyane.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Abantu abadala ama-cicadas ehlobo khasa uphume emhlabathini bese uqola amagxolo amahlumela amancane nge-ovipositor enamanzi. Bese befihla ukubekwa kweqanda ngaphansi kwaso. Izibungu ezizalwayo ziwela phansi, zilume ukushuba kwazo, bese ziqhubeka nokukhula ekujuleni okungaphezu kwemitha.
Ziluma ngezimpande zezihlahla futhi zondla ubisi lwazo. Izibungu zinomzimba okhanyayo, opaque, ekuqaleni zimhlophe, futhi kamuva ziba buffy, ezinezimpondo ezinde nemilenze yangaphambili enamandla. Bachitha iminyaka emi-2 noma emi-4 ku-mink yabo, cishe kuze kube yilapho sebekhulile kakhulu, futhi kuphela ngaphambi kwalolo shintsho bakhuphukela phezulu.
ICicada ebusika ihlala ingcwaba ijule futhi ilale ubusika bonke. Ngalesi sikhathi, isibungu siyakhula futhi siphenduka kancane kancane sibe yi-nymph, futhi ngemuva kokushisa okwanele kwenhlabathi, bayaphuma baqale ukumba amakamelo amancane wokufundela.
Iningi labantu liyayizwa imisindo eyenziwa ngamakhicada ebangeni elifinyelela ku-900 m, ngoba amandla othando lwawo afinyelela ku-120 dB. Abantu besilisa "bacula" kakhulu kunabo bonke - babiza ozakwethu besikhathi esizayo ngale ndlela futhi babonakale kahle kubo.
Kwesinye isikhathi umsindo we-cicada iqala ukufana nokungachofozi noma ukutshiyoza, kepha ukukhala kwesaha eliyindilinga. Ukuze baqhekeke kakhulu, basebenzisa imisipha ethile, ngosizo lwabo abasebenza kumasimbali - ulwelwesi (izitho zomzimba).
Ukudlidlizelela kwemisindo okukhulu okuvela kuleli cala kukhuliswa ngekhamera ekhethekile. Ubuye asebenze ngesigqi nabo. Kubukeka kukuhle I-cicada esithombeni, lapho ungabheka ukwakheka kwayo kuyo yonke imininingwane.
Izinsikazi nazo ziyakwazi ukwenza imisindo, kepha kuyaqabukela zicule futhi zithule kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi zize zize zikhulu kangangokuba imisindo ayihlukaniseki endlebeni yomuntu. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-cicadas ahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu bese umsindo okhishwa yizinambuzane ungavumeli izidlakela ezifuna ukunambitha okuthile okumnandi ukuba zisondele kuzo.
Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukubamba ama-cicadas njengoba ekwazi ukundiza. Esimweni sezulu esimanzi noma esinamafu, ama-cicadas awasebenzi futhi anamahloni ikakhulukazi. Ngezikhathi ezifudumele ezinelanga bayasebenza impela.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla okunomsoco kwama-cicadas kunjengokuthi emazweni amaningi kubhekwa njengezinambuzane eziyimifino. Izivini, izitshalo zensimu kanye nezihlahla zihlaselwa ukuhlaselwa kwazo. Ama-cicadas amadala alimaza iziqu, amagatsha, amaqabunga ne-proboscis yawo, ekhipha ujusi oyifunayo kuwo.
Lapho zigcwele, ziyasuswa, futhi umswakama onika impilo uyaqhubeka nokugeleza usuka "enxebeni", uphenduke kancane kancane ube imana - into enamathele enoshukela (i-resin yokwelapha). Izibungu zeCicada ezihlala enhlabathini zilimaza izimpande, njengoba zimunca uketshezi kuzo. Izinga lobungozi babo ekutshalweni kwezolimo alikatholakali.
Ngenxa yomlomo wazo onamandla, ama-cicadas "angancela" futhi alimaze nezicubu zezitshalo ezisekujuleni. Ngenxa yalokho, ngemuva kokudla okunjalo, izitshalo zingafa. Ezindaweni zezolimo ezinama-cicadas amaningi, abalimi bavame ukubika ukwehla kwesivuno. Kokubili izibungu nabantu abadala kungaba yingozi.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Abesilisa, ababiza abangane babo, bavame ukutshiyoza ngesikhathi esishisayo sosuku. Zidinga amandla amaningi kulokhu, ezigcwalisa ngqo ekushiseni kwelanga. Kepha ezinye izinhlobo, muva nje, zama ukungazidonseli izilwane ezidla ezinye bese uqala izihlalo zazo kusihlwa, kusihlwa.
Abesilisa bazama ukukhetha izindawo ezinomthunzi ngisho nasemini. Ama-Platypleura cicadas asebenzise lokhu ikakhulukazi, asebenze kahle nge-thermoregulation futhi angazifudumeza, acindezele imisipha abamba ngayo.
Abalobi bezintombi abathandekayo, ama-cicadas abesilisa eningizimu ye-United States aqala ukwenza imisindo, okucishe kufane nempempe yesitimela esentuthu. Ukuzalela ama-cicadas kwenzeka ngokungavamile ngezinhlobo eziningi. Lapho nje lesi sinambuzane sesivundisa insikazi, iyafa ngokushesha.
Kodwa abesifazane kusadingeka babekele amaqanda. Bangaba namaqanda asuka ku-400 kuya ku-900 ekubekeni iqanda linye. Ngaphezu kwamagxolo neziqu, amaqanda angafihlwa kahle ezimpandeni zezitshalo, imvamisa ezitshalweni zasebusika, i-carrion.
Ngokwesilinganiso, izinambuzane ezindala azibonakali ngempilo ende; bavunyelwe ukuhlala eholidini kungapheli amasonto ama-3 noma ama-4. Kunesikhathi esanele kuphela sokuthola umlingani futhi abekele amaqanda, azobe efihlwa ngabesifazane ngaphansi kwamagxolo, kuma-petioles amaqabunga, ngeziqu eziluhlaza zezitshalo.
Ziyacwebezela, zimhlophe ekuqaleni, bese kuba mnyama. Iqanda lingaba ngu-2.5 mm ubude no-0.5 mm ububanzi. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-30-40, izibungu zizoqala ukuvela.
Izincazelo zemijikelezo yempilo yama-cicadas ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zithakazelisa kakhulu kososayensi-izinambuzane kanye nabathandi bemvelo nje. Izimpungushe zama-cicadas akhethekile ngezikhathi ezithile bezingaphansi komhlaba iminyaka eminingi, inani lazo elihambisana nomugqa wokuqala wama-primes - 1, 3, 5, 7 nokuningi.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi isibungu esinjalo siphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-17. Kodwa-ke, lesi sikhathi sithathwa njengerekhodi lezinambuzane. Ngemuva kwalokho, ilindele ukuguqulwa kwesimo, i-cicada (nymph) yesikhathi esizayo iphuma ezweni layo elincane elithokomele futhi iguquke. I-Mountain cicada ayihlali ngaphezu kweminyaka emibili, i-cicada ejwayelekile iphindwe kabili ubude - iminyaka engu-4.
Isiphetho
AmaCicadas adliwa ngabantu bamazwe ase-Afrika nase-Asia, adliwa ngobumnandi ezindaweni ezithile zase-Australia nase-USA. Zimnandi zombili zithosiwe futhi zibilisiwe. Ziqukethe amaprotheni angafika kuma-40% futhi ngasikhathi sinye anama-calories aphansi kakhulu. Ukunambitheka kwabo, lapho kuphekwe, kufana ncamashi nokunambitheka kwamazambane, okufana ne-asparagus.
ICicada isisulu semvelo sezilwane ezincane nezinambuzane eziningi. Babamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekugcineni imvelo. Iminyovu yaphansi iyakujabulela ukondla ngayo izibungu zayo. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokuzalanisa bese kuthi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-cicadas aphume emigodini yawo, iningi lawo liba yizisulu zezilwane ezinjengezimpungushe nezinyoni, kwezinye zazo lena ukuphela kwendlela yokuphila.
Abantu abadala basetshenziswa ngabadobi njengesithiyelo ngenxa yokuthi baheha izinhlanzi nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ngamaphiko azo aqinile. Ngakho-ke, icicada ezandleni zomuntu onolwazi izomlethela inhlanhla njalo.
AmaCicadas awanabungozi kubantu, yicebo lomuntu kuphela elingathinteka. Ngenkathi isendle, ama-cicadas abalulekile njengethuluzi lokusinda lezilwane ezincane, kubantu ayizinambuzane ezilula nje ezivame ukufakwa ubuthi ngamakhemikhali. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuvimbeli abanye abantu ekuthokozeleni ukutshiyoza kwabo okunesono ngesikhathi sokuzala.
