ULwandle uDeveli (i-manta ray) ingenye yezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukufinyelela kububanzi obungu-8.8 m, ama-mantana makhulu kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zemisebe. Emashumini amaningi eminyaka, kwakukhona uhlobo olulodwa kuphela olwaziwayo, kepha ososayensi bakuhlukanise kabili: i-oceanic, ekhetha izindawo eziningi zasolwandle ezivulekile, nolwandle, olugudle ugu ngokwemvelo. I-manta ray enkulu manje iba nomthelela omkhulu kwezokuvakasha, yakha imboni yokutshuza izivakashi ezifuna ukubhukuda ngalezi zimidondoshiya. Ake sithole okwengeziwe ngabo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: uStingray sea devil
Igama elithi "Manta" elihunyushwe lisuka esiPutukezi naseSpain lisho ingubo (ingubo noma ingubo). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isicupho esimiswe ngengubo ngokwesiko besisetshenziswa ukubamba ama-stingray. Ngokomlando, osathane basolwandle bebesatshwa ngenxa yobukhulu namandla abo. Amatilosi ayekholelwa ukuthi ayingozi kubantu futhi angazika izikebhe ngokudonsa amahange. Lesi simo sengqondo sashintsha cishe ngo-1978 lapho abatshuzi eGulf of California bethola ukuthi babezolile nokuthi abantu bangakwazi ukuxhumana nalezi zilwane.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Osathane basolwandle baziwa nangokuthi "i-cuttlefish" ngenxa yamaphiko abo asekhanda amise okwezimpondo, okubanika ukubonakala "okubi". Kukholakala ukuthi bangacwila i-diver ngokuyisonga "ngamaphiko" abo amakhulu.
Imisebe yeManta ingamalungu e-oda le-Myliobatiformes, eliqukethe ama-stingray kanye nezihlobo zawo. Osathane basolwandle bavela emisebeni engezansi. M. birostris usenensalela eyisigaxa somuntu omile njengomgogodla we-caudal. Imisebe yeManta yilona kuphela uhlobo lwemisebe oluphenduke izihlungi. Esifundweni se-DNA (2009), kwahlaziywa umehluko we-morphology, kufaka phakathi umbala, ukuhlukahluka kwe-phenogenetic, umgogodla, amazinyo e-dermal, namazinyo abantu abahlukahlukene.
Izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene zivele:
- uM. alfredi omncane otholakala e-Indo-Pacific nasempumalanga ye-Atlantic esempumalanga;
- i-M. birostris enkulu, etholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezishisayo nezifudumele.
Ucwaningo lwe-DNA olwenziwa ngo-2010 ngaseJapan lwaluqinisekisa umehluko we-morphological and genetic between M. birostris and M. alfredi. Kutholakale amathambo amaningana emisebe yama-manta. Amathambo abo oqwanga awalondolozi kahle. Zintathu kuphela izintambo ezaziwa ngokuthi yi-sedimentary strings eziqukethe izinsalela ze-manta ray, eyodwa ivela e-Oligocene eSouth Carolina kanti ezimbili zivela eMiocene nasePliocene eNyakatho Carolina. Bachazwa ekuqaleni njenge-Manta fragilis kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baphinde bahlukaniswa njengeParamobula fragilis.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sea Devil
Osathane basolwandle bahamba kalula olwandle ngenxa yesifuba sabo esikhulu "amaphiko". I-birostris manta ray inezimpiko zomsila ne-dorsal fin encane. Zinama-lobes amabili obuchopho adlulela phambili ukusuka ngaphambili kwekhanda, nomlomo obanzi, ongunxande oqukethe amazinyo amancane kuphela emhlathini ongezansi. Ama-gill atholakala ngaphansi komzimba. Imisebe yeManta nayo inomsila omfishane, ofana nesiswebhu okuthi, ngokungafani neminye imisebe eminingi, ayinayo ibhali elibukhali.
Ividiyo: UDeveli wasolwandle
Amantshontsho e-Atlantic manta ray anesisindo esingu-11 kg lapho ezalwa. Zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, ziphinda kabili ububanzi bomzimba wazo kusukela ekuzalweni kuya onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila. OSathane basolwandle bakhombisa ukufiphala okuncane phakathi kobulili obunamaphiko kusuka ku-5.2 kuye ku-6.1 m kwabesilisa naku-5.5 kuye ku-6.8 m kwabesifazane. Isifanekiso esikhulu kunazo zonke esake sarekhodwa sasingu-9.1 m.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Osathane basolwandle banesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sobuchopho kuya emzimbeni nobukhulu bobuchopho obukhulu kunanoma iyiphi inhlanzi.
Esinye sezici ezihlukanisayo ze-manta nesigaba sonke se-cartilaginous ukuthi wonke amathambo enziwe ngoqwanga, olunikeza ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene. Le misebe iba nombala kusuka kokumnyama kuye kokumpunga okwesibhakabhaka ngemuva nangaphansi okumhlophe ngamachashaza ampunga asetshenziselwa ukukhomba imisebe ngayinye. Isikhumba sikasathane wasolwandle sinolaka futhi sinamafutha njengoshaka abaningi.
Uhlala kuphi usathane wasolwandle?
Isithombe: Sea devil ngaphansi kwamanzi
OSathane basolwandle batholakala emanzini ashisayo nasetropropical kuzo zonke izilwandle ezinkulu zomhlaba (Pacific, Indian kanye ne-Atlantic), futhi bangena nasezilwandle ezipholile, imvamisa phakathi kwe-35 ° enyakatho naseningizimu yeningizimu. Ububanzi babo bubandakanya imingcele yaseningizimu ye-Afrika, kusuka eningizimu yeCalifornia kuya enyakatho yePeru, kusuka eNyakatho Carolina kuya eningizimu yeBrazil naseGulf of Mexico.
Indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwama-mantas amakhulu ibanzi kakhulu, yize ihlukaniswe izingxenye zayo. Zivame ukubonakala olwandle oluphakeme, emanzini olwandle nasezindaweni ezisogwini. Izingubo ezinkulu ziyaziwa ukuthi zifuduka isikhathi eside futhi zingavakashela amanzi abandayo isikhathi esifushane sonyaka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinhlanzi ososayensi abazifakele imishini yokusakaza zihambe amakhilomitha ayi-1000 ukusuka lapho zibanjwe khona zehlela ekujuleni okungenani okungamamitha ayi-1000. UM. Alfredi uyizinhlobo ezihlala kakhulu nezasogwini ngokungafani noM. Birostris.
UDeveli wasolwandle uhlala eduze nogu emanzini afudumele, lapho imithombo yokudla iningi khona, kepha kwesinye isikhathi itholakala kude nolwandle. Zijwayelekile ngasogwini kusuka entwasahlobo kuye ekwindla, kepha zihamba ziye phambili ebusika. Emini, zihlala eduze kobuso nasemanzini angajulile, kuthi ebusuku zibhukude ekujuleni okukhulu. Ngenxa yobubanzi babo nokusatshalaliswa okungajwayelekile olwandle lomhlaba, kusekhona izikhala olwazini lososayensi ngomlando wempilo yamademoni amakhulu.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona uSathane stingray wasolwandle. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa usathane wasolwandle?
Isithombe: Sea devil, noma i-manta
AmaManti angabahlinzeki bokuhlunga ngohlobo lokondla. Zilokhu zibhukuda zivule imilomo yazo emikhulu, zihluza iplankton nokunye ukudla okuncane okuvela emanzini. Ukusiza kuleli su, imisebe emikhulu yama-manta inama-valve akhethekile aziwa ngokuthi ama-lobes obuchopho asiza ukuhambisa amanzi amaningi nokudla emlonyeni wawo.
Zibhukuda kancane kuluphu oqonde mpo. Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi lokhu kwenzelwa ukuhlala endaweni yokudla. Imilomo yabo emikhulu, evulekile kanye nama-lobes obuchopho anwetshiwe asetshenziselwa ama-corral planktonic crustaceans nezikole ezincane zezinhlanzi. IManti ihlunga amanzi ngokusebenzisa izigaxa, kanti izinto eziphila emanzini zigcinwa ngethuluzi lokuhlunga. Umshini wokuhlunga uqukethe amapuleti anezipontsho ngemuva komlomo, enziwe ngezicubu ezinsundu ngokubomvana futhi ahamba phakathi kwezakhiwo ezisekelayo zezinhlungu. Amazinyo eManta birostris awasebenzi ngenkathi esondla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokudla okuphezulu kakhulu ezindaweni zokondla imisebe ye-manta, bangafana noshaka, banqotshwe yisiyaluyalu sokudla.
Isisekelo sokudla yi-plankton nezinhlanzi izibungu. Osathane basolwandle bahlala behamba ngemuva kweplankton. Ukubona nephunga kubasiza ukuthola ukudla. Isisindo esiphelele sokudla okudliwa nsuku zonke cishe singu-13% wesisindo. AmaMana abhukuda kancane azungeze isisulu sawo, awashayele enqwabeni, bese ebhukuda ngokushesha evule imilomo ngezidalwa zasolwandle ezinqwabelene. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaphiko we-cephalic, ahlanganiswe abe yishubhu lokuvunguza, avuleka ngesikhathi sokudla, okusiza ama-stingray ukuqondisa ukudla emlonyeni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Fish Fish Sea
Imisebe yeManta iyodwa, iyabhukuda mahhala okungeyona eyendawo. Basebenzisa amaphiko abo aguquguqukayo e-pectoral ukubhukuda kamnandi olwandle. Amaphiko ekhanda kasathane wasolwandle asebenza kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Kwabhalwa ukuthi ama-mantas agxuma aphume emanzini aye ekuphakameni okungaphezu kwamamitha ama-2, bese eshaya ubuso bawo. Ngokwenza lokhu, i-stingray ingasusa izimuncagazi ezicasulayo kanye nesikhumba esifile emzimbeni wayo omkhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, osathane basolwandle bavakashela uhlobo "lwesitshalo sokwelashwa", lapho izinhlanzi ezincane ze-remora (zokuhlanza) zibhukuda eduze kwama-mantas, ziqoqa izimuncagazi nesikhumba esifile. Ukuhlangana kwe-Symbiotic nezinhlanzi ezinamathelayo kwenzeka lapho kunamathiselwa kuma-mantas amakhulu futhi kugibele kuwo ngenkathi kudla ama-parasites kanye ne-plankton.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ngo-2016, ososayensi bashicilela ucwaningo olukhombisa ukuthi osathane basolwandle bakhombisa indlela abazazi ngayo. Ekuvivinyweni kwesibuko okushintshiwe, abantu ngabanye babambe iqhaza ekuhloleni izehlakalo nasekuziphatheni okungajwayelekile okuziqondisa.
Ukuziphatha kokubhukuda emisebeni ye-manta kuyahluka ezindaweni ezahlukene: lapho kuhanjwa kuya ekujuleni, kuhamba ngejubane elingaguquguquki kulayini oqondile, ogwini bavame ukufudumala noma ukubhukuda bengasebenzi. Imisebe yeManta ingahamba yodwa noma ngamaqembu angafika ku-50. Iyakwazi ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, kanye nezinyoni zasolwandle nezilwane zasolwandle. Eqenjini, abantu ngabanye bangenza ukweqa komoya ngokulandelana.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: UDeveli wasolwandle ovela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Yize imisebe emikhulu ye-manta imvamisa kuyizilwane ezihlala zodwa, ziyahlangana ukuze zidle futhi zikhwisane. Udeveli wasolwandle uvuthwa ngokocansi eneminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ekuqaleni kukaDisemba futhi sithatha kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo (izinga lokushisa 26-29 ° C) nasezindaweni ezinamadwala ezinamatshe ayi-10-20 ububanzi. OSathane baseStingray basolwandle bahlangana ngobuningi babo ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, lapho abesilisa abaningana bethandana nowesifazane oyedwa. Abesilisa babhukuda basondele emsileni wensikazi ngesivinini esiphakeme kunokujwayelekile (9-12 km / h).
Lokhu kuqomisana kuzohlala cishe imizuzu engama-20 kuya kwengama-30, ngemuva kwalokho insikazi inciphisa ijubane layo lokubhukuda bese owesilisa ucindezela uhlangothi olulodwa lwe-pectoral fin yowesifazane, ayilume. Ulungisa umzimba wakhe ube ngowabesifazane. Owesilisa uzobe esefaka isibopho sakhe ku-cloaca yowesifazane bese ejova isidoda sakhe, imvamisa cishe imizuzwana engama-90-120. Bese kuthi owesilisa abhukude ngokushesha, bese owesilisa olandelayo ephinda inqubo efanayo. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kweduna lesibili, insikazi ivame ukubhukuda ishiye ngemuva, ishiye ezinye ezithandayo.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Amademoni asolwandle amakhulu anezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokuzala kuwo wonke amagatsha ama-stingray, ngokuvamile abeletha ifry eyodwa njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sikaM. Birostris yizinyanga eziyi-13, ngemuva kwalokho kuzalwa amawundlu aphilayo noma amabili. Izingane zizalwa zigoqwe ngamaphiko e-pectoral, kepha kungekudala ziba ababhukudi abakhululekile futhi ziyazinakekela. Imidlwane yeManta ifinyelela kubude kusuka kumamitha ayi-1.1 kuye ku-1.4. Kunobufakazi bokuthi osathane basolwandle baphila okungenani iminyaka engama-40, kepha kuncane okwaziwayo ngokukhula kwabo nentuthuko yabo.
Izitha zemvelo zodeveli basolwandle
Isithombe: UDeveli wasolwandle emanzini
Ama-Mantas awanakho ukuzivikela kwizilwane ezidla ezinye ngaphandle kwesikhumba sawo esinzima nosayizi ovimbela izilwane ezincane ukuthi zingahlaseli.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi oshaka abakhulu kuphela abahlasela ama-stingray, okungukuthi:
- ushaka obuthuntu;
- I-tiger shark;
- ushaka wesando;
- imikhomo yokubulala.
Usongo olukhulu emisebeni ukudoba ngokweqile ngabantu, okungasatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo olwandle. Igxile ezindaweni ezihlinzeka ngokudla ekudingayo. Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo kuhlukaniswe kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukubekwa kwabantu ngabodwana kutholakala kude kakhulu, okungabaniki ithuba lokuxuba.
Kokubili izindawo zokudoba ezentengiselwano nezobuciko zikhomba usathane wasolwandle ngenyama yakhe neminye imikhiqizo. Imvamisa zibanjwa ngamanetha, ama-trawls ngisho nezipunu. Ama-mantas amaningi phambilini abanjwa eCalifornia nase-Australia ngenxa yamafutha nesibindi sabo. Inyama iyadliwa futhi idliwe kwezinye izifundazwe, kepha ayikhangi kangako uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlanzi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokuya ngocwaningo lwemboni yokudoba eSri Lanka naseNdiya, kuthengiswa izingcezu ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane zamademoni olwandle minyaka yonke ezimakethe zezinhlanzi zezwe. Ukuqhathanisa, inani likaM. Birostris ezindaweni eziningi ezibalulekile zeM. Birostris emhlabeni wonke lilinganiselwa ukuthi lingaphansi kakhulu kwabantu abayi-1000.
Isidingo sezinhlaka zabo ze-cartilage siqhutshwa yimisha emisha yokwelapha yaseChina. Ukuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo e-Asia, izindawo zokudoba okuhlosiwe manje sezithuthukile ePhilippines, Indonesia, Madagascar, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Brazil, Tanzania. Minyaka yonke, izinkulungwane zama-stingray, ikakhulukazi i-M. birostris, ziyabanjwa futhi zibulawe kuphela ngenxa yama-gill arches azo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sea devil ngokwemvelo
Usongo oluphawuleka kakhulu emisebeni emikhulu ye-manta ukudoba ngenjongo yokuhweba. Ukudoba okuhlosiwe kwemisebe ye-manta kunciphise kakhulu inani labantu. Ngenxa yobude bempilo yabo kanye namanani aphansi okuzala, ukudoba ngokweqile kunganciphisa kakhulu abantu bendawo, ngamathuba amancane okuthi abantu kwenye indawo bazongena esikhundleni sabo.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Yize izindlela zokulondolozwa kwemvelo sezethuliwe ezindaweni eziningi zodeveli basolwandle, ukufunwa kwemisebe yama-manta nezinye izitho zomzimba kukhuphuke kakhulu ezimakethe zase-Asia. Ngenhlanhla, kubuye kwaba nokwanda kwezintshisekelo zabatshuzi be-scuba nezinye izivakashi ezimagange ukubona lezi zinhlanzi ezinkulu. Lokhu kwenza osathane basolwandle babaluleke kakhulu kunokubanjwa ngabadobi.
Imboni yezokuvakasha ingahlinzeka ngendwangu enkulu ngokuvikelwa okwengeziwe, kepha inani lenyama yezinhloso zokwelapha zendabuko liseseyingozi ezinhlotsheni. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi ososayensi baqhubeke nokuqapha abantu be-manta ray ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobo ziyalondolozwa futhi banqume ukuthi ngabe ezinye izinhlobo zasendaweni zikhona yini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, osathane basolwandle bangaphansi kwezinye izinsongo ze-anthropogenic. Ngenxa yokuthi imisebe yama-manta kufanele ibhukude njalo ukugeleza amanzi acebile oksijini emigodini yabo, bangabanjwa futhi baminyaniswe. Lezi zinhlanzi azikwazi ukubhukuda ziqonde kolunye uhlangothi futhi, ngenxa yamaphiko ezinhloko zazo, zingabambeka emigqeni, emanetheni, emanethini ezipoki, ngisho nasemigqeni yokubamba. Bezama ukuzikhulula, babambeka ngokuqhubekayo. Ezinye izinsongo noma izinto ezingathinta inani lama-manti ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungcola okuvela ekuchithekeni kukawoyela, nokungeniswa kwama-microplastics.
Ukuqapha osathane basolwandle
Isithombe: UDeveli wasolwandle ovela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ngo-2011, i-manti yavikelwa ngokuqinile emanzini aphesheya ngenxa yokufakwa kwabo kwi-Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Yize amanye amazwe evikela imisebe ye-manta, ajwayele ukuhamba emanzini angalawuleki engozini eyengeziwe. I-IUCN yaqoka uM. Birostris njengo “Sengozini yokuqothulwa okuthe xaxa” ngoNovemba 2011. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uM. Alfredi waphinde wahlukaniswa njengeSengozini, enabantu bendawo abangaphansi kuka-1000 futhi benokushintshana okuncane noma okungenakho nhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu angaphansi.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlelo zamazwe omhlaba, amanye amazwe ayazenzela. INew Zealand ivimbele ukudotshwa kwamademoni asolwandle kusukela ngo-1953. NgoJuni 1995, abakwaMaldives bavimbela ukuthunyelwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zemisebe nezitho zomzimba wabo, kwaqeda ngempumelelo ukudotshwa kwemisebe yama-manta nezindlela zokulawula eziqinisiwe ngo-2009. EPhilippines, ukubanjwa kwemisebe yama-manta kwakungavunyelwe ngo-1998, kodwa kukhanseliwe ngo-1999 ngaphansi kwengcindezi yabadobi bendawo. Ngemuva kokucwaningwa kwezinhlanzi ngo-2002, ukuvinjelwa kwaphinde kwafakwa.
ULwandle uDeveli iyavikelwa, ukuzingela emanzini aseMexico kwavinjelwa emuva ngo-2007. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuvinjelwa akuhlonishwa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Imithetho eqinile isebenza ku-Albox Island ngasenhlonhlweni yaseYucatan, lapho kusetshenziswa khona odeveli basolwandle ukuheha izivakashi. Ngo-2009, iHawaii yaba ngowokuqala e-United States ukuvimbela ukubulawa kwemisebe yama-manta. Ngo-2010, i-Ecuador yashaya umthetho ovimbela zonke izinhlobo zokudoba kule misebe neminye.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 01.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-22: 39
