Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ifaka phakathi ithuba lokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Inyoni kabhejane lokhu kuqinisekisa. Kunezilwane ezimbalwa emvelweni ezinokubukeka okungenangqondo okunjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu akulona uhlobo olulodwa, kodwa umndeni wonke. Igama layo lesayensi iBucerotidae libuyela egameni lesiGreki elithi buceri (inkomo noma uphondo lwenkunzi).
Incazelo nezici
Izinyoni zalo mndeni zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika nasentshonalanga, eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eziqhingini zaseMelanesia, okungukuthi, uhla lwazo luyingxenye yesithathu yomhlaba womhlaba. Zonke izinyoni kulo mndeni zinezici ezimbili ezivamile futhi ezihlukile:
- Umlomo omkhulu ngokungalingani, ogobile. Imvamisa ekhanda nasemlonyeni kukhona ukuphuma okumangazayo kwe-horny okucishe kufane nesigqoko sokuzivikela.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokubukeka komlomo onjalo nesigqoko sokuzivikela. Kepha akekho noyedwa ongenakuphikwa.
- I-vertebrae yokuqala neyesibili yomlomo wesibeletho ihlanganisiwe.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-vertebrae amabili mhlawumbe kubangelwa isidingo sokunxephezela isimo sezulu somlomo. Ezinye izici zezinyoni emndenini ziyahambisana nosayizi wazo futhi azihlukile. Isisindo sisuka kumagremu ayi-100 kuye kuma-6 kilograms. Ubude - kusuka kumasentimitha angama-30 kuye kumamitha ayi-1.2.
I-Wingspan kusuka kumasentimitha angama-40 kuye kumamitha ayi-1.6. Umzimba uvulekile, izidladla ziqinile. Izinzwani zixubene kuzo zonke izinhlobo ngaphandle kwegwababa elinezimpondo lase-Afrika. Umzimba oqinile ubangelwa umhlathi ogcwele ngaphezulu nangaphansi, okungukuthi, umlomo.
Abesilisa bakhulu kunabesifazane. Uqhwaku lwabesilisa lungadlula uqhwaku lwabalingani ngengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu. Bonke abanye osayizi abahlukile kangako ngokuphawulekayo: amaphesenti ayi-17-20 kuphela. Umbala nawo uyahluka.
Izinhlobo eziningi zinombala ohlukile wezimpaphe kuye ngobulili. Kepha kukhona ngokuphelele ubhejane wezinyoni ezimnyama... Abesilisa nabesifazane balezi zinhlobo bahluka kuphela ngombala womlomo.
Zonke izinhlobo zalezi zinyoni zihlala emahlathini aminyene asezindaweni ezishisayo. Zindiza kahle, kepha azivumelaniswanga nezindiza ezinde nezinejubane. Ngesikhathi sendiza, izimpaphe eziyinhloko ezikhululekile zenza umsindo omkhulu.
Izinhlobo
Umndeni walezi zinyoni uhlukile futhi uningi. Kubandakanya izizukulwane eziyi-14, ezibandakanya izinhlobo ezingama-57. Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-hornbill kuvame ukuguquka ngenxa yobunzima besifundo sabo, futhi muva nje, ngokuphathelene nemininingwane emisha etholwe ezifundweni zofuzo. ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kufaka phakathi iNdiya, iChina eseningizimu, i-Indonesia, iMalay Archipelago neMelanesia kuhlala:
- I-Aceros iyi-kalao yase-Asia.
I-Calao yiSpanish esetshenziselwa ubhejane. Elinye igama: ubhejane wezinyoni waseNdiya... Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-5 zezinyoni ezihlaba umxhwele. Bahlala ezwekazini laseNdiya naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Umlomo, ikhanda, ingxenye yentamo inemibala egqamile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, imibala emnyama iyanqoba. Umsila umhlophe.
- I-Anorrhinus iyi-kalao enamazinyo amafushane.
Izinhlobo ezi-3 zifakiwe kulolu hlobo. Lezi yizinyoni eziphakathi nendawo. Isisindo esiphezulu sisondela kukhilogremu. Isigqoko sokuzivikela esimnyama sigqokwa ekhanda nasemlonyeni. Uhla lwabo lutholakala emngceleni osenyakatho wendawo ejwayelekile yazo zonke izintambo zezimpondo. Isuka enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya iye entshonalanga yeThailand nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeVietnam.
- I-Anthracoceros - Ubhejane noma obhejane abamnyama.
Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-7. Okuhlukile kubo ukuthi isigqoko sokuzivikela, ngosayizi, asisihle kangako kunozalo futhi siyafana nomumo waso. Ububanzi bale nhlobo busuka eNdiya buye ePhilippines. Izinhlobo ezihlala eziqhingini zaseMalay (inyoni yaseSuluan) zivamile.
- I-Berenicornis - i-kalao emhlophe emhlophe noma i-kalao enomqhele, noma i-kalao enomsila omhlophe, noma i-kalao e-crested.
Uhlobo lweMonotypic. Uhlala esifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific. Emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo zaseBrunei, eMyanmar, eThailand. Hhayi inyoni encane, isisindo sayo sifinyelela ku-1.5 kilogram.
- IBuceros - iGomrai, noma i-kalao enezimpondo ezimbili.
Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu. Zizalela ikakhulu eNdiya naseNepal. Okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu kubo inyoni: ubhejane omkhulu noma i-kalao enkulu yaseNdiya.
- Ama-Ocyceros yimisinga yase-Asia.
Uhlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezintathu ezihlala ezwekazini laseNdiya.
- I-Penelopides iyi-hornbill yasePhilippine.
Izinhlobo ezi-6 zalesi sidleke sohlobo ePhilippines nasesiqhingini saseSulawesi e-Indonesia. Izimpaphe ezincane. Ziphila ngokudla izithelo zezihlahla ezishisayo. Isici esivelele ingaphezulu loqhwaku lomlomo.
- I-Rhinoplax - iKalao ekhokhiswa ngesigqoko sokuzivikela.
Uhlobo lweMonotypic. Kuhlala ichopho eliseningizimu ye-Indochina, iSumatra neBorneo. Inyoni enzima. Isisindo sayo sifinyelela kuma-kilogram amathathu. Isisindo sesigqoko somlomo ngu-12% wesisindo esiphelele. Uqhwaku nesigqoko sokuzivikela sisetshenziswa njengezikhali kuma-duels phakathi kwabesilisa. Abantu bendawo bakholelwa ukuthi umhlaba wabaphilayo nabafileyo uhlukaniswe ngumfula, ogadwe yile nyoni ethile.
- Obhejane bangobhejane abasongiwe.
Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-5 zezinyoni eziphakathi nendawo nezinkulu. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi kukhona amafolda esigqokweni somlomo. Kuzala emahlathini ashisayo ase-Indochina Peninsula naseSolomon nakwezinye iziQhingi zasePacific.
Ama-Hornbill ancipha ngokushesha. Igatsha lase-Asia lalolu hlobo luthinteka kakhulu. Ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi nokuzingela kunciphisa amathuba abo okusinda. I-Asia Kalao, ngokwesibonelo, seyivele ingandile eNdiya futhi inyamalale ngokuphelele eNepal. Inani labo lilinganiselwa kubantu abadala abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kuphela.
Imisinga yase-Asia iguqule ukuhlala ndawonye eduze kwabantu: ingatholakala emadolobheni aseNdiya, lapho ihlala khona emigodini yezihlahla ezindala. E-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara, izizukulwane ezinhlanu zesidleke sobhejane esinezimpaphe:
- IBucorvus igwababa elinezimpondo.
Akuhlangene nakancane negwababa. Inyoni kabhejane - ngakho-ke bacabanga ngaphambili. Manje ososayensi bathi lokhu kubangelwa ukuhleleka kwezinyoni zobhejane.
Lesi yisidalwa esisindayo esinesisindo esifinyelela ku-6 kilograms, esifinyelela ku-110 centimeters ubude, esinamaphiko afinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.2. Isici esiyinhloko salezi zinyoni: bakhetha ukuhamba phansi. Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili.
- Ama-Bycanistes - i-calao yase-Afrika.
Uhlobo lunezinhlobo ezi-5. Kwesinye isikhathi lonke uhlobo lubizwa ngegama lohlobo olulodwa - i-kalao enamaphiko esiliva. Lezi yizinyoni ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi nendawo ezifika kumasentimitha angama-80 ubude, ezinesisindo esifinyelela ku-1.5 kilograms. Njengoba ama-kalao amaningi edliwa, ingxenye enkulu, izithelo zezitshalo ezishisayo.
- ICeratogymna iyi-kalao ethwala isigqoko sokuzivikela.
Kulolu hlobo, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinyoni ezidla izinambuzane nezithelo. Kuhlalwa kuwo amahlathi emvula ase-Afrika emnyama. Kukhona uhlobo, i-kalao enesigqoko esimnyama, ezondla kuphela ngezithelo zesundu lamafutha.
- I-Tockus - imisinga (noma i-toko).
Uhlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo eziyi-14. Ummeleli ojwayelekile walolu hlobo lohlobo ubhejane wezinyoni ezishisayo usayizi omncane. Ubude bomzimba ngamasentimitha angama-30-50, isisindo esingu-100-500 amagremu.
- I-Tropicranus iyi-hornbill emhlophe.
Umhlobo lo ubandakanya ama-subspecies amathathu, ahlukile ngenani lezimpaphe ezimhlophe ekhanda nasentanyeni. Izinyoni zobhejane esezinze e-Afrika zithanda amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo, kunzima ukuzibala. Kukholakala ukuthi basengozini yokuqothulwa.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Izinhlobonhlobo zobunjwa, imibala nosayizi ziphela uma kukhulunywa ngendlela yokuphila. Kulokhu, izihlobo ziyefana kakhulu. Inhlangano yezenhlalo ilula: bahlala ngemihlambi emincane noma ngababili. Izinyoni zakha ngazimbili ezizinzile. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, lezi zinyunyana ziyaqhubeka kukho konke ukuphila kwazo.
Iningi lezinhlobo zihlala futhi zidle emahlathini aminyene, angenakudluleka asezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele. Kodwa imisinga namagwababa anezimpondo zondla futhi zakha izidleke emahlathini, ezihlahleni, e-savannah. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagwababa anezimpondo awathandi ukundiza nhlobo futhi achitha isikhathi esiningi emhlabathini efuna ukudla ngezinyawo.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Lezi zinyoni zithanda omnivorous. Izilwane ezincane nezinambuzane zisetshenziswa njengokudla kwezilwane. Izithelo zezihlahla ezishisayo yizona zinto eziyinhloko zokudla kwezitshalo. Izimbali zezihlahla namajikijolo nazo ziyasetshenziswa. Ukudla izithelo eziningi, izinyoni zisakaza imbewu ngokungadingekile ehlathini. Lokho wukuthi, banikela ekutshaleni izihlahla nezihlahlana.
Izinyoni ezikhetha ukudla kwezilwane ziboshelwe endaweni ethile futhi ziyivikele kozakwabo. Lezo zinhlobo ezikhethe ukudla okudla imifino nje zihlala zizula zifuna izithelo ezivuthiwe, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezu kwamabanga amade.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokukhwelana sezinyoni siqala entwasahlobo, ngokuphela kwenkathi yemvula. Abesilisa bafuna indawo efanelekayo yokwakha izidleke. Lawa yimigodi yemvelo ngaphakathi kwezihlahla ezindala, izindawo ezingasetshenzisiwe zezinye izinyoni. Kwesinye isikhathi lezi ziyizidaka zobumba nezamadwala. Isikhala esingahlalisa inyoni siyafaneleka.
Owesilisa ukhetha lokhu noma lowo muntu njengento yokuqomisana. Futhi uqala ukwethula izipho. Lawa amajikijolo, izithelo noma izilwane ezincane. Abesifazane bayayenqaba iminikelo. Kodwa owesilisa uyabekezela futhi uyaphikelela. Uyaqhubeka nokwethula okhethiwe. Futhi ekugcineni uzuza umusa wowesifazane.
Ngalesi sikhathi, indawo yesidleke esizayo kufanele ngabe isilungile. Owesilisa uyikhombisa kumlingani wakhe. Ukuhlolwa kwesidleke kuhambisana nokwethulwa kwezipho. Uma uthanda ukwelashwa nendawo yesidleke, izinyoni ngokuhlanganyela zakha isidleke futhi umlingani uyenzeka. Insikazi ihlala esidlekeni futhi ivale ukungena kwayo uqobo. Owesilisa uletha okokusebenza okufanele lokhu: umhlaba omanzi, ubumba, amahlumela, utshani obomile.
Umphumela uba indawo evaliwe enembobo encane yokungena, okungafakwa kuyo umlomo kuphela. Wonke ama-hornbill enza lokhu, ngaphandle kwamagwababa anezimpondo. Awavali umnyango wendlu yokuhlala. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi sokufukamela amachwane, abesifazane bangashiya isidleke isikhashana.
Ezinsukwini ezinhlanu ngemuva kokuqala kokuthunjwa, insikazi izalela amaqanda. Obhejane abanezimpaphe, abakhulu ngosayizi, bazalela iqanda elilodwa noma amabili. Izinhlobo ezincane ezinjenge-toki zingabeka amaqanda angafika kwayisishiyagalombili.
Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-23 kuye kwezingu-45, lapho izintambo zesifazane ngokuphelele. Ngemuva kokuvela kwamachwane, ukungena esidlekeni kugqekeziwe. Izinyoni ezimbalwa ziqala ukondla inzalo ngenkuthalo, lapho izimpaphe zokuqala zikhula ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.
Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu, amaphuphu aselungele ukundiza okokuqala futhi ashiye isidleke. Bathatha ifomu labo labantu abadala benonyaka owodwa. Obhejane abancane bakulungele ukuzala eminyakeni emi-2, abasindayo eminyakeni emi-4. Ama-Hornbill yizinyoni ezihlukile. Zidinga ukunakwa okukhethekile, ukutadisha okuningiliziwe kanye nokuvikelwa okubanzi.
