AmaBombardi awuhlobo lwamabhungane asezingeni eliphakathi nendawo athola igama lawo ngenxa yenqubo yoqobo yokuzivikela: kusuka kwizindlala ezisekugcineni kwesisu, amabhungane adubula uketshezi olubabayo nolushisayo lubheke esitheni.
Amandla ezikhali zebhungane azethusa izitha, kodwa aheha ososayensi. Ososayensi bezinambuzane bafunde kabanzi ngemishini yokudubula, kepha imvelaphi yayo isenempikiswano.
Incazelo nezici
Ibhungane leBombardier - izinambuzane, 5-15 mm ubude. Ukubukeka nobukhulu bayo bujwayeleke bezinkumbi zomhlaba. Umzimba wesinambuzane esidala uvulekile, u-oval. Umbala ojwayelekile umnyama nge-metallic sheen; ezinye izingxenye zomzimba zivame ukudwetshwa ngamathoni ansundu ngokubomvu.
Ikhanda libuyiselwe kancane ku-prothorax, etholakala ngokuvundlile, ngomthambeka ongezansi. Iphela ngamagundane amancane amise okwesikela, aguqulelwe ukubamba nokudwengula inyamazane - ezinye izinambuzane ezincane. Ama-palps akhiwa izingxenye ezintathu.
Amehlo aphakathi nendawo ngosayizi futhi ahambelana nempilo enesizungu kakhulu. Isethi eyodwa ye-supraorbital itholakala emaphethelweni wamehlo. Awekho amehlo angeziwe. Amabhungane omndeni omncane waseBrachininae anezimpondo ze-filiform eziyizingxenye eziyi-11.
Ingxenye yokuqala ine-bristle, izinwele eziningana ezifanayo zezinwele zingabonakala engxenyeni yokugcina yezimpondo. Izinambuzane ezivela emndenini omncane wasePaussinae zinezimpondo zezimpaphe ezibabazekayo. Inhloko ne-pronotum, izimpondo, nezitho zomzimba kuvame ukuba bomvu ngokumnyama.
Imilenze mide, yenzelwe ukuhamba emhlabathini onzima. Isakhiwo semilenze siyinkimbinkimbi. Ngayinye inezingxenye ezi-5. Ngohlobo lwabo, bangabagijimi. Kukhona okuyisici esiphambili: kukhona inothi emilenzeni engezansi - ithuluzi lokuhlanza izimpondo.
I-elytra inzima, imboza umzimba webhungane ngokuphelele, kepha kwezinye izinhlobo mfushane kunomzimba. Imikhawulo yazo inezinhlobo ezintathu: oyindilinga, "usike" ubheke kokumaphakathi komzimba, noma kufakwe ngaphakathi ngaphakathi. I-elytra yebhungane iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, iluhlaza okotshani, kwesinye isikhathi imnyama. Unemihosha emide engajulile.
Izimpiko zakhiwe ngokulingene, ngenethiwekhi yemithambo ye-caraboid. AmaBombardier athemba imilenze yawo ngaphezu kwamaphiko awo. Babalekela izitha, basebenzise izindiza ukuthuthukisa izindawo ezintsha. Izinambuzane zabantu abathile abavaliwe, iningi labo liziyekile ngokuphelele izindiza.
Isisu sesinambuzane siqukethe ama-sternites ayi-8, izingxenye eziminyene zamasongo ezihlukanisiwe. Abesilisa nabesifazane bafana ngaphandle. Abesilisa banezingxenye ezingeziwe emilenzeni yabo ezenzelwe ukubamba abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuqhudelana.
Ama-bombardier adume kakhulu ayaqhekeka, ahlala eYurophu nase-Asia, eSiberia kuya eLake Baikal. Enyakatho, uhla lwamabhungane luphela ku-subpolar tundra. Eningizimu ifinyelela ezingwadule futhi yahangula amathafa asomile. Ibhungane le-bombardier liyaphila hhayi kuphela endaweni eyisicaba, ingatholakala ezintabeni, kepha abafinyeleli endaweni yeqhwa laphakade.
Ngokuvamile, amabhungane akhetha ukoma kunenhlabathi enomswakamo omaphakathi. Zisebenza ebusuku. Emini bacasha ngaphansi kwamatshe nakwezinye izindawo zokukhosela, kusihlwa nasebusuku baqala ukondla. Inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu lishona ekushoneni kwelanga. Bakhetha lesi sikhathi hhayi kuphela ukufuna ukudla, kodwa futhi nokuxazulula.
Amandla okundiza aboniswa ikakhulu yizinambuzane ezisencane ezisanda kuvela kuphuphu. Umzwelo wokuthuthukisa izindawo ezintsha uyenziwa. Ngokuzayo uthando lokundiza phakathi kwabashayi magoli luyaphela.
Amabhungane angama-bombardier ayingxenye yomndeni webhungane lomhlaba futhi abukeka efana kakhulu nawo.
Ngokusondela kobusika, ukunciphisa usuku, umsebenzi wezinambuzane uyancipha. Ngesimo sezulu esibandayo, amabhungane awela ohlotsheni lwe-hibernation, ane-diapause, lapho izinqubo ze-metabolic emzimbeni zincishiswa zaba cishe zero. Ngendlela efanayo, umzimba wamabhungane ungaphendula kusomiso sasehlobo.
Ukubona impilo yezinambuzane, ososayensi bathola ukuthi emini, ngaphansi kwamatshe, amabhungane abuthana ngamaqembu angagcini nje ngokuba maningi, kodwa futhi ahlukahlukene ngokwakhiwa. Ekuqaleni, inani elilinganiselwe lezindawo zokukhosela bekucatshangwa ukuthi liyisizathu sokuzijabulisa kweqembu.
Ukwehluka kwesizwe samaqembu kuphakamise ukuthi ukukhathazeka kwezokuphepha kuyisizathu seqembu. Inani elikhulu lamabhomu lingavikela ngokwengeziwe lapho lihlasela. Ngaphansi kwekhava le- "artillery" kulula ukufihla izitha zezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane ezingenawo amandla we-bombardier.
Kwesinye isikhathi amabhomu ahlasela imihlambi emincane namanye amabhungane.
Indlela yokuvikela ezitheni
Ibhungane iBombardier liyazivikela ngendlela yasekuqaleni. Uhlelo lwayo lokuzivikela alunakuqhathaniswa nakwezinye izinambuzane. Ebona isitha sisondela, la mabhungane aqondisa inhlanganisela ketshezi negesi ebabayo ebabayo, enuka kabi.
Emgodini wesisu kukhona izindlala ezimbili - ithuluzi lokudubula elibhangqiwe. Ingxube yokulwa igcinwa esimweni "esihlukanisiwe". Amasethi amabili amakhemikhali abekwe kwizindlala ezimbili, ngayinye ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Igumbi elilodwa (ithangi lokugcina) liqukethe ama-hydroquinones ne-hydrogen peroxide, elinye (ikamelo lokuphendula) liqukethe ingxube yama-enzyme (i-catalase ne-peroxidase).
Ingxube yokuhlasela ikhiqizwa ngokushesha ngaphambi kokudutshulwa. Lapho kubonakala ixoxo noma idlozi, ama-hydroquinones ne-hydrogen peroxide akhishwa ethangini lokugcina ayongena egumbini lokuphendula. I-oksijeni ikhishwa ku-hydrogen peroxide ngaphansi kokusebenza kwama-enzyme.
Ukuzivikela, amabhungane e-bombardier adubula isitha esiningi esinoshevu
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuqhubeka ngokushesha okukhulu, izinga lokushisa lenhlanganisela likhuphukela ku-100 ° C. Ingcindezi egumbini lokuqhuma yanda kaningi futhi ngokushesha. Ibhungane lidubula, libeke isisu esiswini ukuze sishaye isitha. Ibhungane leBombardier esithombeni ikhombisa ikhono lakhe lokudubula esuka ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Izindonga zekamelo zimbozwe ungqimba oluvikelayo - i-cuticle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu ezindlala eziyindilinga ze-enzyme ayakhiwe ngasodongeni. Inhlanganisela yoketshezi negesi ephunyuka kumbhobho ayishisi nje kuphela futhi inephunga, ikhiqiza umsindo omkhulu othuthukisa umphumela wokuvimbela.
I-jet eqondisiwe izungezwe ifu lezinto ezihlakazeke kahle. Lenza ingxenye yalo ekuvikeleni ibhungane - liphazamisa umhlaseli. I-outlet ifakwe ama-lateral reflectors ayiguqula ibe ngumbhobho olawulwayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqondiswa kwesibhamu kuncike esimweni somzimba futhi kuyacwengeka kusetshenziswa okokukhombisa.
Ibanga lokujikijelwa kwejet nalo liyakwazi ukuguquguquka: ibhungane likhiqiza ingxube yegesi engamanzi namaconsi anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. I-aerosol enamaconsi amakhulu iyandiza, inhlanganisela enhle idubula ibanga elide.
Lapho kuxoshwa, zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo azisebenzi. Zanele ukukhishwa okuningana kwe-aerosol eyimbangela. Ngemuva kokudutshulwa okungama-20, amasheya ezingxenye aphela futhi ibhungane lidinga okungenani isigamu sehora ukukhiqiza amakhemikhali. Ngokuvamile ibhungane linaso lesi sikhathi, ngoba uchungechunge lokukhishwa okushisayo nobuthi okungu-10-20 kwanele ukubulala noma okungenani ukuxosha isitha.
Izazi zezinambuzane ekupheleni kwekhulu elidlule ziye zathola okungenani uhlobo olulodwa lapho kudutshulwe khona iziqhumane eziningana. Inhlanganisela yoketshezi negesi ayakhiwa ngasikhathi sinye, kodwa inezimpawu ezingama-70 eziqhumayo. Izinga lokuphindaphinda ama-pulses angama-500 ngomzuzwana, okusho ukuthi, kuthatha imizuzwana engu-0.14 ukuthola ama-microexplosions angama-70.
Lo makhenikhi wesibhamu unikeza umphumela omnene wengcindezi, izinga lokushisa kanye namakhemikhali emzimbeni womshayeli uqobo - oshaye amagoli.
Ngokwenye inguqulo, ibhungane lisindiswa ekuthintekeni kwesikhali salo ngokuthi ukuqhuma kwenzeka ngaphandle komzimba waso. Ama-reagents awanaso isikhathi sokuphendula, aphonswa ngaphandle, lapho kuphuma esiswini salesi sinambuzane, ayaxubana futhi okwamanje kuqhuma ukuqhuma, kwakha i-erosol eshisayo neyingozi.
Izinhlobo
Ibhungane leBombardier — isinambuzane, okungemikhaya emibili engezansi: i-Brachininae ne-Paussinae. Nabo bangabomndeni wamabhungane asemhlabathini. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi womabili la magatsha akhula ngokuzimela. Abanye basikisela ukuthi imindeni engaphansi yayihlanganyela ukhokho oyedwa.
Ukuxoxisana ngamathuba okuvela ngokuzimela nokuthuthuka kwendlela efanayo yokuzivikela kudlula izinkinga zezinqubo zezinto eziphilayo futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuthola umqondo wefilosofi. Umndeni omncane uPaussinae uhlukaniswa ngesakhiwo sentshebe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinambuzane zivame ukukhethwa yizintuthwane, okungukuthi, zingama-myrmecophiles.
Amabhungane alo mndeni omncane awakafundwa kangako. I-Coleoptera evela emndenini omncane waseBrachininae aziwa kangcono futhi afundwe kangcono. Ihlanganisa izizukulwane eziyi-14. I-Brachinus iyinhlobo yokuqala yamabhungane achazwe futhi afakwa kusihlukanisi semvelo. Uhlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ze-Brachinus crepitans noma i-crackard bombardier.
Lolu uhlobo lwegama lesibizo; incazelo negama lalo lonke uhlobo (lwetekisi) lususelwa kwimininingwane emayelana nalo. Ngaphezu kwe-bombardier eqhekezayo, uhlobo lweBrachinus lubandakanya ezinye izinhlobo ezingama-300, ezingama-20 zazo zihlala ezweni laseRussia nakwamanye amazwe angomakhelwane. Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhomu zingatholakala yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinesimo sezulu esibi.
Yize kukhona amaphiko, abashayi magoli bakhetha ukuhamba phansi
Ukudla okunomsoco
Amabhungane amaBombardier ayizinambuzane ezidla inyama kuzo zonke izigaba zobukhona bazo. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwabo kuya ekufundeni, izibungu zihola impilo yezinambuzane. Badla iziphungumangathi ezicebile zamaprotheni zezinye izigaxa.
Lapho sebekhulile, amabhomu ahlanganyela ekuqoqeni izinsalela zokudla ebusweni bomhlaba, ngaphansi kwamatshe kanye neziqubu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhungane aqothula ngenkuthalo ozakwabo abancane. Izibungu neziphungumangathi zanoma iyiphi i-arthropods i-bombardier ekwazi ukuyiphatha ziyadliwa.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ngentwasahlobo, amabhungane abekela amaqanda ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zenhlabathi. Kwesinye isikhathi kwakhiwa ikamelo lamaqanda odakeni. Umsebenzi wesifazane ukuvikela i-clutch ekuqandeni. Amaqanda anomumo omise okweqanda, ubude obude bungu-0.88 mm, obufushane bungu-0.39 mm. Ulwelwesi lwemibungu lumhlophe, luyaguquguquka.
Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Izibungu ezimhlophe zivela emaqandeni. Ngemuva kwamahora angu-6-8, izibungu ziba mnyama. Isakhiwo sawo siyejwayelekile kumabhungane omhlabathi - yizidalwa ezinde ezinemilenze ekhule kahle. Ngemuva kokuvela, izibungu ziyahamba ziyofuna iziphungumangathi zamanye amabhungane.
Ngezindleko zabo, abashayi magoli besikhathi esizayo bazophakelwa futhi bathuthukiswe. Kuze kube manje, kwaziwa uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwamabhungane, iziphungumangathi zawo eziba yizisulu - lawa amabhungane aphansi avela kuhlobo lwe-Amara (okuthiwa ama-dusky beetles). Izibungu ze-bombardier ziluma ngegobolondo leziphungumangathi futhi zidle uketshezi olugeleza luvela esilondeni.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-5-6, amabhomu aqala isigaba sesibili sebungu, lapho kugcinwa khona umthombo wokudla. Isibungu sithatha isimo esifana nesibungu sovemvane. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu, kuqala isigaba sesithathu. Isibungu sidla isisulu saso. Isikhathi sokuhamba singangena. Ngemuva kokuphumula, izidleke zesibungu, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingaba yishumi isinambuzane sithatha isimo sebhungane, bese kuqala isigaba sabadala.
Umjikelezo wokuguqulwa kusuka eqandeni uye ezinambuzaneni ezindala kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-24. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukubekwa kweqanda kuvunyelaniswa nomjikelezo wempilo yamabhungane omhlabathi ase-Amara (amabhungane dusky). Ukuphuma kwesibungu se-bombardier emaqandeni kwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho i-dimples pupate.
AmaBombardier, ahlala ezindaweni ezipholile nezipholile, anika isizukulwane esisodwa ngonyaka. Amabhungane anezindawo ezishisayo angenza i-clutch yesibili ekwindla. Abesifazane badinga unyaka owodwa ukuqedela umjikelezo wabo wempilo. Abesilisa bangaphila isikhathi eside - kuze kufike eminyakeni engu-2-3.
Ukulimala kwebhungane
Njengabahlaseli bezilwane ezinobuthi, ama-bombardiers awadali monakalo kubantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma isibungu, isibungu noma inkathazo yebhungane, ibhomu ibahlasele futhi ibadle. Empikiswaneni phakathi komuntu nezinambuzane, abashayi magoli baseceleni komuntu.
I-bombardier jet iphuma ngejubane elikhulu futhi ihambisana ne-pop
Kwenziwe imizamo yokusebenzisa ubudlova babasolwa bamabhomu. Babefuna ukuwaqondisa endleleni yama-ladybird, namuhla asakazwa ngezimboni futhi asakazeke ezingadini ukuze kuliwe nezintwala.
Ama-bombarders angenakulinganiswa emvelweni adla izibungu zebhu, i-scoop, amaqanda ama-fly fly, njalonjalo, kodwa umqondo wokuzaliswa kwezimboni zababhomu bombardiers awuzange uvele.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Ukuziphatha kwebhungane, izinqubo ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokudubula azifundwa kuphela izazi zezinto eziphilayo. Onjiniyela basebenzisa izixazululo ezisetshenziswe emzimbeni we-bombardier lapho beklama amadivayisi wezobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, kwenziwe imizamo yokwakha amaqhinga wokuqalisa kabusha izinjini zejet ezifana nezinhlelo zokuvikela zamabhomu.
- I-bombardier ayigcini nje ngokusabisa izitha zayo nge-jet eshisayo, eyingozi. Ibhungane kwesinye isikhathi alinaso isikhathi sokusabela osongweni futhi ligwinywa yixoxo. UBombardier wenza "isibhamu" sakhe esiswini sesilwane esihuquzelayo. Ixoxo liyala, likhafule okuqukethwe yisisu, ibhungane lihlala liphila.
- Ibhungane le-bombardier seliphenduke intandokazi kumfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ingqikithi yayo ilele ekutheni ezinye izinto zemvelo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuthi zingabhekwa njengomphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Abalandeli be-design design ehlakaniphile bathi indlela yokuvikela ibhungane le-bombardier ibingakwazi ukukhula kancane kancane, igxathu negxathu. Ngisho nokwenza lula kancane noma ukususwa kwengxenye encane kunazo zonke ohlelweni "lwezikhali" zebhungane kuholela ekusebenzeni kwayo ngokuphelele.
Lokhu kunikeza abasekeli benkolelo-mbono yokuklama okukhaliphile isizathu sokugomela ukuthi indlela yokuvikela esetshenziswe yi-bombardier yavela ifomu eliphelele ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo, kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukwamukelwa kwendalo njengombono mbumbulu wesayensi akuchazi imvelaphi yohlelo lokuzivikela lwebhungane le-bombardier.
